Estudos Sobre a Solidez Do Sistema Bancário Da OCDE

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Estudos Sobre a Solidez Do Sistema Bancário Da OCDE Estudos sobre a solidez do sistema bancário da OCDE: Crises bancárias, endividamento e incumprimento no período 1991 a 2009 Cristina Maria Pereira Pedro Tese apresentada à Universidade de Évora para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Gestão ORIENTADORES: Professor Doutor Jacinto António Setúbal Vidigal da Silva Professor Doutor Joaquim José dos Santos Ramalho ÉVORA, Março de 2014 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO AVANÇADA Estudos sobre a solidez do sistema bancário da OCDE: Crises bancárias, endividamento e incumprimento no período 1991 a 2009 Cristina Maria Pereira Pedro ORIENTADORES: Professor Doutor Jacinto António Setúbal Vidigal da Silva Professor Doutor Joaquim José dos Santos Ramalho ÉVORA, Março de 2014 Solidez “Qualidade do que é forte e duradouro”. “Qualidade do que não se destrói facilmente”. Léxico, Dicionário Português on-line “Resistência, durabilidade. Segurança, firmeza, estabilidade. Qualidade do que é real, efectivo. Segurança, certeza, garantia”. Novo Aurélio – século XXI, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Agradecimentos A concretização desta tese contou com o apoio de diversas pessoas e o suporte de algumas entidades que merecem destaque, em sinal de apreço e reconhecimento, pela mais-valia que representaram para este estudo. Considerando a importância fulcral que assumiram na condução de todo o trabalho de investigação, o primeiro agradecimento é dirigido aos orientadores, Professor Doutor Jacinto Vidigal da Silva e Professor Doutor Joaquim Ramalho. Por todo o conhecimento que me transmitiram, pelos padrões de rigor e exigência por que sempre se pautaram no acompanhamento do meu trabalho. Pelo incentivo à realização de um estudo completo e com contributos relevantes. Pelo exemplo de profissionalismo que representam e pela amizade cimentada nestes anos, expresso o meu agradecimento profundo e a minha admiração pelo seu trabalho. Importa, contudo, referir, que aos Professores não é imputada qualquer responsabilidade por eventuais limitações ou incorrecções patentes neste documento, nem pelas ideias expostas. Agradeço ao CEFAGE-UE pelo acolhimento, enquanto estudante de doutoramento, que me permitiu o acesso a meios fundamentais para a concretização deste trabalho, sem os quais o seu desenvolvimento não teria sido possível, nos moldes apresentados. À Professor Doutora Cesaltina Pires, directora do programa de Doutoramento em que ingressei, dirijo um agradecimento muito especial pelo exemplo motivador e inspirador, pela clareza e relevância das suas aulas, por toda a amizade e disponibilidade ao longo do curso, pela simpatia e espírito crítico, por tudo o que me permitiu aprender e por despertar nos alunos vontade de ir mais longe. Ao Dr. José Miguel Serafim (Instituto Politécnico de Portalegre) pelo acompanhamento e interesse no trabalho desenvolvido, pelo apoio em diversas questões macroeconómicas, pela disponibilidade manifestada em todos os pedidos de apoio e pelo incentivo à produção de um trabalho de qualidade. À Dr.ª Ana José que me indicou o programa de doutoramento, incentivando o meu trabalho, sempre com uma energia contagiante. Ainda relativamente ao Instituto Politécnico de Portalegre, ao Dr. Artur Romão e à Professora Doutora Helena Cameron, pelo incentivo e motivação desde o ingresso no programa de Doutoramento até à conclusão da tese. À equipa C3i deste Instituto pelo companheirismo. Uma palavra de apreço também para o Professor Mariano Costa Pinto (meu professor de referência desde o secundário) pelas sugestões bibliográficas e interesse no trabalho. Institucionalmente, importa também destacar o apoio da OCDE na disponibilização de acesso à OECD e-library e nos esclarecimentos prestados pelos técnicos Joachim K. Doll (OECD iLibrary Customer Services Coordinator ) e Toby Green ( Head of Publishing ). Ao centro de suporte da Thomson Reuters , através do técnico Martin Frank ( Financial Markets Executive ) pela disponibilidade e apoio na identificação das taxas de juro, do mercado interbancário e do crédito concedido, equivalentes entre todos os países da OCDE, garantido a mesma maturidade e comparabilidade dos dados. À Associação Portuguesa de Bancos, Dr.ª Vera Flores, pelos esclarecimentos relativos ao registo contabilístico das provisões para cobrança duvidosa (capítulo relativo ao estudo do incumprimento no crédito concedido pelos bancos). Ao Dr. Hugo Corga, Bureau Van Dijk, pela sua amabilidade e prontidão no esclarecimento de questões diversas, relativas à usabilidade da aplicação Osíris e à metodologia de apuramento das variáveis exportadas dessa base de dados. No campo familiar, um agradecimento muito sentido ao João pelo incentivo, compreensão e respeito pela realização deste estudo. Pelo afecto, entusiasmo, paciência e por toda a atenção que lhe foi privada em detrimento da dedicação à tese. Pela motivação e pelo crédito depositado nas potencialidades do trabalho realizado, que representaram um estímulo muito importante. Por ter acreditado sempre neste estudo, por nunca deixar baixar o meu empenho e por ter “exigido” a minha dedicação contínua. À minha mãe pelo incentivo e pela lembrança constante da importância da conclusão deste trabalho com sucesso. E à minha avó pelo carinho. Por fim, aos amigos e colegas de curso com os quais aprendi, criei laços e que tornaram todos estes anos numa fase a recordar. Índice Índice de tabelas ............................................................................................................................................................................ ix Índice de figuras e gráficos ........................................................................................................................................................ x Lista de abreviaturas ................................................................................................................................................................... xi Resumo ............................................................................................................................................................................................. xii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................................................... xiii Capítulo 1 – Introdução ............................................................................................................................................................ 15 1.1. Nota introdutória ........................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.2. Definição do tema .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.3. Objectivos e contributos ............................................................................................................................................. 18 1.4. Estrutura dos capítulos ............................................................................................................................................... 21 Capítulo 2 – Dimensões fundamentais da actividade bancária................................................................................ 23 2.1. Introdução ........................................................................................................................................................................ 23 2.2. Atribuições bancárias e contexto negocial .......................................................................................................... 24 2.2.1. Intermediação financeira, gestão de risco e criação de liquidez ....................................................... 24 2.2.2. O papel dos bancos centrais e a regulamentação da actividade bancária ..................................... 26 2.2.3. Arquitectura dos sistemas financeiros ......................................................................................................... 34 2.3. Crises bancárias .............................................................................................................................................................. 35 2.3.1. Conceito de crise bancária ................................................................................................................................. 35 2.3.2. Crises bancárias históricas e crises recentes ............................................................................................. 39 2.3.3. Crises bancárias e ciclos económicos ............................................................................................................ 43 2.3.4. Efeito de contágio entre crises bancárias .................................................................................................... 47 2.4. Decisões de financiamento e estrutura de capitais dos bancos.................................................................. 49 2.4.1. Decisões de financiamento nas empresas não financeiras .................................................................. 49 2.4.2. Estrutura de capitais dos bancos .................................................................................................................... 52 2.4.3. Efeito too-big-to-fail ............................................................................................................................................. 59 2.4.4. O endividamento como opção de financiamento bancário .................................................................
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