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Mosquito Species Composition, Phenology and Distribution (Diptera: Culicidae) on Prince Edward Island

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Mosquito Species Composition, Phenology and Distribution (Diptera: Culicidae) on Prince Edward Island J. Acad. Entomol. Soc. 3: 7-27 (2007) Mosquito species composition, phenology and distribution (Diptera: Culicidae) on Prince Edward Island Donna J. Giberson, Kathryn Dau-Schmidt, and Michelle Dobrin Abstract: Recent concerns about the spread of the mosquito-borne West Nile Virus (WNV) through North America have prompted a number of regional studies of mosquito species composition and distribution. In this study, we report on intensive surveys of mosquitoes on Prince Edward Island (PEI). Larvae were collected by sampling standing water habitats (ponds, ditches, puddles, containers) along roadsides throughout the province, using a 0.5L dipper. Adults were collected through a combination of larval rearing, light trapping, and conducting landing surveys. Results of the study nearly doubled the known species numbers for the province from 18 to 32, and yielded information on larval habitats and adult flight periods. The different collection methods yielded very different results, indicating the importance of combining sampling methods to conduct a full species survey. For example, three species collected as adults were not collected as larvae, and four were collected only as larvae. Eleven species dominated the Island-wide fauna, including the salt marsh mosquitoes (Ochlerotatus cantator and Oc. sollicitans) which made up about half of the mosquitoes collected and were among the most aggressive biters. Twenty-two of the 32 species were attracted to humans with five Oc.( abseratus/punctor, Oc. cantator, Oc. sollicitans, Oc. stimulans, and Coquillettidia perturbans) making up ~80% of those that landed and attempted to bite. TheCulex species (Cx. pipians and Cx. restuans) that have been identified as important enzootic vectors of WNV are reported on PEI for the first time, but their abundance is relatively low suggesting a low risk of WNV on PEI. Résumé : Les inquiétudes soulevées récemment par la dissémination par les moustiques du virus du Nil occidental (VNO) en Amérique du Nord sont à l’origine d’un certain nombre d’études régionales de la composition et de la répartition des espèces de moustiques. Le présent rapport fait état des relevés intensifs des moustiques effectués à l’Île-du-Prince- Édouard (Î.-P.É.) dans le cadre de notre étude. Nous avons utilisé une louche de 0,5 L pour prélever des échantillons dans des habitats d’eau stagnante (étangs, fossés, mares, contenants) en bordure des routes dans toute la province et récolter des larves. Les adultes ont été récoltés à l’aide de diverses méthodes combinées : élevage de larves, pièges lumineux et relevés terrestres. L’étude a presque fait doubler le nombre d’espèces connues dans la province, le faisant passer de 18 à 32, et a fourni des données sur les habitats larvaires et les périodes d’envol des adultes. Les diverses méthodes de collecte ont donné des résultats très différents, une constatation soulignant l’importance de combiner des méthodes d’échantillonnage pour effectuer un relevé exhaustif des espèces. Ainsi, trois espèces ont été récoltées au stade adulte mais non pas au stade larvaire, et quatre espèces n’ont été récoltées qu’au stade larvaire. Onze espèces dominaient la faune insulaire, y compris les moustiques des marais salés (Ochlerotatus cantator et O. sollicitans) qui représentaient près de la moitié des moustiques récoltés et faisaient partie des insectes piqueurs les plus voraces. Vingt-deux des 32 espèces étaient attirées par l’homme, cinq d’entre elles (O. abseratus/punctor, O. cantator, O. sollicitans, O. stimulans et Coquillettidia perturbans) constituant environ 80 % de celles qui ont été capturées sur terre et ont tenté de piquer. C’est la première fois que des espèces de Culex (C. pipians et C. restuans), qui ont été identifiées comme d’importants vecteurs enzootiques du VNO, sont signalées à l’Î.-P.- É., mais leur abondance est relativement faible, laissant supposer que le risque de transmission du VNO est faible à l’Î.-P.-É Received 22 March 2007. Accepted 31 May 2007. Published on the Acadian Entomological Society website at http:// www.acadianes.org/journal on 7 August 2007. Donna J. Giberson1, Kathryn Dau-Schmidt, Michelle Dobrin: Biology Department, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) © 2007 Acadian Entomological Society Giberson et al. / Journal of the Acadian Entomological Society 3 (2007): 7-27 INTRODUCTION habitat requirements for mosquitoes on PEI. Information Mosquitoes (Culicidae) are one of the best known was needed on potential vectors, to assess whether the groups of Diptera, due to their importance in disease disease could spread by migrating birds to other parts of transmission as well as their nuisance value. However, eastern North America (Turrell et al. 2005). Therefore, before the emergence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in North a survey was carried out during the summer of 2000 to America, relatively little was known about the species sample mosquitoes throughout the province to provide composition, distribution and phenology of mosquitoes information on the presence of potential amplification in eastern Canada, including the island province of Prince or bridge vectors of WNV. A more intensive survey was Edward Island (PEI). Prince Edward Island is a large (5660 then initiated in and around the National Park in 2003 and km2) island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, located off the 2004, in response to continued concerns by local tourism coasts of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Approximately operators about nuisance mosquitoes. This latter study 400 km2 of wetlands, including bogs, fens, fresh marshes, component also allowed a comparison with the Island- and salt marshes, occur on PEI, making up ~7% of the wide survey and the 1952 survey by Twinn (1953). The goal provincial land mass, with a further 40% of the land of this study was to provide data on habitats and phenology mass under agricultural production and ~45% in forest of nuisance mosquitoes throughout PEI to evaluate WNV (PEI Agriculture and Forestry 2000). Fifteen mosquito risk and as an aid to potential management strategies. species were reported on PEI by Twinn (1953), and the last comprehensive guide to mosquitoes in Canada (Wood METHOds et al. 1979) listed only 17 species on PEI. An eighteenth Mosquitoes were collected using three methods: larval species, the pitcher plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, sampling, light trapping of adults, and collection of was reported on PEI by Hardwick and Giberson (1996). landing adults (those that were aspirated as they landed In 1952, C. Twinn travelled to PEI from Ottawa to to bite). During the summer of 2000, sampling was investigate reports of nuisance mosquitoes in and near carried out at 421 sites around PEI (Fig. 1a) between late Prince Edward Island National Park (hereafter referred April and early October, consisting of weekly sampling to as the National Park), supplementing previous work trips to look for larval habitat, carry out landing counts, he had done on PEI in 1940 (Twinn 1953). His report and service adult light traps. In 2003, an adult landing (Twinn 1953) provides a summary of the problem from survey was carried out in and around the National Park the PEI innkeepers association in 1952: “Our beaches (Fig. 1b) on the PEI North Shore (total of 99 sites). In are outstanding and safe, the temperature of the water 2004, a more intensive larval and adult survey was ideal, we have some nice playgrounds, but on certain days carried out in the central area of the Park (300 sites). no one can enjoy any of those facilities on account of Larval sampling consisted of water dips from puddles, the mosquitoes.”. Despite more than 50 years of control road ruts, pond edges, containers, and any other potential attempts on PEI, nuisance mosquitoes continue to be habitats using a 0.5 L mosquito dipper. For each water body a problem, prompting frequent news reports about found (Fig. 1a), a minimum of 5 dips were collected, with the negative impact of the mosquitoes on the tourism greater sampling effort in areas of low mosquito density, industry (e.g., Eco-Net 2003). Most recently, control and the location and habitat conditions were recorded. For methods have been carried out almost exclusively using the Island-wide survey (2000), sampling was carried out Baccillus thuringiensis israelenis (Bti) (Vectobac®), to while travelling to the far eastern portion of the province try to minimize environmental impacts of mosquito one week and to the far western portion of the province control. The control efforts have not been particularly the next week to service mosquito light traps (at the start successful, probably because they have focussed on salt and end of each week). Each week, a network of secondary marshes which were widely believed to be the main roads and back lanes in each part of the province was source of the nuisance mosquitoes. Prior to this study, driven en route to the light trap locations, all the while few attempts were made to identify the pest mosquitoes looking for water bodies to sample. No larval sampling or their larval habitats, so it was not known how much was carried out in the National Park during 2003, but an of the mosquito problem actually originated from the intensive larval survey was carried out in the Brackley or salt marshes. With the emergence of WNV as a potential central region of the Park in 2004. Water bodies in the mosquito-borne disease in eastern Canada, there was Park were located and mapped using a combination of new interest in determining the species composition and GIS data, air photos, and walking through the Park. These © 2007 Acadian Entomological Society Giberson et al. / Journal of the Acadian Entomological Society 3 (2007): 7-27 Fig. 1. Prince Edward Island, showing location of mosquito sampling placed around PEI (Fig.
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