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LA EVOLUCIÓN DEL SIONISMO REVISIONISTA EN EL LIKUD DURANTE EL PLAN DE DESCONEXIÓN La Visión Divergente De Sharón Y Netanyahu

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LA EVOLUCIÓN DEL SIONISMO REVISIONISTA EN EL LIKUD DURANTE EL PLAN DE DESCONEXIÓN La Visión Divergente De Sharón Y Netanyahu FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y SOCIALES LA EVOLUCIÓN DEL SIONISMO REVISIONISTA EN EL LIKUD DURANTE EL PLAN DE DESCONEXIÓN La visión divergente de Sharón y Netanyahu Mencía María Pérez Melero 5ºE-5 Área de Relaciones Internacionales Dña. Henar Pizarro Llorente Madrid Abril 2018 Mencía María Pérez Melero La evolución del sionismo revisionista en el Likud durante el Plan de Desconexión LA EVOLUCIÓN DEL SIONISMO REVISIONISTA EN EL LIKUD DURANTE EL PLAN DE DESCONEXIÓN RESUMEN: El Primer Ministro Ariel Sharón impulsó en 2004 un Plan de Desconexión para eliminar la presencia civil israelí en la Franja de Gaza. Esta política se llevó a cabo en agosto de 2005 provocando la polarización en el seno del Likud entre los que apoyaban una postura conservadora en contra de la retirada y una corriente centrista enfocada al diálogo. Benjamín Netanyahu y Ariel Sharón fueron los representantes de estas dos corrientes. El resultado de este conflicto fue la creación por parte de Sharón del partido Kadima de corte moderado. A través de este acontecimiento histórico, se explica la influencia del sionismo revisionista en el desarrollo de la política territorial del Estado de Israel. Vladímir Ze´ev Jabotinsky fue el padre fundador de esta corriente dentro del sionismo que tanta influencia ha tenido en el desarrollo geopolítico de la región. PALABRAS CLAVE: Sionismo Revisionista, Vladímir Ze´ev Jabotinsky, Plan de Desconexión, Benjamín Netanyahu, Ariel Sharón, Likud, Kadima. ABSTRACT: In 2004, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon stablished the Disengagement Plan to eliminate the Israeli civilian presence in the Gaza Strip. This policy was carried out in August 2005, causing the polarization within the Likud between those who supported a conservative stance against the withdrawal and the centrist stance focused on dialogue. Benjamin Netanyahu and Ariel Sharon were the representatives of these two opinions. The result of this conflict was the creation by Sharon of the moderate Kadima party. Through this historical event, the influence of Revisionist Zionism on the development of the Israel´s territorial policy is explained. Vladimir Ze'ev Jabotinsky was the founding father of this conception within Zionism that had have a huge influence on the geopolitical development of the region. KEY WORDS: Revisionist Zionism, Vladímir Ze´ev Jabotinsky, Disengagement Plan, Benjamin Netanyahu, Ariel Sharón, Likud, Kadima. II Mencía María Pérez Melero La evolución del sionismo revisionista en el Likud durante el Plan de Desconexión ÍNDICE: 1. Introducción…………………………………………………………………….V 1.1 Objetivo……………………………………………………………………..V 1.2 Metodología………………………………………………………………..VI 2. ¿Qué es el sionismo revisionista? …………………………………………….VII 2.1 Jabotinsky y su historia: ¿cuáles fueron las circunstancias que vieron nacer al sionismo revisionista?........................................................................................VII 2.2 El sionismo revisionista y su relación con los árabes ………..…………….X 3. El Plan de Desconexión o Plan de la Convergencia…………………………..XV 3.1 Antecedentes políticos………………………………………………….....XV 3.2 Contenido del Plan de Desconexión…………………………………….XVIII 3.3 Consecuencias…………………………………………………………....XXI 4. Divergencias de pensamiento: Sharón y Netanyahu………………………..XXII 4.1 La trayectoria política de Ariel Sharón………………………………….XXII 4.2 La trayectoria política de Benjamín Netanyahu…………………………XXV 5. La división del partido Likud: el nacimiento de Kadima…………………XXVIII 5.1 Likud antes del Plan de Desconexión…………………………………XXVIII III Mencía María Pérez Melero La evolución del sionismo revisionista en el Likud durante el Plan de Desconexión 5.2 División interna en el partido…………………………………………….XXX 5.3 El nacimiento de Kadima……………………………………………….XXXI 6. Conclusiones……………………………………………………………...XXXIII 7. Listado de abreviaturas…………………………………………………..XXXVII 8. Anexos………………………………………………………………….XXXVIII 9. Bibliografía……………………………………………………………………XL IV Mencía María Pérez Melero La evolución del sionismo revisionista en el Likud durante el Plan de Desconexión 1. Introducción. 1.1 Objetivo. El desarrollo del Estado de Israel es una cuestión compleja que se encuentra en constante evolución. Acercarse y comprender esta materia ha sido un reto para mi en todos los sentidos; como en todo ensayo exhaustivo, la búsqueda y criba de fuentes y datos ha sido el principal desafío. Así pues, en este trabajo de investigación nos centraremos en un hecho muy concreto: el Plan de Desconexión. A través de esta política de desocupación, se pretende explicar qué influencia ha tenido el sionismo revisionista en el partido Likud y más concretamente, en nuestros dos protagonistas: Benjamín Netanyahu y Ariel Sharón. Por ello, es necesario entender cuáles han sido las bases ideológicas que fundan esta corriente del sionismo, cuál fue el contexto en el que nació esta doctrina y qué concepción tenía sobre el desarrollo territorial de la Tierra Judía. A través de esta visión se estudiará el proyecto de retirada unilateral y la posición que tendría el sionismo revisionista a través de nuestros protagonistas. El plan de retirada unilateral desarrollado por Sharón, Primer Ministro de Israel y Presidente del partido Likud, fue visto por Netanyahu como una muestra de debilidad y sometimiento a las demandas palestinas. Durante este ensayo se desarrollarán las trayectorias políticas de estos dos grandes políticos vinculados al partido Likud y cómo la implantación del Plan de Desconexión supuso un cambio de paradigma en la escena política de Israel y, sobre todo, entre los miembros del Likud. Sharón muestra una posición pragmática en el desarrollo de esta política de redistribución territorial muy alejada de la que había tenido tradicionalmente su partido. El Likud fue siempre más favorable a los postulados primigenios del sionismo revisionista que defendían una posición fuerte frente a la distribución territorial del Estado de Israel. Dentro de esta postura se encontraba Benjamín Netanyahu, partidario del sionismo revisionista; consecuentemente, encuentra en las políticas de Sharón una postura tibia que no corresponde con el ideal que debería defender un partido como el Likud. V Mencía María Pérez Melero La evolución del sionismo revisionista en el Likud durante el Plan de Desconexión La consecuencia directa de este enfrentamiento fue la dimisión de Sharón y el ascenso de Netanyahu como jefe del partido. Sharón decidió continuar en la escena política formando un nuevo partido, Kadima: formación política que respondía mejor a la idea de Sharón sobre el futuro que quería para el Estado de Israel. El objetivo es desentrañar las causas que definieron y condicionaron esta evolución. 1.2 Metodología. La metodología elegida ha sido la investigación histórica en torno a este acontecimiento central: el Plan de Desconexión desarrollado en 2005. Desde este punto concreto de la historia, se desarrolla el concepto de sionismo revisionista y sus orígenes a través de su precursor, Vladímir Ze´ev Jabotinsky. La comprensión de Jabotinsky y su visión sobre el sionismo ha influido de forma decisiva en la formación del partido Likud. La crisis de identidad que sufrió el partido en 2005 enfrentó a dos grandes figuras de la política israelí: Benjamín Netanyahu y Ariel Sharón. La metodología histórica ha sido la opción más adecuada al realizar este ensayo: para estudiar esta cuestión histórica es necesario descomponerla en una serie de partes que nos permitan descubrir cuáles son las raíces políticas, geográficas y religiosas que han influido en el desarrollo de los acontecimientos que se describirán en el trabajo. En concreto, hemos utilizado un método de investigación inductivo, analizando la singularidad del sionismo revisionista para poder entender su influencia en el Plan de Desconexión, el partido Likud, y, en definitiva, el mapa geopolítico de Israel. Dentro de esta investigación, nos hemos apoyado en diversos submétodos: el cronológico y el biográfico, combinándolos de tal manera que los hechos que hemos reflejado a lo largo del trabajo tengan una coherencia temporal. El acercamiento a la vida de Jabotinsky nos es de utilidad para analizar los planteamientos del sionismo revisionista y su influencia a lo largo de la historia en la trayectoria política de Netanyahu y Sharón; y, a través de ellos, en el planteamiento y la aplicación del Plan de Desconexión. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación se han utilizado fuentes muy variadas: artículos de revistas especializadas, Think tanks, discursos, autobiografías, blogs y artículos de periódico donde se ve reflejada la actualidad del tema de estudio. Una dificultad añadida en esta investigación ha sido el acceso a las fuentes primarias, principalmente, acceder al VI Mencía María Pérez Melero La evolución del sionismo revisionista en el Likud durante el Plan de Desconexión artículo que escribió Jabotinsky en 1923 y que se considera el origen de la doctrina sobre el sionismo revisionista: “O Zheleznoi Stene” en la revista Rassvyet, originalmente escrito en ruso y traducido al español como “La Muralla de Hierro”. En este trabajo se ha utilizado la versión en inglés “The Iron Wall” al ser el idioma al que se ha traducido directamente la versión original. 2. ¿Qué es el sionismo revisionista? 2.1 Jabotinsky y su historia: ¿cuáles fueron las circunstancias que vieron nacer al sionismo revisionista? Vladímir Ze´ev Jabotinsky es considerado uno de los padres del sionismo revisionista; a través de uno de sus escritos titulado “La Muralla de Hierro”1, este judío perteneciente a la comunidad rusa hebrea definió
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