A Factor of Millions Why We Made Plutonium with André F
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Hitler and Heisenberg
The Wall Street Journal December 27-28, 2014 Book Review “Serving the Reich” by Philip Ball, Chicago, $30, 303 pages Hitler and Heisenberg Werner Heisenberg thought that once Germany had won, the ‘good Germans’ would get rid of the Nazis. Fizzing The museum inside the former basement tavern where in early 1945 German scientists built a small nuclear reactor. Associated Press by Jeremy Bernstein The German scientists who remained in Germany throughout the Nazi period can be divided into three main groups. At one end were the anti-Nazis—people who not only despised the regime but tried to do something about it. They were very few. Two that come to mind were Fritz Strassmann and Max von Laue. Strassmann was a radiochemist—a specialist in radioactive materials—who was blacklisted from university jobs by the Society of German Chemists in 1933 for his anti-Nazi views. He was fortunate to get a half-pay job at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, which got some of its funding from industry. He and his wife (they had a 3-year-old son) hid a Jewish friend in their apartment for months. With the radiochemist Otto Hahn, he performed the 1938 experiment in which fission was observed for the first time. Von Laue won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1914. Soon after Einstein published his 1905 paper on relativity, von Laue went to Switzerland to see him. They remained friends for life. Under the Nazis, Einstein’s work was denounced as “Jewish science.” When a number of von Laue’s colleagues agreed to use relativity but attribute it to some Aryan, he refused. -
Fleming Vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold Kristin Hess La Salle University
The Histories Volume 2 | Issue 1 Article 3 Fleming vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold Kristin Hess La Salle University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hess, Kristin () "Fleming vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold," The Histories: Vol. 2 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol2/iss1/3 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Scholarship at La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The iH stories by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Histories, Vol 2, No. 1 Page 3 Fleming vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold Kristen Hess Without penicillin, the world as it is known today would not exist. Simple infections, earaches, menial operations, and diseases, like syphilis and pneumonia, would possibly all end fatally, shortening the life expectancy of the population, affecting everything from family-size and marriage to retirement plans and insurance policies. So how did this “wonder drug” come into existence and who is behind the development of penicillin? The majority of the population has heard the “Eureka!” story of Alexander Fleming and his famous petri dish with the unusual mold growth, Penicillium notatum. Very few realize that there are not only different variations of the Fleming discovery but that there are also other people who were vitally important to the development of penicillin as an effective drug. -
Cave Archaeology and the NSS: 1941–2006
George Crothers, P. Willey, and Patty Jo Watson – Cave archaeology and the NSS: 1941–2006. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 69, no. 1, p. 27–34. CAVE ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE NSS: 1941–2006 GEORGE CROTHERS1,P.WILLEY2, AND PATTY JO WATSON3 Abstract: Like most other branches of speleology, cave archaeology in the U.S. grew and developed significantly during the mid to late twentieth century. Originally viewed as marginal to mainstream Americanist archaeology, pursuit of prehistoric and historic archaeology underground is now widely accepted as making valuable contributions to knowledge of human past. The National Speleological Society played a central role in that development and continues to do so. We outline the establishment and growth of cave archaeology in North America, with special emphasis on relations between the NSS and archaeology performed in dark zone, deep cave interiors. INTRODUCTION 1920s and 1930s by ‘‘the Caveman,’’ as Neville was often called. The NSS has directly participated in cave archaeology Despite interest in cave archaeology within the NSS through cooperation, education, and conservation. Mem- governance and some portion of the membership during bers of the Society have made notable contributions to the the first few decades after the organization was formed, science by reporting the location of archaeological sites, systematic, long-term archaeological research by pro- participating in their investigation, and by equipping fessional archaeologists in the dark zones of big caves in scientists with the techniques and technology needed to the Americas did not get underway until the 1960s. There work safely in the cave environment (Damon, 1991, p. -
4. Particle Generators/Accelerators
Joint innovative training and teaching/ learning program in enhancing development and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing 4. Particle Generators/Accelerators Diana Adlienė Department of Physics Kaunas University of Technolog y Joint innovative training and teaching/ learning program in enhancing development and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author. Polish National Agency and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Date: Oct. 2017 DISCLAIMER This presentation contains some information addapted from open access education and training materials provided by IAEA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. X-ray machines 3. Particle generators/accelerators 4. Types of industrial irradiators The best accelerator in the universe… INTRODUCTION • Naturally occurring radioactive sources: – Up to 5 MeV Alpha’s (helium nuclei) – Up to 3 MeV Beta particles (electrons) • Natural sources are difficult to maintain, their applications are limited: – Chemical processing: purity, messy, and expensive; – Low intensity; – Poor geometry; – Uncontrolled energies, usually very broad Artificial sources (beams) are requested! INTRODUCTION • Beams of accelerated particles can be used to produce beams of secondary particles: Photons (x-rays, gamma-rays, visible light) are generated from beams -
Wolfgang Pauli Niels Bohr Paul Dirac Max Planck Richard Feynman
Wolfgang Pauli Niels Bohr Paul Dirac Max Planck Richard Feynman Louis de Broglie Norman Ramsey Willis Lamb Otto Stern Werner Heisenberg Walther Gerlach Ernest Rutherford Satyendranath Bose Max Born Erwin Schrödinger Eugene Wigner Arnold Sommerfeld Julian Schwinger David Bohm Enrico Fermi Albert Einstein Where discovery meets practice Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQ ST in Baden-Württemberg . Introduction “But I do not wish to be forced into abandoning strict These two quotes by Albert Einstein not only express his well more securely, develop new types of computer or construct highly causality without having defended it quite differently known aversion to quantum theory, they also come from two quite accurate measuring equipment. than I have so far. The idea that an electron exposed to a different periods of his life. The first is from a letter dated 19 April Thus quantum theory extends beyond the field of physics into other 1924 to Max Born regarding the latter’s statistical interpretation of areas, e.g. mathematics, engineering, chemistry, and even biology. beam freely chooses the moment and direction in which quantum mechanics. The second is from Einstein’s last lecture as Let us look at a few examples which illustrate this. The field of crypt it wants to move is unbearable to me. If that is the case, part of a series of classes by the American physicist John Archibald ography uses number theory, which constitutes a subdiscipline of then I would rather be a cobbler or a casino employee Wheeler in 1954 at Princeton. pure mathematics. Producing a quantum computer with new types than a physicist.” The realization that, in the quantum world, objects only exist when of gates on the basis of the superposition principle from quantum they are measured – and this is what is behind the moon/mouse mechanics requires the involvement of engineering. -
Installation of the Cyclotron Based Clinical Neutron Therapy System in Seattle
Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications, East Lansing, Michigan, USA INSTALLATION OF THE CYCLOTRON BASED CLINICAL NEUTRON THERAPY SYSTEM IN SEATTLE R. Risler, J. Eenmaa, J. Jacky, I. Kalet, and P. Wootton Medical Radiation Physics RC-08, University of Washington, Seattle ~ 98195, USA S. Lindbaeck Instrument AB Scanditronix, Uppsala, Sweden Sumnary radiation areas is via sliding shielding doors rather than a maze, mai nl y to save space. For the same reason A cyclotron facility has been built for cancer a single door is used to alternately close one or the treatment with fast neutrons. 50.5 MeV protons from a other therapy room. All power supplies and the control conventional, positive ion cyclotron are used to b0m computer are located on the second floor, above the bard a semi-thick Beryllium target located 150 am from maintenance area. The cooler room contains a heat the treatment site. Two treatment rooms are available, exchanger and other refrigeration equipment. Not shown one with a fixed horizontal beam and one with an iso in the diagram is the cooling tower located in another centric gantry capable of 360 degree rotation. In part of the building. Also not shown is the hot lab addition 33 51 MeV protons and 16.5 - 25.5 MeV now under construction an an area adjacent to the deuterons are generated for isotope production inside cyclotron vault. It will be used to process radio the cyclotron vault. The control computer is also used isotopes produced at a target station in the vault. to record and verify treatment parameters for indi vidual patients and to set up and monitor the actual radiation treatment. -
Franco Rasetti
Franco Rasetti Castiglione del Lago, Italy, 10 August 1901 – Waremme, Belgium, 5 December 2001 Title Professor of Physics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Field Entomology, Physics, Paleontology, Botany Nomination 28 Oct. 1936 Download 1937 biography in Italian Most important awards, prizes and academies Honorary Doctor, Laval University, Quebec (Canada); Honorary Doctor of Law, University of Glasgow; Honorary Research Associate in Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution (Washington); Socio Nazionale dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (since 1937); Socio dell’Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze, detta dei XL (since 1937); Medaglia Matteucci dell’Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze (1931); Premio Righi dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Bologna (1932); Premio Mussolini della Reale Accademia d’Italia (1938); Medaglia d’Oro dell’Associazione Laureati Ateneo Pisano (1972); Charles D. Walcott Medal and Award, National Academy of Sciences, Washington (1952); Medaglia dell’Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze (1984); Cavaliere di Gran Croce (1995). Summary of scientific research Professional Career: Doctor’s Degree in Physics, University of Pisa (1921); Assistant in the Physics Department, University of Florence (1921-25); Assistant in the Physics Department, University of Rome (1926-1930); Tenured Professor of Physics, University of Rome (1931-1939); Professor of Physics and Chairman of Physics Department at Laval University, Quebec, Canada (1939-1945); Full Professor of Physics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (1946-1966). Summer Lecturer in Physics at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. (1936); Washington University St. Louis, Missouri (1946); University of Washington, Seattle (1955); Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas (1957), University of Miami, Florida, (1958; 1961). Main publications A) Physics: Rasetti F., Il nucleo Atomico. Zanichelli, Bologna; Rasetti F., Elements of Nuclear Physics. -
Luis Alvarez: the Ideas Man
CERN Courier March 2012 Commemoration Luis Alvarez: the ideas man The years from the early 1950s to the late 1980s came alive again during a symposium to commemorate the birth of one of the great scientists and inventors of the 20th century. Luis Alvarez – one of the greatest experimental physicists of the 20th century – combined the interests of a scientist, an inventor, a detective and an explorer. He left his mark on areas that ranged from radar through to cosmic rays, nuclear physics, particle accel- erators, detectors and large-scale data analysis, as well as particles and astrophysics. On 19 November, some 200 people gathered at Berkeley to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his birth. Alumni of the Alvarez group – among them physicists, engineers, programmers and bubble-chamber film scanners – were joined by his collaborators, family, present-day students and admirers, as well as scientists whose professional lineage traces back to him. Hosted by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and the University of California at Berkeley, the symposium reviewed his long career and lasting legacy. A recurring theme of the symposium was, as one speaker put it, a “Shakespeare-type dilemma”: how could one person have accom- plished all of that in one lifetime? Beyond his own initiatives, Alvarez created a culture around him that inspired others to, as George Smoot put it, “think big,” as well as to “think broadly and then deep” and to take risks. Combined with Alvarez’s strong scientific standards and great care in execut- ing them, these principles led directly to the awarding of two Nobel Luis Alvarez celebrating the announcement of his 1968 Nobel prizes in physics to scientists at Berkeley – George Smoot in 2006 prize. -
11/03/11 110311 Pisp.Doc Physics in the Interest of Society 1
1 _11/03/11_ 110311 PISp.doc Physics in the Interest of Society Physics in the Interest of Society Richard L. Garwin IBM Fellow Emeritus IBM, Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 www.fas.org/RLG/ www.garwin.us [email protected] Inaugural Lecture of the Series Physics in the Interest of Society Massachusetts Institute of Technology November 3, 2011 2 _11/03/11_ 110311 PISp.doc Physics in the Interest of Society In preparing for this lecture I was pleased to reflect on outstanding role models over the decades. But I felt like the centipede that had no difficulty in walking until it began to think which leg to put first. Some of these things are easier to do than they are to describe, much less to analyze. Moreover, a lecture in 2011 is totally different from one of 1990, for instance, because of the instant availability of the Web where you can check or supplement anything I say. It really comes down to the comment of one of Elizabeth Taylor later spouses-to-be, when asked whether he was looking forward to his wedding, and replied, “I know what to do, but can I make it interesting?” I’ll just say first that I think almost all Physics is in the interest of society, but I take the term here to mean advising and consulting, rather than university, national lab, or contractor research. I received my B.S. in physics from what is now Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland in 1947 and went to Chicago with my new wife for graduate study in Physics. -
22 Thesis Cyclotron Design and Construction Design and Construction of a Cyclotron Capable of Accelerating Protons
22 Thesis Cyclotron Design and Construction Design and Construction of a Cyclotron Capable of Accelerating Protons to 2 MeV by Leslie Dewan Submitted to the Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nuclear Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2007 © 2007 Leslie Dewan All rights reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: Leslie Dewan Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering May 16, 2007 Certified by: David G. Cory Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: David G. Cory Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Chairman, NSE Committee for Undergraduate Students Leslie Dewan 1 of 23 5/16/07 22 Thesis Cyclotron Design and Construction Design and Construction of a Cyclotron Capable of Accelerating Protons to 2 MeV by Leslie Dewan Submitted to the Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering on May 16, 2007 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nuclear Science and Engineering ABSTRACT This thesis describes the design and construction of a cyclotron capable of accelerating protons to 2 MeV. A cyclotron is a charged particle accelerator that uses a magnetic field to confine particles to a spiral flight path in a vacuum chamber. An applied electrical field accelerates these particles to high energies, typically on the order of mega-electron volts. -
I. I. Rabi Papers [Finding Aid]. Library of Congress. [PDF Rendered Tue Apr
I. I. Rabi Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 1992 Revised 2010 March Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms998009 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm89076467 Prepared by Joseph Sullivan with the assistance of Kathleen A. Kelly and John R. Monagle Collection Summary Title: I. I. Rabi Papers Span Dates: 1899-1989 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1945-1968) ID No.: MSS76467 Creator: Rabi, I. I. (Isador Isaac), 1898- Extent: 41,500 items ; 105 cartons plus 1 oversize plus 4 classified ; 42 linear feet Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Physicist and educator. The collection documents Rabi's research in physics, particularly in the fields of radar and nuclear energy, leading to the development of lasers, atomic clocks, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to his 1944 Nobel Prize in physics; his work as a consultant to the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and as an advisor on science policy to the United States government, the United Nations, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during and after World War II; and his studies, research, and professorships in physics chiefly at Columbia University and also at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. -
Chem 103, Section F0F Unit I
Lecture 4 - Observations that Led to the Chem 103, Section F0F Nuclear Model of the Atom Unit I - An Overview of Chemistry Dalton’s theory proposed that atoms were indivisible particles. Lecture 4 • By the late 19th century, this aspect of Dalton’s theory was being challenged. • Work with electricity lead to the discovery of the electron, • Some observations that led to the nuclear model as a particle that carried a negative charge. for the structure of the atom • The modern view of the atomic structure and the elements • Arranging the elements into a (periodic) table 2 Lecture 4 - Observations that Led to the Lecture 4 - Observations that Led to the Nuclear Model of the Atom Nuclear Model of the Atom The cathode ray In 1897, J.J. Thomson (1856-1940) studies how cathode rays • Cathode rays were shown to be electrons are affected by electric and magnetic fields • This allowed him to determine the mass/charge ration of an electron Cathode rays are released by metals at the cathode 3 4 Lecture 4 - Observations that Led to the Lecture 4 - Observations that Led to the Nuclear Model of the Atom Nuclear Model of the Atom In 1897, J.J. Thomson (1856-1940) studies how cathode rays In 1897, J.J. Thomson (1856-1940) studies how cathode rays are affected by electric and magnetic fields are affected by electric and magnetic fields • Thomson estimated that the mass of an electron was less • Thomson received the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for his that 1/1000 the mass of the lightest atom, hydrogen!! work.