Chapter-VII Human Resource Development in District

CHAPTER – VII HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN

7.1 INTRODUCTION

The development of any region or any country is based on quality of two types of resources i.e. human and natural resources. Human resources are also important as like natural resources. Man is known as a consumer of resources and also producer of resources (Mali, 1999). Therefore, human development is very important from the view point of society. Human development is the process of expanding people’s choice and the formation of human capabilities through investing in people (Human Development Report, 2009). Human Resource Development is the framework for employees to develop their personal and organized skills, Knowledge and abilities.(United Nations Development Report, 2005). Human Development is the combination of people’s entitlements and actual attainments in the crucial aspects of their lives: education, health and livelihoods. Taken together, these three elements form the everyday experience of and even an unremitting struggle for ‘development’. It is true for all people as individuals as well as members of a community in a state or the nation. It is, then, the sum of outcomes relating to schooling, health services and quality of life chances such as life expectancy and nutrition and importantly income. This revolves critically around access and the quality of services available. With respect to incomes, it is a question of a secure and adequate and above all, sustainable livelihood and the quality of consumer choices that flow from it (Human Development Report, , 2002). The first Human Development Report launched by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990. It was pioneered by Mahbub Ul Haq and Amartya Sen. In this human development report world-wide leading to what is now called the ‘human development movement’ is discussed which includes international and national governments, policy makers, planners, opinion leaders, parliamentarians, media, NGOs and various members of civil society.

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Human resources development is based on technological, social, cultural and economic elements (Saptarshi, 1996). Development of human resources in an area is influenced by socio-economic factors like urbanization, skilled labour force and literacy; particularly female literacy coupled with levels of educational attainment is the main factors of development (Tiwari, 2001) According to Frederic Harbison, human resources constitute the ultimate base for the wealth of nation. Capital and natural resources are passive factors of production. Human beings are the active agents who accumulate capital; exploit natural resources, build social economic and political organizations and carry forward national development. Clearly a country, which is unable to develop the skill and knowledge of its people and to utilize them effectively in national economy, will be unable to develop anything else. Human resource development is always oriented to enhancing people capabilities. Human resource plays a very important role in the regional development. Human resources are also important in terms of quality & quantity (Dixit, 1996). Therefore, an attempt is made here to study human resource development in the Kolhapur district. 7.2 INDICATORS OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

There are numerous indicators to count human development index worldwide each country uses indicators as per their need. For the Kolhapur district following indicators are used to calculate human resource development. 1. Life Expectancy 2. Per Capita Income 3. General Literacy Rate 4. Female Literacy Rate 5. Growth Rate of Population 6. Female population 7. Student -teacher ratio 8. Net primary enrolment 9. Net Secondary enrolment 10. Enrolment in technical and vocational education 11. Gross Enrolment of Female in Primary school 250

Chapter-VII Human Resource Development in Kolhapur District

12. Population above poverty line 13. Crude birth rate 14. Crude death rate 15. Maternal mortality rate 16. Dependency ratio 17. Expenditure on education 18. Per capita expenditure on health 19. Access of population to sanitation 20. Percentage of irrigated area to net sown area

1. Life Expectancy Table 7.1A Indicators of Human Recourse Development in the Kolhapur District, 2011 Sr. Tahsils Life Per Capita General Female Growth Rate No. Expectancy Income(Rs) Literacy Literacy of population Rate (in %) Rate (in (in %) %) 1 Shahuwadi 69.00 38125 72.68 63.68 4.98 2 Panhala 67.50 51236 79.27 70.73 8.82 3 70.67 76125 84.37 78.41 13.83 4 71.00 69512 83.44 76.83 8.86 5 Karvir 69.50 74178 86.64 81.50 14.43 6 Bavda 65.00 31457 70.00 58.83 9.98 7 Radhanagari 66.50 43258 77.59 66.00 6.17 8 Kagal 68.00 48789 78.65 69.96 10.93 9 Bhudargad 67.00 37569 77.71 67.57 3.77 10 Ajra 68.50 35078 73.93 65.23 -0.96 11 69.00 45125 76.62 68.49 4.38 12 70.60 41025 72.94 53.52 3.56 Average 68.52 49290 77.82 68.40 7.40 Source: Compiled by Researcher on the basis of field survey and District Census Handbook Kolhapur District, 2011. The table 7.1 A indicates that on an average there is 68.52 years life expectancy in the Kolhapur district that of state is 67.20. But the spatial distribution is ranging from 65 to 71 years. The spatial distribution of life expectancy varies from tahsil to tahsil. The high life expectancy is recorded in Shirol, Hatkanangale, Chandgad, Karvir, Shahuwadi and Gadhinglaj tahsils i.e. above 69 years due to favorable physical condition, high per capita income and good health facilities. The moderate life expectancy is found in Ajra, Kagal, Panhala and Bhudargad tahsils ranging from 67 to 69 years. The low life expectancy is 251

Chapter-VII Human Resource Development in Kolhapur District recorded in Radhanagari and Bavda tahsil i.e. below 67 years due to low economic status and lack of health facilities. 2. Per Capita Income The district as a whole as 49290 rupees per capita income that of state is 64218 rupees. It indicates that per capita income in Kolhapur district is lower than the state but spatial distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil. The table 7.1 A shows that, high per capita income is found in Hatkanangale, Karvir and Shirol tahsils i.e. above 61236 rupees due to development of agro-based industries such as sugar, cotton, Dairy and irrigation facilities. The moderate per capita income is found in Panhala and Kagal tahsil ranging from 46346 to 61236 rupees. The low per capita income is recorded in Gadhinglaj, Radhanagari, Chandgad, Shahuwadi, Bhudargad, Ajra, and Bavda tahsils i.e. below 46346 rupees due to undulating topography and lower development of secondary and tertiary activities. 3. General Literacy Rate Table 7.1 A reveals that the district as a whole has 81.50 per cent general literacy in 2011 that of state is 82.91, it means study region haslow literacy than the state. But spatial distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil. The high literacy rate is found in Karvir, Hatkanangale and Shirol tahsils i.e. above 81.09 per cent due to better agricultural practices which leads better economic condition of parents and higher number of education institutions, more urbanization. The moderate literacy rate is recorded in Panhala, Kagal, Bhudargad, Radhanagari and Gadhinglaj tahsils ranging from 75.55 to 81.09 per cent. The low literacy rate is found in Ajra, Chandgad, Shahuwadi and Bavda tahsils i.e. below 75.55 per cent because these tahsils situated in western ghat, more hilly area, poor urbanization, lack of education and transport facilities. 4. Female Literacy Rate Table 7.1 A indicates that the district as a whole has 74.22 per cent female literacy in 2011 that of state is 75.48, it means study region has low literacy than the state. But tahsil level distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil. The high female literacy rate is found in Karvir, Hatkanangale and Shirol tahsils i.e. above 72.17 per cent due to more urbanization, better occupation structure and large number of education institutions. The moderate female literacy rate is observed in Panhala, Kagal, Gadhinglaj,

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Bhudargad, Radhanagari, Ajra and Shahuwadi tahsils i.e. ranging from 62.85 to 72.17 per cent. The low female literacy rate is recorded in Bavda and Chandgad tahsils i.e. below 62.85 per cent due to rural background, hilly area, traditional job such as agricultural laborers, low status of women, poor educational facility as compare other tahsils. 5. Growth Rate of Population The district as a whole as 10.01 percent growth rate of population in 2011 that of state is 15.99 per cent which indicate that the growth rate of population in Kolhapur district is lower than the state but spatial distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil. The high growth rate of population is found in Karvir, Hatkanangale and Kagal tahsils i.e. above 10.81 per cent due to high urbanization and in-migration. The moderate growth rate of population is recorded in Bavda, Shirol and Panhala tahsils i.e. ranging from 7.18 to 10.81 percent. The low growth rate of population is recorded in Radhanagari, Shahuwadi, Gadhinglaj, Bhudargad and Chandgad tahsils i.e. below 7.18 per cent. The negative change in growth rate of population is found only in Ajra (-0.96 percent) tahsil because of out-migration and unfavorable social and economic condition. 6. Female Population The table 7.1 B reveals that the district as a whole has 48.90 per cent female population in 2011 that of state is 48.62 per cent, it means that female population in Kolhapur district is higher than the state average but spatial distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil. The high percentage of female population is recorded in Ajra and Gadhinglaj tahsils i.e. above 50.77 per cent due to out-migration of male population for employment purpose. The moderate female population is found in Shahuwadi, Chandgad and Bhudargad tahsils i.e. ranging from 49.28 to 50.77 per cent. The low percentage of female population is recorded in Shirol, Kagal, Bavda, Karvir, Radhanagari, Hatkanangale and Panhala tahsils i.e. below 49.28 per cent. 7. Student -Teacher Ratio The table 7.1 B designates that on an average there are 3.86 teachers per 100 students in the Kolhapur district, but the spatial distribution is ranging from 2.79 to 4.28 teachers per 100 students. The spatial distribution of teachers varies from tahsil to tahsil. The high number of teachers per 100 students is recorded in Bhudargad, Shahuwadi,

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Chapter-VII Human Resource Development in Kolhapur District

Radhanagari, Bavda, Ajra and Chandgad tahsils i.e. above 3.78 teachers due to adverse physical condition leads poor economic condition of parents resulted into low enrolment of child in school. The moderate number of teacher per 100 students ranging from 3.29 to 3.78 teachers per 100 students is found in Panhala and Kagal tahsils. The low number of teachers per 100 students i.e. below 3.29 is observed in Gadhinglaj, Shirol, Karvir and Hatkanangale tahsils because of favourable geographical factors resulted into better economic status of parents, high enrolment of student. Table 7.1 B Indicators of Human Recourse Development in the Kolhapur District, 2011 Sr. Tahsils Female Student - Net Net Enrolment in No. population teacher primary Secondary technical and (in %) ratio(per enrolment enrolment vocational 100 (in %) (in %) education Students) (in %) 1 Shahuwadi 50.52 4.13 9.73 5.05 0.01 2 Panhala 47.79 3.63 8.78 5.13 0.10 3 Hatkanangale 48.25 2.79 8.20 4.63 0.15 4 Shirol 48.90 2.98 7.37 5.52 0.22 5 Karvir 48.36 2.83 8.50 4.51 0.15 6 Bavda 48.38 4.07 9.53 4.42 0.08 7 Radhanagari 48.33 4.10 8.40 4.51 0.08 8 Kagal 48.68 3.40 8.44 4.70 0.20 9 Bhudargad 49.57 4.28 8.81 4.95 0.13 10 Ajra 52.27 3.93 8.54 4.29 0.02 11 Gadhinglaj 50.95 3.07 8.74 4.76 0.19 12 Chandgad 50.47 3.86 8.83 3.84 0.03 Average 49.37 3.59 8.66 4.69 0.11 Source: District Census Handbook Kolhapur District, 2011and Socio-economic abstract, 2011 8. Net Primary Enrolment The table 7.1 B designates that on an average there is 9.36 per cent net primary enrollment in Kolhapur district that of state is 18.30 but it varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging from 7.37 to 9.73 per cent. The high primary school enrollment is found in Shahuwadi and Bavda tahsils i.e. above 8.94 per cent due to improvement of irrigation facilities and social awareness. The moderate primary school enrollment is recorded in Chandgad, Bhudargad, Panhala, Gadhinglaj, Ajra, Karvir, Kagal, Radhanagari and Hatkanangale tahsils ranging from 8.15 to 8.94 per cent. The low primary school enrollment is found only in Shirol tahsil i.e. below 8.15 per cent.

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9. Net Secondary Enrolment On an average there is 5.09 per cent net secondary school enrollment in Kolhapur district in 2011 that of state is 4.90. But it varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging from 3.84 to 5.52 per cent. The high secondary school enrollment is recorded in Shirol, Panhala and Shahuwadi tahsils i.e. above 4.96 per cent due to favorable physical factors for human habitant resulted into well economic status of parents and social well being. The moderate secondary school enrollment is found in Bhudargad, Gadhinglaj, Kagal, Hatkanangale, Radhanagari, Karvir and Bavda tahsils ranging from 4.40 to 4.96 per cent. The low secondary school enrollment is observed in Ajra and Chandgad tahsils i.e. below 4.40 per cent due to the poor economic status of parents. 10. Enrolment in Technical and Vocational Education The table 7.1 B exhibits that on an average there is 0.12 per cent enrolment in technical and vocational education in Kolhapur district that of state is 0.09 but it varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging from 0.01 to 0.22 per cent. The high enrolment in technical and vocational education is found in Shirol, Kagal, Gadhinglaj, Karvir and Hatkanangale tahsils i.e. above 0.15 per cent due to good irrigation facilities and better economic condition of parents. The moderate enrolment in technical and vocational education is recorded in Bhudargad, Panhala, Bavda and Radhanagari tahsils ranging from 0.08 to 0.15 per cent. The low enrolment in technical and vocational education is observed in Chandgad, Ajra and Shahuwadi tahsils i.e. below 0.08 per cent due to adverse physical factors leads to low economic status of parents. 11. Gross Enrolment of Female in Primary School The table 7.1 C indicates that on an average there is 2.61 per cent gross enrolment of female in primary school in Kolhapur district that of state is 2.49 but spatial distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging from 0.35 to 3.94 per cent. The high gross enrolment of female in primary school is recorded in Shahuwadi, Panhala, Hatkanangale, Shirol, Karvir and Bavda tahsils i.e. above 2.74 per cent due to social awareness and well financial status of parents. The moderate gross enrolment of female in primary school is found in Radhanagari, Kagal and Bhudargad tahsils ranging from 1.55 to 2.74 per cent. The low gross enrolment of female in primary school is recorded in Ajra, Gadhinglaj and Chandgad tahsils i.e. below 1.55 per cent and again causes are same as mentioned earlier.

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12. Population Above Poverty Line The table 7.1 C reveals that on an average there is 81.85 per cent population above poverty line in Kolhapur district, but tahsil level distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging 77.03 to 82.69 per cent. The high population above poverty line is found in Shirol, Kagal, Bhudargad, Ajra, Shahuwadi, Panhala, Bavda, Radhanagari, Chandgad, Gadhinglaj and Karvir tahsils i.e. 80.80 per cent due to development of agro-based industries, good agricultural practices in river basins of Panchaganga and its tributaries. The low population above poverty line is observed in Hatkanangale tahsil i.e. 77.03 per cent due to maximum schedule cast population. Table 7.1 C Indicators of Human Recourse Development in the Kolhapur District in 2011 Sr. Tahsils Female Population Crude Crude Maternal No. Primary above birth death mortality school gross poverty line rate rate rate enrolment 1 Shahuwadi 0.27 82.54 7.37 4.20 0.22 2 Panhala 1.95 82.44 13.00 6.24 0.10 3 Hatkanangale 3.21 77.03 14.32 5.48 0.14 4 Shirol 3.94 82.69 15.05 6.58 0.07 5 Karvir 3.36 80.10 23.58 8.82 0.09 6 Bavda 1.90 82.42 9.56 4.86 0.57 7 Radhanagari 1.66 82.41 7.67 4.51 0.20 8 Kagal 4.25 82.66 10.38 5.03 0.06 9 Bhudargad 2.62 82.64 12.35 7.56 0.09 10 Ajra 0.48 82.58 10.82 6.81 0.34 11 Gadhinglaj 3.96 82.31 22.13 8.06 0.38 12 Chandgad 0.70 82.39 10.77 4.91 0.30 Average 2.99 81.85 15.88 6.63 0.12 Source: Source: District Census Handbook Kolhapur District, 2011and Socio-economic abstract, 2011 13. Crude Birth Rate The table 7.1 C exhibits that on an average there are 13.08 crude birth rate per thousand population in Kolhapur district, but spatial distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging from 7.37 to 23.58. The high crude birth rate is recorded in Karvir and Gadhinglaj tahsils i.e. above 18.17 per thousand populations due to the traditional culture in rural area. The moderate crude birth rate is found in Shirol, Hatkanangale and Panhala tahsil ranging from 12.77 to 18.17 per thousand population. The low crude birth rate is

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Chapter-VII Human Resource Development in Kolhapur District observed in Bhudargad, Ajra, Chandgad, Kagal, Bavda, Radhanagari and Shahuwadi tahsil i.e. below 12.77 per thousand populations due to the out migration and awareness about family planning programmes. 14. Crude Death Rate The table 7.1 C indicates that on an average there is 6.09 crude death rates per thousand populations in Kolhapur district. The spatial distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging from 4.20 to 8.82 per thousand populations. The high Crude death rate is recorded in Karvir, Gadhinglaj and Bhudargad tahsils i.e. above 7.28 per thousand population in Gadhinglaj and Bhudargad tahsil it is high due to the lack of heath facilities and adverse physical condition. The moderate crude death rate is fo und in Ajra, Shirol and Panhala tahsils i.e. ranging from 5.74 to 7.28 per thousand population. The low Crude death rate is observed in Hatkanangale, Kagal, Chandgad, Bavda, Radhanagari and Shahuwadi tahsils i.e. below 5.74 per thousand population due to the healthy environment in the western ghat region. 15. Maternal Mortality Rate The table 7.1 C designates that on an average there is 0.21 mortality rate per thousand population in Kolhapur district, but spatial distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging from 0.06 to 0.57 per cent. The high maternal mortality rate is recorded in Bavda tahsil i.e. above 0.57 per thousand populations due to lack of health facilities because of rugged topography. The moderate maternal mortality rate is found in Gadhinglaj, Ajra and Chandgad tahsils i.e. ranging from 0.23 to 0.40 per thousand populations. The low maternal mortality rate is observed in Shahuwadi, Radhanagari, Hatkanangale, Panhala , Karvir, Bhudargad Shirol and Kagal tahsils i.e. below 0.23 per thousand populations due to the improvement of health facilities. 16. Dependency Ratio The age structure indicates ratio of working and non working population which has immense important. The dependency ratio is important for man power planning and the analysis of population growth and migration. Availability of job opportunities in different sector reduce dependency ratio which positively effects on development. During the period of investigation the average dependency ratio is 86.76 per 100 population but the spatial distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil. The high dependency ratio is recorded in

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Shahuwadi, Bhudargad, Bavda, Chandgad, Kagal, Radhanagari, Ajra and Gadhinglaj tahsils i.e.above 87.17 per hundred due to undulating topography, more forest area, heavy rainfall, low literacy and low economic development. The moderate dependency ratio is found in Panhala tahsil i.e. 85 per hundred. The low dependency ratio is found in Shirol, Hatkanangale and Karvir i.e. below 78.33 per hundred due to high literacy, development of agriculture practices, more establishment of agro-based industry resulted into more job opportunities. Table 7.1 D Indicators of Human Recourse Development in the Kolhapur District, 2011 Percentage expenditure per capita Population of Irrigated Sr. Dependency on expenditure on access to area to net No. Tahsils ratio education health sanitation sown area 1 Shahuwadi 96.00 654.20 966.20 76.19 7.63 2 Panhala 85.00 792.00 990.50 77.70 27.85 3 Hatkanangale 72.33 1150.33 1291.00 91.77 38.31 4 Shirol 74.67 1153.00 1154.67 90.35 64.76 5 Karvir 69.50 1388.00 1325.50 94.85 52.20 6 Bavda 94.00 312.00 870.00 68.00 16.41 7 Radhanagari 92.25 704.50 971.25 83.23 21.57 8 Kagal 93.00 716.00 956.00 79.00 25.57 9 Bhudargad 95.00 623.00 753.00 76.00 14.12 10 Ajra 89.00 645.00 588.50 74.56 10.16 11 Gadhinglaj 87.20 808.60 1131.00 79.88 15.91 12 Chandgad 93.20 826.40 1044.60 80.39 10.39 Average 86.76 814.42 1003.52 80.99 25.22 Source: Compiled by Researcher on the basis of field survey and Socio-economic abstract, 2011. 17. Expenditure On Education The table 7.1 D reveals that on an average there is 814.42 rupees expenditure on education in Kolhapur district. But it varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging from 312 to 1388 rupees. The high expenditure on education is recorded in Karvir, Shirol and Hatkanangale tahsils i.e. above 1029.33 rupees due to favorable soil, rainfall, water resources resulted into development of agriculture, high income and high standard of living. The moderate expenditure on education is found in Chandgad, Gadhinglaj, Panhala, Kagal and Radhanagari tahsils i.e. ranging from 670.67 to 1029 rupees. The low expenditure on education is recorded in Shahuwadi, Ajra, Bhudargad and Bavda tahsils i.e. below 670.67 rupees because tahsils situated western ghat ranges having dense forest, inferior soil resulted intolow economic development.

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18. Per Capita Expenditure On Health The table 7.1 D shows that on an average there is 1003.52 rupees expenditure on health of Kolhapur district. The Spatial distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging from 588.50 to 1325.50 rupees. The high expenditure on health is recorded in Karvir, Hatkanangale, Shirol and Gadhinglaj tahsils i.e. above 1079.83 rupees due to the development of agriculture and agro based industries and high standard of living. The moderate expenditure on health is found in Chandgad, Panhala, Radhanagari, Shahuwadi, Kagal and Bavda tahsils i.e. ranging from 834.17 to 1079.83 rupees. The low expenditure on health is observed in Bhudargad and Ajra tahsils i.e. below 834.17 rupees due to hilly area, dense forest caused low economic development. 19. Access of Population to Sanitation On an average there is 80.99 per cent population have access to sanitation in the Kolhapur district. The tahsil level analysis varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging from 68 to 94.85 per cent. The high access of population to sanitation is recorded in Karvir, Hatkanangale and Shirol tahsils i.e. above 85.90 per cent due to better natural resources caused economic and social development. The moderate access of population to sanitation is found in Radhanagari, Chandgad, Gadhinglaj, Kagal and Panhala tahsils i.e. ranging from 76.95 to 85.90 per cent. The low access of population to sanitation is observed in Shahuwadi, Bhudargad, Ajra and Bavda tahsils i.e. below 76.95 per cent due to hilly area, dense forest and low agricultural development. 20. Percentage of Irrigated Area to Net sown Area The table 7.1 D reveals that on an average there is 25.22 percent irrigated area in Kolhapur district. But spatial distribution varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging from 7.63 to 64.76 per cent. The high percentage of irrigated area is recorded in Shirol and Karvir tahsils i.e. above 45.72 per cent due to the irrigation project and K.T. wears on Panchaganga and its tributaries. The moderate percentage of irrigated area is found in Hatkanagale and Panhala tahsils ranging from 26.68 to 45.72 per cent. The low percentage of irrigated area is found in Kagal, Radhanagari, Bavda, Gadhinglaj, Bhudargad, Chandgad, Ajra and Shahuwadi tahsils i.e. below 26.68 per cent due to the hilly area, steep slope, dense forest, low fertile soil and lack of irrigation facilities.

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7.3 COMPOSITE INDEX OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT After the analysis of each indicator attempt is made here to study composite index of human resource development. To calculate composite index the mean, standard deviation and weighted value is calculated, it is shown in table 7.2 Table 7.2 Mean, SD and Weight of Indicators of Human Resource Development in Kolhapur District, 2011 Sr. No. Tahsils LE PCI GLR FLR PGR FP TPHS NPE NSE ET&VE 1 Shahuwadi 69 38125 72.68 63.68 4.98 50.52 4.13 9.73 5.05 0.01 2 Panhala 67.5 51236 79.27 70.73 8.82 47.79 3.63 8.78 5.13 0.10 3 Hatkanangale 70.67 76125 84.37 78.41 13.8 48.25 2.79 8.20 4.63 0.15 4 Shirol 71 69512 83.44 76.83 8.86 48.90 2.98 7.37 5.52 0.22 5 Karvir 69.5 74178 86.64 81.50 14.4 48.36 2.83 8.50 4.51 0.15 6 Bavda 65 31457 70.00 58.83 9.98 48.38 4.07 9.53 4.42 0.08 7 Radhanagari 66.5 43258 77.59 66.00 6.17 48.33 4.10 8.40 4.51 0.08 8 Kagal 68 48789 78.65 69.96 10.9 48.68 3.40 8.44 4.70 0.20 9 Bhudargad 67 37569 77.71 67.57 3.77 49.57 4.28 8.81 4.95 0.13 10 Ajra 68.5 35078 73.93 65.23 -0.96 52.27 3.93 8.54 4.29 0.02 11 Gadhinglaj 69 45125 76.62 68.49 4.38 50.95 3.07 8.74 4.76 0.19 12 Chandgad 70.6 41025 72.94 53.52 3.56 50.47 3.86 8.83 3.84 0.03 Mean 68.52 49289.75 77.82 68.40 7.40 49.37 3.59 8.66 4.69 0.11 SD 1.82 15540.49 5.07 7.99 4.56 1.38 0.55 0.60 0.44 0.07 Weight 37.56 3.17 15.34 8.56 1.62 35.74 6.51 14.35 10.73 1.59 Total Weight 915.28 Table Continue…... Sr. 100- 100- 100- 100- No. Tahsils GEFPS PAPL CBR CDR MMR DR EOE PCEOH PATS PIANSA 1 Shahuwadi 0.27 82.54 92.63 95.80 99.78 4.00 654.20 966.20 76.19 7.63 2 Panhala 1.95 82.44 87.00 93.76 99.90 15.00 792.00 990.50 77.70 27.85 3 Hatkanangale 3.21 77.03 85.68 94.52 99.86 27.67 1150.33 1291.00 91.77 38.31 4 Shirol 3.94 82.69 84.95 93.42 99.93 25.33 1153.00 1154.67 90.35 64.76 5 Karvir 3.36 80.10 76.42 91.18 99.91 30.50 1388.00 1325.50 94.85 52.20 6 Bavda 1.90 82.42 90.44 95.14 99.43 6.00 312.00 870.00 68.00 16.41 7 Radhanagari 1.66 82.41 92.33 95.49 99.80 7.75 704.50 971.25 83.23 21.57 8 Kagal 4.25 82.66 89.62 94.97 99.94 7.00 716.00 956.00 79.00 25.57 9 Bhudargad 2.62 82.64 87.65 92.44 99.91 5.00 623.00 753.00 76.00 14.12 10 Ajra 0.48 82.58 89.18 93.19 99.66 11.00 645.00 588.50 74.56 10.16 11 Gadhinglaj 3.96 82.31 77.87 91.94 99.62 12.80 808.60 1131.00 79.88 15.91 12 Chandgad 0.70 82.39 89.23 95.09 99.70 6.80 826.40 1044.60 80.39 10.39 Mean 2.36 81.85 86.92 93.91 99.79 13.24 814.42 1003.52 80.99 25.41 SD 1.41 1.67 5.14 1.50 0.16 9.42 289.57 209.93 7.84 17.91 Weight 1.67 48.93 16.92 62.61 628.22 1.40 2.81 4.78 10.34 1.42 Total Weight 914.28 Source: Compiled by Researcher on the basis of field survey and Socio-economic abstract, 2011. On the basis of the calculation of weight of each indicates the average composite index and indices value are calculated in the study region. The spatial distribution of

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Chapter-VII Human Resource Development in Kolhapur District human resource development is varies from tahsil to tahsil ranging from 75.82 to 135.81 indices value. Table 7.3 Composite Index of Human Resource Development in Kolhapur District Sr.No. Tahsils Composite Index Indices Value 1 Shahuwadi 228.25 85.32 2 Panhala 274.14 102.48 3 Hatkanangale 363.31 135.81 4 Shirol 339.93 127.07 5 Karvir 357.34 133.58 6 Bavda 202.82 75.82 7 Radhanagari 246.20 92.03 8 Kagal 265.45 99.23 9 Bhudargad 224.88 84.06 10 Ajra 215.40 80.52 11 Gadhinglaj 253.37 94.71 12 Chandgad 239.07 89.37 Source: Compiled by Researcher on the basis of field survey and Socio-economic abstract, 2011.

I) High Human Resource Development

The table 7.3 and figure 7.1 reveals that the high human resource development is recorded in Hatkanangale, Karvir and Shirol tahsils i.e. above 116 indices value due to the fertile soil, surface irrigation leads to development of agriculture which leads to high life expectancy, high per capita income, high general literacy rate, high female literacy rate, high population growth rate, high female population, high net primary enrolment, high net secondary enrolment, high enrolment in technical and vocational education, high female primary school enrolment, high population above poverty line, low crude birth rate, low crude death rate, low maternal mortality rate, low dependency ratio, high expenditure on education , high per capita expenditure on health, high population access to sanitation and high percentage of irrigated area as compare other tahsils. II) Moderate Human Resource Development

The moderate human resource development is found in Panhala and Kagal tahsils ranging from 96 to 116 indices value.

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III) Low Human Resource Development

The table 7.3 designates that the low human resource development is recorded in Gadhinglaj, Radhanagari, Chandgad, Shahuwadi, Bhudargad, Ajra and Bavda tahsils i.e. below 96 indices value due to rugged topography, inferior soil, heavy rainfall leads to low per capita income, low life expectancy, low general literacy rate, low female literacy rate, high population growth rate, low net primary enrolment, low net secondary enrolment, low enrolment in technical and vocational education, low female primary school enrolment, low population above poverty line, high crude death rate, high maternal mortality rate, high dependency ratio, low expenditure on education , low per capita expenditure on health, low population access to sanitation and low percentage of irrigated area as compare other tahsils.

7.4 IMPACT OF LITERACY ON DEPENDENCY RATIO Attempt is made here to assess the impact of literacy on Dependency Ratio. The negative relationship between the literacy (X) and dependency ratio (Y) has been observed in the Kolhapur district. The coefficient of correlation in this regard is at r = -0.87287. It indicates that there is a very good negative relation in between the variable ‘X and ‘Y’. The degree of linear association between these two variable obtained by using the coefficient of determination is found to be at 0.761897, which reveals that the independent variable (X) i.e. literacy is explaining 76.1897 per cent of the total variations in dependant variable (Y) i.e. dependency ratio in the study area. It is a good explanation because 76.18 per cent of variation in ‘Y’ i.e.dependency ratio to be influenced by the variable ‘X’ i.e. literacy and about 23.82 percent of variation is left to be influenced by other variables. The functional form of linear relationship of ‘Y’ on ‘X’ found to be at y = -1.621x + 212.9. The line of best fists shown in figure 7.2. The regression coefficient indicates that increase of one per cent literacy causes for decrease of dependency ratio by 1.621 in tahsils of study area. By testing the significance of regression coefficient (a test of significance), the validity of this causal relationship has been confirmed.

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The calculated value of ‘t’ in this exercise is found at 6.19. It is observed that this calculated value is higher than the tabulated value of ‘t’ (3.17) at the 10 degree of freedom (df = n –2, where ‘n’ is 12) even at 1 per cent level of significance. Table 7.4 Literacy and Dependency ratio in Kolhapur District, 2011

Sr. Name of Literacy in % Dependency No. Tahsils ratio 1 Shahuwadi 72.68 96.00 2 Panhala 79.27 85.00 3 Hatkanangale 84.37 72.33 4 Shirol 83.44 74.67 5 Karvir 86.64 69.50 6 Bavda 70 94.00 7 Radhanagari 77.59 92.25 8 Kagal 78.65 93.00 9 Bhudargad 77.71 95.00 10 Ajra 73.93 89.00 11 Gadhinglaj 76.62 87.20 12 Chandgad 72.94 93.20 Coefficient of Correlation +0.882107 Coefficient of Determination 0.778113 Source: Compiled by Researcher on the basis of field survey and District Census Handbook Kolhapur District, 2011

Figure No.7.2

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The confidence intervals of the predicted values are worked out at Y ± SE (Y) (The SE (Y) for the present exercise is 11.49 and SY is the 32.222). Thus it is assumed that if the values of ‘Y’ (Y-y) lie within the range of Zero to ± SE, the prediction could be expected to be accurate. In other words, the role of independent variables in explaining the change in dependent variable can be accepted as correct. The equation used t = (b-β) √(n-2)Σ(Xi- X‾) 2 ‚ Σ (Yi-yi) 2

Table No7.5 Residuals from Regression of Dependency Ratio in Kolhapur district in 2011

Sr. Name of Yi yi Yi-yi No. Tahsils 1 Shahuwadi 96.00 95.09 0.91 2 Panhala 85.00 84.40 0.60 3 Hatkanangale 72.33 76.14 -3.81 4 Shirol 74.67 77.64 -2.97 5 Karvir 69.50 72.46 -2.96 6 Bavda 94.00 99.43 -5.43 7 Radhanagari 92.25 87.13 5.12 8 Kagal 93.00 85.41 7.59 9 Bhudargad 95.00 86.93 8.07 10 Ajra 89.00 93.06 -4.06 11 Gadhinglaj 87.20 88.70 -1.50 12 Chandgad 93.20 94.66 -1.46 Source: Compiled by Researcher on the basis of field survey and District Census Handbook Kolhapur District, 2011 In this context, it has been observed that the predicted values (given in table 7.5) of 12 out of 12 tahsils in the present study lie within the range of ± SE. Now the obvious inference is that the 100 per cent of the total number of observation (n is 12) the regression is a good indicator meaning thereby that the variations in decrease of dependency ratio is the function of the variations in literacy rate.

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7.5 SUMMARY

Human resource plays a very important role in the regional development. Human resources are also an important in terms of quality and quantity. For the study human resource development in study region the 20 indicators i.e. Life Expectancy, Per Capita Income, General Literacy Rate, Female Literacy Rate, Population Growth Rate, Female population, Student-teacher ratio, Net primary enrolment, Net Secondary enrolment, Enrolment in technical and vocational education, Gross Enrolment of female in Primary school, Population above poverty line, Crude birth rate, Crude death rate, Maternal mortality rate, Dependency ratio, Expenditure on education, Per capita expenditure on health, Access of population to sanitation, Percentage of irrigated area to net sown area are taken into consideration. The high life expectancy in Shirol, Hatkanangale, Chandgad, Karvir, Shahuwadi and Gadhinglaj tahsils is a result of favorable physical factors, high per capita income and good health facilities. The high per capita income is found in Hatkanangale, Karvir and Shirol tahsils is mainly due to the development of agro-based industries such as sugar, cotton, Dairy and irrigation facilities. The low female literacy rate in Bavda and Chandgad tahsils is a result of combine effect of rural background, hilly area, traditional job such as agricultural laborers, low status of women, poor education facilities. The high percentage of female population in Ajra and Gadhinglaj tahsils is mainly due to the out-migration of male population for employment. The high number of teachers per 100 students in Bhudargad, Shahuwadi, Radhanagari, Bavda, Ajra and Chandgad tahsils is because of adverse physical condition leads poor economic condition of parents resulted into low enrolment of child in school. The high primary school enrollment in Shahuwadi and Bavda tahsils is a result of development of irrigation facilities and social awareness. The low secondary school enrollment and low enrolment in technical education in Ajra and Chandgad tahsils is result of low economic status of parents due to the adverse physical and economic factors. The high gross enrolment of female in primary school in Shahuwadi, Panhala, Hatkanangale, Shirol, Karvir and Bavda tahsils is mainly due to the social awareness and well financial status of parents. 266

Chapter-VII Human Resource Development in Kolhapur District

The low population above poverty line in Hatkanangale tahsil is because of maximum schedule cast population. The high maternal mortality rate in Bavda tahsil is a result of lack of health facilities because of rugged topography. The high dependency ratio in Shahuwadi, Bhudargad, Bavda, Chandgad, Kagal, Radhanagari, Ajra and Gadhinglaj tahsils is result of combine effect of undulating topography, more forest area, heavy rainfall, inferior soil, low literacy and low economic development. The high expenditure on education and high per capita expenditure on health as well as high access of population to sanitation in Karvir, Shirol and Hatkanangale tahsils is mainly due to the favorable soil and rainfall and water resources resulted into development of agriculture, high income and high standard of living. The high human resource development in Hatkanangale, Karvir and Shirol tahsils is mainly due to the fertile soil, surface irrigation leads to development of agriculture which leads to high life expectancy, high per capita income, high general literacy rate, high female literacy rate, high population growth rate, high net secondary enrolment, high enrolment in technical and vocational education, high fe male primary school enrolment, high population above poverty line, low crude birth and death rate, low maternal mortality rate, low dependency ratio, high expenditure on education, high per capita expenditure on health and high population access to sanitation. The low human resource development in Gadhinglaj, Radhanagari, Chandgad, Shahuwadi, Bhudargad, Ajra and Bavda tahsils is a result of rugged topography, inferior soil and heavy rainfall. The high negative correlation (-0.87287) between the literacy (X) and dependency ratio (Y) has been observed in the Kolhapur district. The coefficient of determination reveals that the independent variable (X) i.e. literacy is explaining 76.1897 per cent of the total variations in dependant variable (Y) i.e. dependency ratio in the study area. The regression coefficient indicates that increase of one per cent literacy causes for decrease of dependency ratio by 1.621 in the tahsils of study area. The confidence intervals of the predicted values reveals that the 100 per cent of the total number of observation (n is 12) the regression is a good indicator meaning thereby that the variations in decrease of dependency ratio is the function of the variations in literacy rate.

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