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En Dr. Sergio Dr. Víctor Manuel Islas Rivera Marco Dra. Yolanda UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOivIA DE :MÉXICO PROGR.AlVIA DE POSGRADO EN ECONOMÍA F ACULT AD DE ECONONÚA - DIV1SIÓN DE ESTIJDIOS DE POSGRADO en TESIS PARA OPTAR POR EL GRADO DE: en PRESENTA: TUTOR: Dr. Sergio Martínez '--'~TT,n-y',.... Facultad de Economía, UNAM MIEMBROS DEL JURADO: '--'LlL"-"'--'LIL Zamora Instituto de UL~j;;;;''--'-'-d'--'~~'-'U Económicas, UNAM Dr. Víctor Manuel Islas Rivera Facultad de Arquitectura, UNAM Marco Facultad de Economía, UNAM Dra. Yolanda Trápaga Delfín Facultad de Economía, UNAM Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx. Octubre de 2019 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. Estudio de la oferta y demanda del transporte de pasajeros en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México 1980-2018 TESIS QUE PARA OPTAR POR EL GRADO DE: Maestro en Economía PRESENTA: Javier Trujillo Sotomayor TUTOR: Dr. Sergio Efrén Martínez Rivera Facultad de Economía, UNAM MIEMBROS DEL JURADO: Dr. José Gasca Zamora Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas, UNAM Dr. Víctor Manuel Islas Rivera Facultad de Arquitectura, UNAM Dr. Marco Antonio Rocha Sánchez Facultad de Economía, UNAM Dra. Yolanda Trápaga Delfín Facultad de Economía, UNAM Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx. Octubre de 2019 “La calidad de vida en las ciudades tiene mucho que ver con el transporte, que suele ser causa de grandes sufrimientos para los habitantes. En las ciudades circulan muchos automóviles utilizados por una o dos personas, con lo cual el tránsito se hace complicado, el nivel de contaminación es alto, se consumen cantidades enormes de energía no renovable y se vuelve necesaria la construcción de más autopistas y lugares de estacionamiento que perjudican la trama urbana. Muchos especialistas coinciden en la necesidad de priorizar el transporte público. Pero algunas medidas necesarias difícilmente serán pacíficamente aceptadas por la sociedad sin una mejora sustancial de ese transporte, que en muchas ciudades significa un trato indigno a las personas debido a la aglomeración, a la incomodidad o a la baja frecuencia de los servicios y a la inseguridad”. Francisco Carta encíclica Laudato si sobre el cuidado de la casa común Acrónimos APP Asociación público-privada BANOBRAS Banco Nacional de Obras y Servicios Públicos BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo BRT Bus Rapid Transit CETRAM Centro de Transferencia Modal CDHDF Comisión de Derechos Humanos del Distrito Federal CNOP Confederación Nacional de Organizaciones Populares Conacyt Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología CONAPO Consejo Nacional de Población DDF Departamento del Distrito Federal DOF Diario Oficial de la Federación DOT Desarrollo Orientado al Transporte DF Distrito Federal ENIGH Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares EOD 2017 Encuesta Origen Destino 2017 GDF Gobierno del Distrito Federal GEI Gases de Efecto Invernadero IEPS Impuesto Especial sobre Producción y Servicios Instituto de Información e Investigación Geográfica, Estadística y Catastral del IGECEM Estado de México ITDP Instituto de Políticas para el Transporte y el Desarrollo INPC Índice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor INEGI Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía ISR Impuesto sobre la renta IVA Impuesto al valor agregado OCDE/OECD Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos ONU Organización de las Naciones Unidas pax pasajeros PIB Producto Interno Bruto PRD Partido de la Revolución Democrática PRI Partido Revolucionario Institucional RTP Red de Transporte de Pasajeros SCT Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes Setravi Secretaría de Transportes y Vialidad SEDATU Secretaría de Desarrollo, Agrario, Territorial y Urbano SEDEMA Secretaría del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México STC Metro Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro STE Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos de la Ciudad de México UITP International Association of Public Transport UNAM Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México VPD Viaje por persona al día ZMVM Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México Índice Introducción _________________________________________________________ 1 Abstract ____________________________________________________________ 5 1 Movilidad urbana y transporte en el sistema económico __________________ 6 1.1 Conceptos de la movilidad urbana y transporte _________________________ 6 1.2 Relación de la movilidad urbana y el transporte con el sistema económico ___ 12 1.3 Transporte, ciudad y acumulación de capital ___________________________ 15 2 Contexto urbano, energético y ambiental ______________________________ 18 2.1 Evolución de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México _________________ 18 2.2 Consumo de combustibles en México _________________________________ 22 2.3 Análisis de variables respecto al consumo de combustibles ________________ 27 2.4 Contaminación producida por los combustibles _________________________ 34 3 Panorama de la oferta de transporte: evolución y características ___________ 42 3.1 Características generales de los modos de transporte ____________________ 42 3.2 Automóviles particulares ___________________________________________ 49 3.3 Sistema de Transportes Eléctricos: Trolebuses y Tren ligero ________________ 52 3.4 Autobuses: de la Alianza de Camioneros hasta los BRT ___________________ 58 3.5 Taxis colectivos __________________________________________________ 65 3.6 Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro _______________________________ 70 3.7 Tren suburbano __________________________________________________ 77 3.8 Mexicable y Cablebús ____________________________________________ 79 4 Panorama de la demanda de transporte _______________________________ 81 4.1 Propósitos de los viajes ____________________________________________ 81 4.2 Reparto modal de tramos de viajes __________________________________ 87 4.3 Preferencias de la demanda respecto a la oferta _______________________ 95 4.4 Fundamentos de los viajes hacia el trabajo __________________________ 100 4.5 Modos de transporte demandados y tiempo destinado para ir al trabajo __ 109 4.6 Debate sobre la redensificación urbana ____________________________ 120 5 Políticas para mejorar la movilidad urbana en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México ______________________________________________________ 124 5.1 Implementación de un Plan Maestro del Transporte Eléctrico actualizado para la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México y trenes interurbanos ____________ 124 5.2 Aspectos a mejorar en el transporte público _________________________ 130 5.3 Infraestructura para el uso de bicicletas _____________________________ 132 5.4 Papel del Estado _______________________________________________ 136 Conclusiones y propuestas ___________________________________________ 141 Bibliografía ______________________________________________________ 149 Hemerografía ____________________________________________________ 154 Referencias electrónicas ____________________________________________ 156 Anexo A Metodologías para la elaboración de datos _____________________ 160 Anexo B Estadísticas de gráficas y mapas ______________________________ 169 Índice de Cuadros, Gráficas y Mapas Cuadros Cuadro 1 Flota vehicular de la ZMVM por tipo de vehículo hasta 2016 _________________ 35 Cuadro 2 Flota vehicular de la ZMVM por antigüedad (2014) ________________________ 36 Cuadro 3 Inventario de Emisiones criterio, compuestos de efecto invernadero y compuestos tóxicos por categoría y fuente contaminante en la ZMVM (2016) ____________________ 37 Cuadro 4 Consumo energético y niveles de emisiones de modos de transporte para pasajeros en la ZMVM según diversas fuentes ____________________________________________ 38 Cuadro 5 Clasificación de los modos de transporte urbano para pasajeros en la ZMVM ____ 43 Cuadro 6 Velocidades comerciales de modos de transporte en la ZMVM ________________ 49 Cuadro 7 Líneas de la nueva red de Trolebuses planeadas para 2009 _________________ 55 Cuadro 8 Estaciones de mayor afluencia del STC Metro (2018)________________________ 72 Cuadro 9 Costo relativo de tarifas de transporte público respecto al salario mínimo diario de 2016 en dólares de Estados Unidos en diferentes ciudades de la OCDE _______________ 73 Cuadro 10 Viajes realizados el día observado entre semana por la población de 6 años y más, y su distribución porcentual por propósito del viaje, según sexo ______________________ 81 Cuadro 11 Viajes realizados el día observado entre semana por la población de 6 años y más, y su distribución porcentual por tipo de lugar de destino, según sexo__________________ 82 Cuadro 12 Relación de viajes según propósitos de viaje, lugares de destino ______________ 83 Cuadro 13 Viajes realizados el día observado entre semana por la población de 6 años y más, y duración por propósito del mismo ____________________________________________ 84 Cuadro 14 Viajes realizados por la población residente el día observado entre semana para ir al trabajo por rangos de duración del viaje _____________________________________ 85 Cuadro 15 Viajes
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