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Integrated Circuits ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 1 Integrated Circuits 1947 – germanium point transistor 1954 – silicon transistor 1957 – precise SiO 2 photolitography 1958 – planar transistor 1959 – integrated circuit VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 2 The birth of the IC The integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer (born 1909), working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the British Ministry of Defence , and published in Washington, D.C. on May 7 , 1952 . Dummer unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956. The first integrated circuits were manufactured independently by two scientists: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments filed a patent for a "Solid Circuit" made of germanium on February 6 , 1959 . Kilby received patents U.S. Patent 3138743 , U.S. Patent 3138747 , U.S. Patent 3261081 , and U.S. Patent 3434015 . Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor was awarded a patent for a more complex "unitary circuit" made of Silicon on April 25 , 1961 . (See the Chip that Jack built for more information.) Noyce credited Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric for the principle of p-n junction isolation caused by the action of a biased p-n junction (the diode) as a key concept behind the IC. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 3 Jack St. Clair Kilby (November 8 , 1923 – June 20 , 2005 ) was a notable American electrical engineer who co-won the Nobel Prize in physics in 2000 . He invented the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at Texas Instruments (TI). A patent for a "Solid Circuit made of Germanium", the first integrated circuit, was filed on February 6 , 1959 . In addition to the integrated circuit, Kilby also is noted for patenting the electronic portable calculator and the thermal printer used in data terminals. In total, he held about 60 patents. In the summer of 1958 , Kilby was a newly employed engineer at Texas Instruments who did not yet have the right to a summer vacation . He spent the summer working on the problem in circuit design that was commonly called the " tyranny of numbers " and finally came to the conclusion that manufacturing the circuit components en masse in a single piece of semiconductor material could provide a solution. On September 12 he presented his findings to the management of Texas Instruments: he showed them a piece of germanium with an oscilloscope attached, pressed a switch, and the oscilloscope showed a continuous sine wave , proving that his integrated circuit worked and thus that he solved the problem. From 1978 to 1985 , he was Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering at Texas A&M University . In 1983, Kilby retired from Texas Instruments. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_S._Kilby VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 4 VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 5 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/17614/00811607.pdf VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 6 Jack Kilby examines a wafer filled with chips. Photo: Texas Instruments http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/integrated_circuit/history/ VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 7 VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 8 Robert Noyce, Ph.D. (December 12 , 1927 – June 3 , 1990 ), nicknamed " the Mayor of Silicon Valley ", co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel in 1968 . He is also credited (along with Jack Kilby ) with the invention of the integrated circuit or microchip although Kilby's invention was 6 months earlier. While a student at Grinnell College , Noyce stole a pig from a nearby farmer for a college luau and then slaughtered it in Clark Hall. The prank nearly earned him expulsion, if not for the intervention of Grant O. Gale , a physics professor at the time. He later returned the favor by allowing the college to invest in Intel at an early stage. He joined William Shockley at the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory division of Beckman Instruments , but left with the " Traitorous Eight " to create the influential Fairchild Semiconductor corporation. Intel's headquarters building, the Robert Noyce Building , in Santa Clara, California is named in his honor, as is the Robert N. Noyce '49 Science Center. Noyce was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1978 "for his contributions to the silicon integrated circuit, a cornerstone of modern electronics.“ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noyce VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 9 Robert Noyce Photo: Intel Museum Archives http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/int egrated_circuit/history/ VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 10 VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 11 The First Integrated Circuit http://www.answers.com/topic/integrated-circuit VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 12 The First Integrated Circuit By 1961, Fairchild and Texas Instruments had announced the availability of the first commercial planar integrated circuits comprising simple logic functions. http://www.maxmon.com/1952ad.htm 1968 m. MTI “Venta” pagamino pirmąją puslaidininkinę mikroschemą Lietuvoje. Puslaidininkinės fizikos pradininku Lietuvoje laikomas prof. Povilas Brazdžiūnas. Paminėtini prof. Stepono Janušonio, Albino Marcinkevičiaus, Romualdo Navicko nuopelnai. VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 13 Types of Integrated Circuits An integrated circuit or microcircuit is a complete electronic circuit containing both active and passive components and metallic interconnections. It is manufactured as a single package. A hybrid integrated circuit consists of separate component parts attached to a ceramic substrate and interconnected by a suitable metallization pattern. The individual parts are unencapsulated and may consist of thin-film components and one or more monolithic circuits. In a monolithic (Greek: single-stone ) integrated circuit all the circuit components are manufactured into or on top of a single chip of a semiconductor. There are two types of monolithic circuits. Bipolar ICs are based on bipolar junction transistors and are formed using bipolar technology. MOS ICs are based on insulated-gate field-effect transistors and MOS capacitors. We shall overview the elements of bipolar and MOS ICs. http://images.google.lt/images?q=Integrated+circuit&ndsp=18&svnum=10&hl=lt&start=0&sa=N VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 14 Integriniai grandynai Integrated circuit Интегральная схема Integralinė schema Intégrinė schema Integr í nė schema Integrinė grandinė Telktinis grandynas Integrinis grandynas Integruotoji grandinė Integralioji grandinė VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 15 Hybrid Integrated Circuit http://www.answers.com/topic/transistor VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 16 Monolithic Integrated Circuit http://images.google.lt/images?q=Integrated+circuit&hl=lt&sa=X&oi=images&ct=title VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 17 Monolithic Integrated Circuit The integrated circuit from an Intel 8742, an 8-bit microcontroller that includes a CPU running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of RAM , 2048 bytes of EPROM , and I/O in the same chip. http://www.answers.com/topic/transistor VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 18 VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 19 ELEMENTS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 1. Isolation of elements 2. Bipolar integrated circuits 3. MOS ICs 4. Individual processing 5. Complexity of integrated circuits Objectives: Studies of types of ICs, manufacturing of monolithic ICs, stucture and properties of IC elements, and trends of microelectronics. VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 20 ELEMENTS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 1. Isolation of elements 2. Bipolar integrated circuits 2.1. Fabrication processes 2.2. Bipolar transistors 2.3. Integrated circuit diodes 2.4. Capacitors 2.5. Resistors 2.6. Conductors and contact pads 3. MOS ICs 4. Individual processing 5. Complexity of integrated circuits VGTU EF ESK [email protected].
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