Interactions Between Economic Development, Housing, and Public Transport Policies and the Mobility Experience of Workers in Greater Mexico City

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Interactions Between Economic Development, Housing, and Public Transport Policies and the Mobility Experience of Workers in Greater Mexico City The Policy Interactions Framework: Interactions between economic development, housing, and public transport policies and the mobility experience of workers in Greater Mexico City David López-García, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, Urban Studies Department, Queens College – CUNY Visiting Research Scholar, Observatory on Latin America (OLA), The New School Paper prepared for the 5th International Conference on Public Policy (ICPP5), Barcelona, July 5-9, 2021 (4,321 words) DRAFT: PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE Abstract Contemporary urban policy analysis is by and large based on a sectorial approach that subdivides urban dynamics into individual silos. The silos approach to urban policy analysis is problematic as it leads researchers and practitioners to retreat into narrow areas of expertise and makes it difficult to identify the policy interactions likely to produce unintended urban outcomes. Aiming to get pass the silos approach, this article seeks to contribute analytical and methodological tools for the empirical investigation of policy interactions in urban policy analysis. To do so, the Policy Interactions Framework (PIF) is developed and applied. The article presents the assumptions, concepts, propositions, causal drivers, and the categories of analysis of the PIF. The PIF is then applied to the study of the mobility experience of workers in Greater Mexico City. By applying the PIF, this article demonstrates that the highly unequal mobility experience of workers is the result of the interaction between three urban policy areas that often work at cross- purposes: economic development, housing, and transportation. 1 Introduction Contemporary urban policy analysis is by and large based on a sectorial approach that subdivides urban dynamics into individual silos (Cohen, 2016; Crawford, 2018; OECD, 2010; Pettit et al., 2019). Within this approach, scholars and practitioners have traditionally divided reality into subsectors to analyze it, understand it, and deal with it. For example, in the field of international assistance for urban development and the road towards the Habitat III agenda, much of the urban policy debate remained in silos. As it has been pointed out by observers of the Habitat III conference, “most proposed analysis of issues of human settlements was within disciplines and not cross-disciplines” (Cohen, 2016: p. 41). The silos approach in urban policy analysis is problematic for at least two reasons. First, the approach has led researchers and practitioners to retreat into narrow areas of expertise which has led to a failure to link together important subfields of investigation (Duranton & Guerra, 2016). For example, as Duranton and Guerra (2016) have pointed out, within this approach the land use specialists traditionally deal exclusively with land use issues, transportation planners focus only on transportation, and housing scholars think only about shelter. Second, by directing scholars’ and policymakers’ attention to a specific policy area, the silos approach makes it difficult to acknowledge the interactions between silos which produce unintended consequences. This is not to say that the inquiry about policy interactions has been completely absent from academic debates. There are several efforts to develop analytical frameworks useful for the assessment of policy interactions (Bason, 2014; Fuller & Vu, 2011; Nilsson et al., 2012, 2016; Pettit et al., 2019). However, most of the analytical frameworks hitherto developed are primarily concerned with achieving policy coherence and complementarities in policy design. Much less is known about the long-term outcomes of existing policy interactions and the ways in which 2 such interactions have operated to produce inequitable urban outcomes over the long-term. Aiming to get pass the policy silos approach, this article seeks to contribute analytical and methodological tools for the empirical investigation of policy interactions in urban policy analysis. To do so, the Policy Interactions Framework (PIF) is developed and applied. The PIF provides analytical lens to explore the possibility that urban outcomes are better understood as the result of the dynamics of interactions between policies from different policy domains than from any single policy silo. The interaction between policy domains is placed as the locus of study. Epistemologically, it is in the study of such interaction where new knowledge about the causality between urban policy and the urban experience is produced. The PIF builds on two influential theories of the policy process: urban political economy (Nevarez, 2015) and policy feedback theory (Mettler & Sorelle, 2017). The field of urban political economy examines how urban development shapes, and is shaped by decisions and activities from economic, social, and governmental actors (Nevarez, 2015). Policy feedback theory holds that policies, once operating, restructure subsequent political processes by becoming an additional layer to the institutional setting within which the policy process takes place (Mettler, 2016; Mettler & Sorelle, 2017; Skocpol, 1992). The PIF, then, is designed to explore the possibility that the political economy within a specific policy domain can produce outcomes that loop back as an input into the political economy within a distinct policy domain. The PIF is applied to the study of the policy interactions that have shaped the mobility experience of Workers in Greater Mexico City. Based on 64 semi- structured interviews with key informants and 4 focus groups, this research identified a policy interaction contributing to shape the mobility experience of workers. Housing policies have consistently pushed workers towards the urban periphery and further away from existing employment subcenters. Economic 3 development policies have concentrated formal jobs towards the urban center. Public transit policy has been decisively influenced the political engagement of private providers of public transport who have achieved to commodify public transport. When interacting, housing, economic development, and housing policies have contributed to produce inequalities in the mobility experience for workers in Greater Mexico City. The article is organized as follows. The next section presents a literature review, where I put forward the rationale for the development of the PIF, I explain the theories that inform the framework, and present its main categories of analysis. Then, the PIF is formally presented and a step-by-step guide of how to apply the framework is provided. The PIF is then applied to the empirical study of the long- term policy interactions that have contributed to shape the unequal mobility experience of workers in Greater Mexico City. Finally, the concluding section points out to the potential research avenues opened by the PIF. Literature review In the second edition of the influential book Theories of the Policy Process, Sabatier (2007) made a lucid argument about the need for better analytical frameworks in public policy analysis. Given the staggering complexity of the policy process, “the analyst must find some way of simplifying the situation in order to have any chance of understanding it” (Sabatier, 2007: 4). To Sabatier (2007), the scientific method provides such a strategy, given that its fundamental ontological assumption is that a smaller set of critical relationships underlies the bewildering complexity of the phenomena under study. The challenge then lies in crafting the analytical lens, which is able to visualize and better-understand the specific set of relationships under study. The question is, amidst the complexity of urban phenomena, which specific relationships should the policy analyst look at? The development of conceptual frameworks provides a 4 fruitful entry point (Ostrom, 2007). Following Ostrom (2007), the role of conceptual frameworks is to provide a list of elements that should be considered to analyze a policy process, and points out the relationships among these elements that the policy analyst should consider. Frameworks, then, “attempt to identify the universal elements that any theory relevant to the same kind of phenomena would need to include” (Ostrom, 2007: 25). Until now, the available frameworks for the study of the policy process lack guidance on how to conduct empirical research about policy interactions (Sabatier, 2007b; Weible & Sabatier, 2018). From rational choice-based frameworks such as the policy stages heuristic (Brewer, 1974; Lasswell, 1971) and the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework (Kiser & Ostrom, 1982; Ostrom, 2007), to post-Weberian frameworks like the Multiple Streams (Herweg et al., 2018; Kingdon, 1984), Punctuated Equilibrium (Baumgartner, 1993; Baumgartner & Jones, 1991), Advocacy Coalition (Sabatier, 1987; Sabatier & Jenkins-Smith, 1993), and Policy Feedback (Mettler, 2016; Skocpol, 1992), to postpositivist frameworks such as Policy Narratives (Jones & Mcbeth, 2010), frameworks have been developed and applied for the study of individual policy domains. Equipped with existing analytical frameworks, scholars and practitioners will inevitably fall short to fully grasp the complex ways in which policies interact with each other. The literature on the policy process would surely benefit from developing an analytical framework specifically designed for the study of long-term policy interactions. This article aims at providing such analytical lenses. However, designing an analytical framework for the study of policy interactions is by no means an
Recommended publications
  • Station and Train Surface Microbiomes of Mexico City's Metro
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Station and train surface microbiomes of Mexico City’s metro (subway/underground) Apolinar Misael Hernández1, Daniela Vargas-Robles1,2, Luis David Alcaraz3 & Mariana Peimbert 1 ✉ The metro is one of the more representative urban transportation systems of Mexico City, and it transports approximately 4.5 million commuters every day. Large crowds promote the exchange of microbes between humans. In this study, we determined the bacterial diversity profle of the Mexico City metro by massive sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We identifed a total of 50,174 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 1058 genera. The metro microbiome was dominated by the phylum Actinobacteria and by the genera Cutibacterium (15%) (C. acnes 13%), Corynebacterium (13%), Streptococcus (9%), and Staphylococcus (5%) (S. epidermidis; 4%), refecting the microbe composition of healthy human skin. The metro likely microbial sources were skin, dust, saliva, and vaginal, with no fecal contribution detected. A total of 420 bacterial genera were universal to the twelve metro lines tested, and those genera contributed to 99.10% of the abundance. The annual 1.6 billion ridership makes this public transport a main hub for microbe-host-environment interactions. Finally, this study shows that the microbial composition of the Mexico City metro comes from a mixture of environmental and human sources and that commuters are exposed to healthy composition of the human microbiota. Public transport systems provide the ideal environment for the transmission of microorganisms, as they carry a multitude of passengers, and their microbiomes, daily. Te metro can assemble an extensive repository of bene- fcial bacteria, such as commensals and symbionts, or harmful bacteria, becoming a vehicle for the transmission of infectious diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Cooperative Metropolitan Governance in Mexico City’S Public Transportation
    Governing the Metropolis: The evolution of cooperative metropolitan governance in Mexico City’s public transportation By Callida Cenizal B.A. in Latin American Studies Pomona College Claremont, CA (2009) Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in City Planning at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2015 © Callida Cenizal, all rights reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author ____________________________________________________________ Department of Urban Studies and Planning May 20, 2015 Certified by ___________________________________________________________________ Professor Gabriella Y. Carolini Department of Urban Studies and Planning Thesis Supervisor Accepted by __________________________________________________________________ Professor Dennis Frenchman Chair, MCP Committee Department of Urban Studies and Planning Governing the metropolis: The evolution of cooperative metropolitan governance in Mexico City’s public transportation By Callida Cenizal Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning on May 20, 2015 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in City Planning Abstract What enables cooperation at the metropolitan scale? This thesis explores public transportation planning in the Mexico City metropolitan area (MCMA) for empirical evidence to better understand what institutional, financial, and political conditions encourage and deter cooperative metropolitan governance. The MCMA, made up of several state-level jurisdictions, predominantly the Federal District (DF) and the State of Mexico (Edomex), continues to expand rapidly, surpassing their jurisdictional capacities and putting pressure on infrastructure like public transit, which carries almost two-thirds of daily traffic.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico, July 2008
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Mexico, July 2008 COUNTRY PROFILE: MEXICO July 2008 Formal Name: United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos). Short Form: México. Term for Citizen(s): Mexican(s). Click to Enlarge Image Capital: Mexico City (Ciudad de México), located in the Federal District (Distrito Federal) with a population estimated at 8.8 million in 2008. Major Cities: The Greater Mexico City metropolitan area encompasses Mexico City and several adjacent suburbs, including the populous cities of Ecatepec de Morelos (1.8 million residents in 2005) and Netzahualcóyotl (1.2 million). The total population of the Greater Mexico City metropolitan area is estimated at about 16 million. Other major cities include Guadalajara (1.6 million), Puebla (1.3 million), Ciudad Juárez (1.2 million), Tijuana (1.1 million), and Monterrey (1.1 million). Independence: September 16, 1810 (from Spain). Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1); Constitution Day (February 5); Birthday of Benito Juárez (March 21); International Labor Day (May 1); Independence Day (September 16); Discovery of America (October 12); Anniversary of the Revolution (November 20); Christmas (December 25); and New Year’s Eve (December 31). Flag: Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered in the white band. Click to Enlarge Image HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early Settlement and Pre-Columbian Civilizations: Nomadic paleo-Indian societies are widely believed to have migrated from North America into Mexico as early as 20,000 B.C. Permanent settlements based on intensive farming of native plants such as corn, squash, and beans were established by 1,500 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Precarization and Urban Growth in Metropolitan Mexico City
    Espacialidades. Revista de temas contemporáneos sobre lugares, política y cultura E-ISSN: 2007-560X [email protected] Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Cuajimalpa México GILBERT, LIETTE; KHOSLA, PUNAM; DE JONG, FEIKE Precarization and Urban Growth in Metropolitan Mexico City Espacialidades. Revista de temas contemporáneos sobre lugares, política y cultura, vol. 6, núm. 2, julio-diciembre, 2016, pp. 6-32 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Cuajimalpa Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=419546720001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Liette G ilbert, Punam Khosla, Feike de Jong • Precarization and Urban Growth in Metropolitan Mexico City • 6 Precarization and Urban Growth in Metropolitan Mexico City Precarizaci ón y crecimiento u rbano en la zona metropolitana de México 1* LIETTE GILBERT 2** PUNAM KHOSLA 3*** FEIKE DE JONG Abstract This essay examines precarization as a process produced by recent housing and urban growth agendas in Metropolitan Mexico. Our contribution highlights th e relations between housing policies and urban conditions to demonstrate that inequality and precarity are not unfortunate casualties of urbanization, but rather have been produced and sustained by governmental policies and programs. Based on a review of t he predominantly English language literature about housing policies and urban growth in both central and peripheral areas of Mexico City, we demonstrate how precarization is inherently built and normalized into past and present housing policy and urban gro wth agendas.
    [Show full text]
  • A Shared Vision for the Cutzamala System: a Model Basin in Water Management
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized PHOTOGRAPH BY: ADALBERTO RÍOS SZALAY/ADALBERTO RÍOS LANZ RÍOS SZALAY/ADALBERTO RÍOS ADALBERTO BY: PHOTOGRAPH A Shared Vision for the Cutzamala Public Disclosure Authorized A Model Basin in System Water Management WB_BrochureCutzamala.indd 3 5/11/15 7:27 PM PHOTOGRAPH BY: JOSÉ ARTURO VILLANUEVA MORENO VILLANUEVA ARTURO JOSÉ BY: PHOTOGRAPH Technical Cooperation between Mexico’s National Water springs whose water is used for diverse purposes. The water vol- Commission (CONAGUA), the Basin Agency for the ume produced in these sub-basins is currently sufficient to support the livelihood of the populations living there and to partially meet Valley of Mexico (OCAVM), the Engineering Institute of the needs of the people living in the two metropolitan areas. That the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), being said, a more sustainable use of the natural resource is funda- mental for the region of the sub-basins, Toluca, and MCMA. the Mexican Institute for Water Technology (IMTA), and The World Bank Today, the System’s and the region’s sustainability are at risk, a prob- lem perceptible in numerous ways and often sharpened by the dis- crepancies in the information that is readily available for stakehold- The Cutzamala System: A Dynamic Interaction ers who possess divergent perceptions of the current situation of between Human Activities and the Environment the area, its natural resources, and its future. Conflicts in the region have historically existed and persist. The resolution to these con- The Cutzamala System is a complex inter-basin transfer built in flicts must consider the communities’ legitimate concerns and ex- three stages, from the late 1970s to 1994, to supply water from the pectations about their interactions with the environment, principally Cutzamala River to the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (“MCMA”) water availability and use.
    [Show full text]
  • Land, Water, and Government in Santiago Tlatelolco
    ABSTRACT This dissertation discusses conflicts over land and water in Santiago Tlatelolco, an indigenous community located in Mexico City, in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The specific purpose of this study is to analyze the strategies that the indigenous government and indigenous people in general followed in the defense of their natural resources in order to distinguish patterns of continuity and innovation. The analysis covers several topics; first, a comparison and contrast between Mesoamerican and colonial times of the adaptation to the lacustrine environment in which Santiago Tlatelolco was located. This is followed by an examination of the conflicts that Santiago Tlatelolco had with neighboring indigenous communities and individuals who allied themselves with Spaniards. The objective of this analysis is to discern how indigenous communities in the basin of central Mexico used the Spanish legal system to create a shift in power that benefitted their communities. The next part of the dissertation focuses on the conflicts over land and water experienced by a particular group: women. This perspective provides insight into the specific life experience of the inhabitants of Santiago Tlatelolco during Mesoamerican and colonial times. It also highlights the impact that indigenous people had in the Spanish colonial organization and the response of Spanish authorities to the increasing indigenous use of the legal system. The final part discusses the evolution of indigenous government in Santiago Tlatelolco from Mesoamerican to colonial rulership. This section focuses on the role of indigenous rulers in Mexico City public works, especially the hydraulic system, in the recollection of tribute, and, above all, in the legal conflicts over land and water.
    [Show full text]
  • An Integrative Socio-Technical Enterprise Approach to Urban Design/Planning for Sustainable Development
    Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2018, 8, 183-204 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojce ISSN Online: 2164-3172 ISSN Print: 2164-3164 An Integrative Socio-Technical Enterprise Approach to Urban Design/Planning for Sustainable Development Timothy J. Downs International Development, Community and Environment Department (IDCE), Clark University, Worcester, USA How to cite this paper: Downs, T.J. (2018) Abstract An Integrative Socio-Technical Enterprise Approach to Urban Design/Planning for Human society locally and globally needs to better understand and respond to Sustainable Development. Open Journal of ever-more complex, interwoven problems: environmental degradation; cli- Civil Engineering, 8, 183-204. mate instability; persistent poverty; disparities in human health; growing in- https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2018.82015 come/wealth inequality; economies and infrastructures vulnerable to climate Received: February 21, 2018 shock; and mounting socio-political unrest. Cities are where most people live, Accepted: June 18, 2018 urbanization is a strong upward global trend, and cities bring all these prob- Published: June 21, 2018 lems into sharp, compelling focus. Since outcomes stem from processes and Copyright © 2018 by author and systems, we argue transformative changes depend on re-imagining the Urban Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Design, Urban Planning and Urban Development Practice (UD/UP/UDP) This work is licensed under the Creative process. While there has been insufficient attention to process innovation— Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). with technological aspects tending to dominate UD/UP/UDP work—emerging http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ systems views of cities, and disenchantment with existing modes are enabling.
    [Show full text]
  • The U.S. Department of State Warns U.S. Citizens About the Risk Of
    The U.S. Department of State warns U.S. citizens about the risk of traveling to certain places in Mexico due to threats to safety and security posed by organized criminal groups in the country. U.S. citizens have been the target of violent crimes, such as kidnapping, carjacking, and robbery by organized criminal groups in various Mexican states. For information on security conditions in specific regions of Mexico, which can vary, travelers should reference the state-by-state assessments further below. This Travel Warning replaces the Travel Warning for Mexico, issued January 9, 2014, to update information about the security situation and to advise the public of additional restrictions on the travel of U.S. government (USG) personnel. General Conditions: Millions of U.S. citizens safely visit Mexico each year for study, tourism, and business, including more than 150,000 who cross the border every day. The Mexican government dedicates substantial resources to protect visitors to major tourist destinations, and there is no evidence that organized criminal groups have targeted U.S. visitors or residents based on their nationality. Resort areas and tourist destinations in Mexico generally do not see the levels of drug-related violence and crime that are reported in the border region or in areas along major trafficking routes. Nevertheless, U.S. travelers should be aware that the Mexican government has been engaged in an extensive effort to counter organized criminal groups that engage in narcotics trafficking and other unlawful activities throughout Mexico. The groups themselves are engaged in a violent struggle to control drug trafficking routes and other criminal activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Package 'Aire.Zmvm'
    Package ‘aire.zmvm’ March 30, 2019 Type Package Title Download Mexico City Pollution, Wind, and Temperature Data Version 0.8.2 Description Tools for downloading hourly averages, daily maximums and minimums from each of the pollution, wind, and temperature measuring stations or geographic zones in the Mexico City metro area. The package also includes the locations of each of the stations and zones. See <http://aire.cdmx.gob.mx/> for more information. URL https://hoyodesmog.diegovalle.net/aire.zmvm/, https://github.com/diegovalle/aire.zmvm BugReports https://github.com/diegovalle/aire.zmvm/issues License BSD_3_clause + file LICENSE LazyData TRUE Depends R (>= 3.0.2) Suggests knitr, rmarkdown, testthat, ggplot2, ggseas, mapproj, selectr, covr, ggmap Imports lubridate, dplyr, rvest, tidyr, stringr, xml2, httr, readr, sp, progress, readxl RoxygenNote 6.1.0 Encoding UTF-8 NeedsCompilation no Author Diego Valle-Jones [aut, cre] Maintainer Diego Valle-Jones <[email protected]> Repository CRAN Date/Publication 2019-03-30 18:00:03 UTC R topics documented: aire.zmvm . .2 convert_to_imeca . .2 1 2 convert_to_imeca convert_to_index . .4 download_24hr_average . .5 download_deposition . .5 download_lead . .6 download_meteorological . .7 download_pollution . .7 download_pressure . .8 download_radiation . .9 get_latest_imeca . .9 get_station_data . 10 get_station_imeca . 12 get_station_month_data . 13 get_zone_imeca . 15 idw360 . 17 stations . 18 zones . 19 Index 21 aire.zmvm aire.zmvm package Description Tools for downloading data from each of the pollution, wind and temperature measuring stations in the Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México (greater Mexico City). Details See the README on GitHub convert_to_imeca Convert pollution values to IMECA Description This function converts pollution running averages in the original units (ppb, µg/m³, etc) to IMECA Usage convert_to_imeca(value, pollutant, showWarnings = TRUE) convert_to_imeca 3 Arguments value a numeric vector of values to convert to IMECAs.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate-Environmental Governance in the Mexico Valley Metropolitan
    Article Climate-Environmental Governance in the Mexico Valley Metropolitan Area: Assessing Local Institutional Capacities in the Face of Current and Future Urban Metabolic Dynamics Gian Carlo Delgado Ramos Center for Interdisciplinary Research on the Sciences and Humanities, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 03100, Mexico; [email protected]; Tel.: +52-55-56230222 (ext. 42777) Abstract: This paper focuses on the evaluation of local institutional capacities for advancing climate- environmental governance in the Mexico Valley Metropolitan Area (MVMA). It starts with a brief contextualization of the MVMA, followed by an estimation of current and tendential urban inflows and outflows by 2050 with the objective of delineating the challenges and potential implications ahead. Next, an assessment of local climate-environmental institutional capacities is offered. For that, the methodology and main outcomes of the so-called ICI-CLIMA index is presented for 2019. A qualitative discussion continues in order to assert the challenges and opportunities for advancing a coordinated urban agenda for sustainability and resilience. Such discussion has been enriched with documental and other type of information gathered through field research in all of the 76 mu- nicipalities that comprise the MVMA. The paper concludes that, in addition to the limited current climate-environmental local capacities, there is a mismatch between them and both the level of cli- mate vulnerability officially identified and the environmental challenges currently facing. Therefore, for coping with a tendential scenario of increasing urban inflows and outflows and their associated climate-environmental implications, MVMA governments will have to improve their capacities while advancing, at all levels of government, the coordination of climate-environmental agendas, and of Citation: Delgado Ramos, G.C.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    ReportNo. 1081a-ME FILE COPY SpatialDevelopment in Mexico (In Three Volumes) Volume 1:The Text Public Disclosure Authorized January31, 1977 RETURNTOLXA & CGFILES Development EconomicsDepartment Latin America and the CaribbeanRegion Urban ProjectsDepartment FOR OFFICIALUSE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Thisdocument has a restricteddistribution and may beused by recipients only in the performanceof theirofficial duties. Its contents may not otherwisebe disclosedwithout WorldBank authorization. FOROFFICIAL USE ONLY This is one of two reports derived from the findings of a mission to Mexico in January/February1974. The mission was led by Douglas Keare (DevelopmentEconomics Department) and Ian Scott (Latin America and the CaribbeanRegion) and included Roberto Cuca (DevelopmentEconomics Department),Sadasumi Hara (Transportationand Urban Projects Department), Y.J. Hwang (DevelopmentEconomics Department),Anna Sant'Anna (Development EconomicsDepartment), Professor John Friedman (Senior Consultant) and Jaime Biderman (Consultant - Research Assistant). The report has been prepared by Ian Scott with principal assistance by Douglas Keare. Editorial assistancewas provided by Linda Lessner. This document has a restricteddistribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclod without World Bank authoraton. SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT IN MEXICO TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
    [Show full text]
  • Comunidades Ing.Indd
    The Right to Information for Marginalized Groups: The Experience of Proyecto Comunidades in Mexico TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY........................................................................ 3 INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................................................... 8 1.BACKGROUND................................................................................. 9 .DESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHECOMUNIDADESPROJECT: EVALUATIONASPARTOFTHEPROCESS............................................ 14 3.THEORGANIZATIONS’WORKINTHESTATES................................. 4.EDUCATINGFROMARIGHTSPERSPECTIVE................................... 48 5.RESULTSOFTHEEVALUATION....................................................... 55 6. PROJECT CLOSURE AND THE INTERRUPTION OF THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION (RTI) AWARENESS CAMPAIGN IN DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS...................................................................................... 63 7.LESSONSANDCHALLENGES........................................................... 69 APPENDIX............................................................................................ 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................... 108 The Right to Information for Marginalized Groups: The Experience of Proyecto Comunidades in Mexico EXECUTIVE SUMMARY n 2005,Mexico’sFederalFreedomofInformationInstitute(InstitutoFederalde IAcesoalaInformaciónPública,IFAI)requestedagrantfromTheWilliamand
    [Show full text]