DOCSLIB.ORG

For Peer Review Only

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
For Peer Review Only www.ssoar.info The fuzziness of travel-to-work areas Feng, Zhiqiang Postprint / Postprint Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: www.peerproject.eu Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Feng, Z. (2009). The fuzziness of travel-to-work areas. Regional Studies, 43(5), 707-720. https:// doi.org/10.1080/00343400801922806 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter dem "PEER Licence Agreement zur This document is made available under the "PEER Licence Verfügung" gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zum PEER-Projekt finden Agreement ". For more Information regarding the PEER-project Sie hier: http://www.peerproject.eu Gewährt wird ein nicht see: http://www.peerproject.eu This document is solely intended exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes for your personal, non-commercial use.All of the copies of Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument this documents must retain all copyright information and other ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen information regarding legal protection. You are not allowed to alter Gebrauch bestimmt. Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments this document in any way, to copy it for public or commercial müssen alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to perform, distribute auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses or otherwise use the document in public. Dokument nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke conditions of use. vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-133993 Regional Studies For Peer Review Only The Fuzziness of Travel-to-Work Areas Journal: Regional Studies Manuscript ID: CRES-2006-0038.R2 Manuscript Type: Main Section R0 - General < R - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity < R1 - JEL codes: General Regional Economics < R - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics Keywords: Travel to Work Areas, Fuzzy set theory, Representation, England http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cres Email: [email protected] Page 1 of 45 Regional Studies 1 2 3 4 Fuzziness of Travel-to-Work Areas 5 6 Journal: Regional Studies 7 8 Manuscript ID: CRES-2006-0038.R2 9 10 JEL codes: 11 12 13 R0 - General &lt; R - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics, R12 - 14 Size and SpatialFor Distributions Peer of Regional Review Economic Activity Only &lt; R1 15 - General Regional Economics &lt; R - Urban, Rural, and Regional 16 Economics 17 18 19 Keywords: Travel to Work Areas, Fuzzy set theory, England, Representation 20 21 Zhiqiang Feng 22 23 24 Geography and Geosciences 25 University of St Andrews 26 North Street St Andrews 27 KY16 9AL United Kingdom 28 Phone: 01334463951 29 30 [email protected] 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cres Email: [email protected] Regional Studies Page 2 of 45 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Fuzziness of Travel-to-Work Areas 7 8 9 10 ABSTRACT 11 12 13 14 For Peer Review Only 15 Keywords: Travel-to-Work Areas, Fuzzy set theory, Representation, England 16 17 18 19 20 Travel-to-Work Areas (TTWAs) have been used widely by governmental agencies and 21 22 academic institutions. However, they have been criticised because the boundaries 23 24 separating TTWAs are imperfect in the sense that there are always commuting trips 25 26 27 crossing them. This paper aims to investigate the fuzziness of Travel-to-Work Areas by 28 29 applying fuzzy set theory. The methodology of defining fuzzy Travel-to-Work Areas is 30 31 described. Indicators measuring size and overlap of fuzzy TTWAs are suggested. The 32 33 34 cartographic representation of fuzzy TTWAs is discussed. In the last section, the 35 36 advantages of fuzzy TTWAs and some potential applications are proposed. 37 38 CRES-2006-0038.R2 39 40 Flou en matière de zones d'emploi 41 Zhiqiang Feng 42 43 Codes JEL : 44 45 46 R0 - General &lt; R – Economie urbaine, rurale et régionale, R12 - 47 Taille et répartition spatiale des activités économiques régionales &lt; R1 48 - Economie régionale générale &lt; R – Economie urbaine, rurale et régionale 49 50 51 52 Mot-clé : zones d'emploi, théorie des ensembles flous, Angleterre, représentation 53 54 Flou en matière de zones d'emploi 55 56 57 58 59 60 1 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cres Email: [email protected] Page 3 of 45 Regional Studies 1 2 3 RESUME 4 5 6 Les zones d'emploi (TTWA) ont été largement utilisées par les agences 7 8 gouvernementales et les institutions universitaires. En revanche, elles ont été critiquées 9 10 11 du fait que les limites qui séparent ces zones sont imparfaites en ce sens qu'elles sont 12 13 toujours traversées par des liaisons domicile-travail. L'objet de cet article est d'analyser le 14 For Peer Review Only 15 flou des zones d'emploi en appliquant la théorie des ensembles flous. Il décrit la 16 17 18 méthodologie utilisée pour définir les zones d'emploi floues et suggère des indicateurs 19 20 pour mesurer la taille et le chevauchement de ces zones. Les auteurs débattent de la 21 22 représentation cartographique des zones d'emploi floues. Dans la dernière section, ils 23 24 25 présentent les avantages des zones d'emploi floues et quelques applications potentielles. 26 27 CRES-2006-0038.R2 28 Fuzziness of Travel-to-Work Areas 29 Zhiqiang Feng 30 31 32 JEL codes: 33 34 R0 - General &lt; R - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics, R12 - 35 Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity &lt; R1 36 37 - General Regional Economics &lt; R - Urban, Rural, and Regional 38 Economics 39 40 Keywords: 41 Arbeitsmarktregionen 42 Fuzzymengen-Theorie 43 44 England 45 Darstellung 46 47 Die Unschärfe von Arbeitsmarktregionen 48 49 50 ABSTRACT 51 Arbeitsmarktregionen werden von Regierungsbehörden und akademischen 52 Institutionen in großem Umfang genutzt. Diese Methode ist jedoch kritisiert 53 worden, weil die Grenzen zur Trennung von Arbeitsmarktregionen insofern 54 Mängel aufweisen, als dass stets auch Pendler diese Grenzen überschreiten. In 55 diesem Beitrag wird die Unschärfe der Arbeitsmarktregionen durch Anwendung 56 57 der Fuzzymengen-Theorie untersucht. Die Methodologie zur Definition 58 59 60 2 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cres Email: [email protected] Regional Studies Page 4 of 45 1 2 3 unscharfer Arbeitsmarktregionen wird beschrieben. Es werden Indikatoren zur 4 5 Messung der Größe und Überlappung von unscharfen Arbeitsmarktregionen 6 vorgeschlagen. Die kartografische Darstellung unscharfer Arbeitsmarktregionen 7 wird erörtert. Im letzten Abschnitt werden die Vorteile unscharfer 8 Arbeitsmarktregionen behandelt und einige potenzielle Anwendungen 9 vorgeschlagen. 10 11 12 13 CRES-2006-0038.R2 14 AmbigüedadFor de las cuencas Peer de empleo Review Only 15 Zhiqiang Feng 16 17 18 ABSTRACT 19 Las cuencas de empleo han sido utilizadas con profusión por agencias gubernamentales e 20 instituciones académicas. Sin embargo, se ha criticado que las fronteras que separan estas 21 cuencas de empleo son imperfectas porque siempre hay viajantes que las cruzan. En este 22 artículo investigamos la ambigüedad de las cuencas de empleo aplicando la teoría de 23 24 conjuntos difusos. Describimos la metodología para definir las cuencas de empleo 25 difusas. Sugerimos indicadores para medir el tamaño y el solapamiento de las cuencas de 26 empleo difusas. También analizamos una representación cartográfica de las cuencas de 27 empleo difusas. En la última sección, proponemos las ventajas de las cuencas de empleo 28 difusas y algunas posibles aplicaciones. 29 30 31 Keywords: 32 Cuencas de empleo 33 Teoría de conjuntos difusos 34 Inglaterra 35 Representación 36 37 38 39 R0 - General &lt; R - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics, R12 - 40 Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity &lt; R1 41 - General Regional Economics &lt; R - Urban, Rural, and Regional 42 Economics 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 3 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cres Email: [email protected] Page 5 of 45 Regional Studies 1 2 3 4 5 The Fuzziness of Travel-to-Work Areas 6 7 8 9 10 INTRODUCTION 11 12 13 Labour market areas, conceptually, identify the areas within which there is a close 14 For Peer Review Only 15 16 relationship between labour supply and demand. Conventionally, administrative areas are 17 18 often used as a surrogate for local labour market areas (LLMAs) for statistical, analytical 19 20 and policy-making purposes. However, this practice has long been criticised because 21 22 23 administrative areas seldom partition the territory in a way that reflects functional reality 24 25 (SMART, 1974; BALL, 1980). Labour market policies targeting administratively defined 26 27 areas may be less effective than policies targeting functionally delimited regions 28 29 30 (COOMBES et al., 1986). In addition, comparison of labour market statistics across 31 32 administrative areas may not be so meaningful because they do not reflect labour markets 33 34 (COOMBES, 2002). As a consequence, there has been a call to define labour market 35 36 37 areas in a consistent and formal way for statistical purposes (COOMBES et al., 1986; 38 39 CATTAN, 2001). 40 41 42 43 In the UK the practice of defining local labour market areas can be traced back to the 44 45 1950s (BALL 1980; COOMBES and OPENSHAW, 1982).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Delineating Retail Conurbations: a Rules-Based Algorithmic Approach
    Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 21 (2014) 667–675 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jretconser Delineating retail conurbations: A rules-based algorithmic approach Matthew D. Pratt a,b,n, Jim A. Wright a, Samantha Cockings a, Iain Sterland c,d,1 a Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom b Online Property, Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd., Store Support Centre, 33 Holborn, London EC1N 2HT, United Kingdom c Location Planning, Boots UK, 1 Thane Road West, Nottingham NG2 3AA, United Kingdom d Location Planning, Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd., Unit 1, Draken Drive, Ansty Park, Coventry CV7 9RD, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: Retail conurbations may be defined as market areas with high intra-market movement. A limited range Received 7 October 2013 of approaches has been used to delineate such retail conurbations. This paper evaluates a simplified Received in revised form version of an existing zone design method used to define labour market areas, the Travel-To-Work-Area 7 April 2014 algorithm (TTWA), for application in a retail context. Geocoded loyalty card spend data recorded by Accepted 23 April 2014 Boots UK Limited, a large health and beauty retailer, were used to develop retail conurbations (newly Available online 29 May 2014 termed Travel-To-Store-Areas (TTSAs)) for several UK regions using this algorithm. The output TTSA Keywords: boundaries displayed significantly greater intra-zone flows compared to existing retail conurbation Retail conurbations delineation approaches. There is thus scope for researchers and analysts to broaden the zone design Zone design approaches used to develop retail conurbations.
    [Show full text]
  • Gateshead & Newcastle Upon Tyne Strategic
    Gateshead & Newcastle upon Tyne Strategic Housing Market Assessment 2017 Report of Findings August 2017 Opinion Research Services | The Strand • Swansea • SA1 1AF | 01792 535300 | www.ors.org.uk | [email protected] Opinion Research Services | Gateshead & Newcastle upon Tyne Strategic Housing Market Assessment 2017 August 2017 Opinion Research Services | The Strand, Swansea SA1 1AF Jonathan Lee | Nigel Moore | Karen Lee | Trevor Baker | Scott Lawrence enquiries: 01792 535300 · [email protected] · www.ors.org.uk © Copyright August 2017 2 Opinion Research Services | Gateshead & Newcastle upon Tyne Strategic Housing Market Assessment 2017 August 2017 Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................ 7 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Calculating Objectively Assessed Needs ..................................................................................................... 8 Household Projections ................................................................................................................................ 9 Affordable Housing Need .......................................................................................................................... 11 Need for Older Person Housing ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sheffield City Region
    City Relationships: Economic Linkages in Northern city regions Sheffield City Region November 2009 The Northern Way Stella House, Goldcrest Way, Newburn Riverside, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 8NY Telephone: 0191 22 6200 Website: www.thenorthernway.co.uk © One NorthEast on behalf of The Northern Way Copyright in the design and typographical arrangement rests with One North East. This publication, excluding logos, may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium for research, private study or for internal circulation within an organisation. This is subject to it being reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as copyright One NorthEast and the title of the publication specified. City Relationships: 1 Economic Linkages in Northern city regions Sheffield City Region Contents Summary 2 1: Introduction 6 2: Background 10 3: Labour market relationships within the city region 17 4: Firm links and supply chains 25 5: Characterising links between Sheffield 32 and neighbouring towns and cities 6: Key findings and policy conclusions 40 Annex A – Interviewees 45 2 City Relationships: Economic Linkages in Northern city regions Sheffield City Region Summary This is one of seven reports published as part of the City Relationships research programme. The research aimed to test a hypothesis derived from previous research that stronger and more complementary economic relationships between towns and cities in the North of England would generate higher levels of sustainable economic growth and development. The project examined the economic relationships between the five most significant economic centres in the North – Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle and Sheffield – and selected cities and towns nearby, looking in particular at labour market linkages and the connections between businesses.
    [Show full text]
  • NORTH WALES Skills & Employment Plan 2019⁠–⁠2022
    NORTH WALES Skills & Employment Plan 2019⁠–⁠2022 North Wales Regional Skills Partnership DRAFT (October 2019) Skills and Employment Plan 2019–2022 Foreword It is a pleasure to present our new Skills and Employment Plan for North Wales 2019⁠– ⁠2022. This is a three-year strategic Plan that will provide an insight into the supply and demand of the skills system in the region, and crucially, what employers are telling us are their needs and priorities. It is an exciting time for North Wales, with recent role in the education and skills system is central, positive figures showing growth in our and will continue to be a cornerstone of our employment rate and productivity. Despite this work. positive trajectory, there are many challenges, We have focussed on building intelligence on uncertainties and opportunities that lie ahead. the demand for skills at a regional and sectoral As a region, we need to ensure that our people level, and encouraged employers to shape the and businesses are able to maximise solutions that will enhance North Wales’ skills opportunities like the Growth Deal and performance. As well as putting forward technological changes, and minimise the priorities in support of specific sectors, the Plan impact of potential difficulties and also sets out the key challenges that face us uncertainties, like the risk of a no-deal Brexit. and what actions are needed to encourage a Skills are fundamental to our continuing change in our skills system. economic success. Increasingly, it is skills, not just The North Wales Regional Skills Partnership (RSP) qualifications that employers look for first.
    [Show full text]
  • East Riding Local Housing Study Addendum Note
    ReportReportReport GVA Norfolk House 7 Norfolk Street Manchester M2 1DW East Riding Local Housing Study Addendum Note August 2014 gva.co.uk East Riding of Yorkshire Council LHS Addendum Note Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 2. Consideration of alternative assumptions .............................................................. 5 3. Consideration of latest strategy context .............................................................. 16 4. Updated household modelling.............................................................................. 21 5. Consideration of market signals ............................................................................ 36 6. Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 47 List of Acronyms .................................................................................................................... 50 Prepared By: Nicola Rigby ..................... Status: Director .................... Date August 2014 .................... Reviewed By : .......................................... ............. Status: ..................... Date ........................................... For and on behalf of GVA August 2014 I gva.co.uk East Riding of Yorkshire Council LHS Addendum Note Summary
    [Show full text]
  • PLYMOUTH REPORT October 2017 CONTENTS
    PLYMOUTH REPORT October 2017 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 5 Executive summary 8 2. Living Plymouth 13 2.1 Plymouth geographies 13 2.2 Population 14 2.2.2 Current structure 14 2.2.3 Population change over the last 10 years 17 2.2.4 Population projections 18 2.2.5 Population sub-groups 20 2.2.6 Population diversity 20 2.2.7 Community cohesion 21 2.3 Deprivation, poverty, and hardship 22 2.3.1 Happiness 23 2.4 Crime/community safety 23 2.4.1 Domestic abuse 25 2.4.2 Hate crime 25 2.4.3 Violent sexual offences 27 2.4.4 Self-reported perception of safety 28 2.4.5 Youth offending 28 2.5 Education 0-16yrs 29 2.5.1 Education provision 29 2.5.2 Early years take up and attainment 29 2.5.3 Educational attainment 29 2.5.4 Children with a Statement or Education and Health Plan 30 2.5.5 Disadvantaged children 30 2.5.6 Looked after children 31 2.6 Housing 32 2.6.1 Student accommodation 33 2.6.2 Houses in multiple occupation 34 2.6.3 Value and affordability 35 2.6.4 Housing decency 37 2.6.5 Homelessness 38 2.7 The environment 40 2.7.1 Air quality 40 2.8 Travel and transport 41 2.8.1 Travel to work 41 2.8.2 Method of travel 41 2.8.3 Road safety 41 2.8.4 Bus travel 42 2.8.5 Bus patronage, punctuality and reliability 42 2 2.8.6 Rail travel 42 2.8.7 Walking 43 2.8.8 Cycling 43 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Plymouth, South Hams, West Devon: Testing And
    Joint Local Plan – Plymouth, South Hams, West Devon Testing and establishing the Plymouth Housing Market Area 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 According to planning policy, where a Housing Market Area (HMA) extends across two or more local authorities, those authorities are required to work together to assess needs across the area as a whole. The underlying idea is that much of the demand or need for housing is not tied to specific local authority areas, as people’s decisions on where to live are driven by access to jobs, schools, family etc., rather than administrative boundaries. A HMA is an area of search, bringing together places which share similar household characteristics. 1.2 From earlier work it is clear that while Plymouth may be a self-contained housing market area, however, neither South Hams nor West Devon would be able to demonstrate that they are self-contained. It is also very clear that there are well established functional relationships across these areas, and particularly with Cornwall. 1.3 Previous work done for Cornwall has demonstrated that there are no easy answers to the definition of housing market areas. It is therefore necessary to establish the most appropriate self-contained set of areas in a transparent way using consistent methodology. The conclusion drawn was that the four local authority best fit approach is suitable for strategic purposes, but there is evidence to suggest a tighter boundary could be explored in the future. Particularly recognising the relationship between Totness in South Hams eastwards to Torbay and between Okehampton in West Devon eastwards to Exeter.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Inequalities Across Travel to Work Areas in Scotland
    Fraser of Allander Institute Economic Commentary, December 2016 Examining inequalities across travel to work areas in Scotland John Sutherland 1. Abstract This article examines inequalities across the 45 travel to work areas in Scotland, using four indicators of labour market performance viz. the employment rate; the economic inactivity rate; the percentage holding level 4 (or higher) qualifications; and the percentage having no formal qualifications. The results are then contextualised in a discussion of the possible explanations for these inequalities and their implications for policy. 2. Introduction The process of economic development varies over space and the economic history of Scotland over several decades illustrates well how the twin processes of job creation and job destruction have different impacts geographically. From the 1950s, demand for the products of Scotland’s traditional manufacturing industries, located principally if not exclusively in the west of the central belt, declined further. Job destruction followed and there was no compensating job creation to match the magnitude of the job losses in these urban areas, with manifold consequences for the local populations. In contrast, from the 1980s, job creation was apparent in Aberdeen, its hinterlands and the northern isles, localities historically associated more with agriculture and fishing, with the discovery of North Sea oil and the development of oil exploration and extraction activities (Alexander et al, 2005: Bell and Blanchflower, 2007: Cameron, 2010: Macdonald, 2009: Newlands et al, 2004). An important feature of the minority Scottish National Party (SNP) Scottish Government’s first Economic Strategy set out in 2007 was the identification of a set of targets.
    [Show full text]
  • NESPD/ASHEPD User Documentation 2016
    UK Data Archive Study Number 6706 - New Earnings Survey Panel Dataset: Secure Access Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Office for National Statistics. Last updated March 2017 NNEEWW EEAARRNNIINNGGSS SSUURRVVEEYY ((NNEESS)) and AANNNNUUAALL SSUURRVVEEYY ooff HHOOUURRSS aanndd EEAARRNNIINNGGSS ((AASSHHEE)) NNEESSAASSHHEEPPDD DDAATTAASSEETT USER DOCUMENTATION Page 1 of 87 Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Office for National Statistics. Last updated March 2017 INDEX Page Contact information 3 Changes to the NESASHEPD 2016 3 Updates to the Information Document March 2017 3 Notes on the ASHE Variables and Geoportal 3 Filters 4 Description of Variables 5 Annex A - Collective Agreement 9 Annex B - Region 11 Annex C - Area 12 Annex D - Local Authority 27 Annex E - Parliamentary Constituency 42 Annex F- Travel to Work Area 77 Page 2 of 87 Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Office for National Statistics. Last updated March 2017 Contact information If you cannot find what you are looking for or require further help or information about NES or ASHE microdata please contact us: By email at: [email protected] By telephone on: +44 (0)1633 456120 Changes to the NESASHEPD 2016 The contracted out of state second pension option is no longer available from 2016 Updates to the Information Document March 2017 The Geoportal has been updated and consequently the historical links are no longer available. If you require help with historical lookups please contact us. We are planning to update the links at a later date. Guidance for using the Geoportal can be found in the VARIABLES IN THE ASHE DATASET section below. Geography lookups used for our publication can be provided on request.
    [Show full text]
  • Connectivity and Labour Markets in the Northern Powerhouse
    This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research Transport for the North Connectivity and Labour Markets in the Northern Powerhouse Final Report May 2018 Cambridge Econometrics [email protected] 1 Cambridge, UK www.camecon.com This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research Connectivity and Labour Markets in the Northern Powerhouse Cambridge Econometrics’ mission is to provide clear insights, based on rigorous and independent economic analysis, to support policy-makers and strategic planners in government, civil society and business in addressing the complex challenges facing society. Cambridge Econometrics Limited is owned by a charitable body, the Cambridge Trust for New Thinking in Economics. www.neweconomicthinking.org This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research Connectivity and Labour Markets in the Northern Powerhouse Authorisation and Version History Version Date Authorised for Description release by 6.0 12/6/18 RL Further comments addressed. 4.0 22/05/18 RL Final Report, comments addressed 3.0 20/04/18 RL Draft Final Report 2.0 29/03/18 ALB Final Report, first draft. Quantitative work complete, Conclusions and Executive Summary still to be developed Cambridge Econometrics 3 This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research Connectivity and Labour Markets in the Northern Powerhouse Contents Page Executive Summary 5 1 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Geography of the UK Economy a Review of the Primary Urban Area Definition December 2015
    The changing geography of the UK economy A review of the Primary Urban Area definition December 2015 This briefing sets out the results of the review of the primary urban area (PUA) definition of cities. The results of this review will be used as the base unit of analysis for Centre for Cities’ work from now on, starting with Cities Outlook 2016. Why Primary Urban Areas? From an economic point of view, a city is the concentration of a large amount of economic activity in a relatively small area. The best performing cities make the most of this density so that the value of what they produce is greater than the value of the inputs (workers, land etc.) that they use to produce it. This process is known as agglomeration. Given that the mission of the Centre for Cities is to look at the economies of UK cities, it is the economic concentration perspective of the city that we are most interested in. This means that we require a definition that best matches this requirement. A number of different approaches could be used, but by defining cities principally on their built up area – that is, the physical footprint of a city - the PUA definition is, in our view, the best option. Of course, the impact of a city is not limited to the borders of its built up area. All cities provide jobs (and amenities) not only for their own residents but for residents in their surrounding areas, with the most successful ones having a pull on a very wide area around them.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Transport Plan (2011 – 2026)
    LOCAL TRANSPORT PLAN (2011 – 2026) January 2011 Hull City Council Local Transport Plan (2011 – 2026) Contents FOREWORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. POLICY FRAMEWORK - LOCAL TRANSPORT PLAN (2011 – 26) ............................... 2 1.3. CHALLENGES FOR THE CITY ...................................................................................... 3 2. LOCAL AND STRATEGIC POLICY CONTEXT ....................................................................... 5 2.1. VISION AND OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................ 5 2.2. NATIONAL TRANSPORT POLICY ................................................................................. 6 2.3. LOCAL POLICY FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................... 6 2.3.1. SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY (2009-2011) ................................. 6 2.3.2. EMERGING LOCAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (2011 – 2026) .............. 7 2.3.3. NEWINGTON AND ST. ANDREWS (NASA) AND HOLDERNESS ROAD CORRIDOR AREA ACTION PLANS (AAPS) ................................................... 8 2.3.4. HULL CITY COUNCIL’S CORPORATE PLAN (2009 - 2012) ......................... 10 2.3.5. ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY (2010 – 2020) ......... 11 2.3.6. INTEGRATED
    [Show full text]