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Estimation of Evaporation from Open Water—A Review of Selected Studies, Summary of U.S

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Estimation of Evaporation from Open Water—A Review of Selected Studies, Summary of U.S Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District Estimation of Evaporation from Open Water—A Review of Selected Studies, Summary of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Data Collection and Methods, and Evaluation of Two Methods for Estimation of Evaporation from Five Reservoirs in Texas Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5202 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Front cover, Benbrook Lake, December 2011. Photograph by Glenn Harwell, U.S. Geological Survey. Background, Canyon Lake, November 2008. Photograph by Sam Price, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Back cover: Top, Hords Creek, September 2012. Photograph by Anna Reinhardt, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Middle, Granger Lake, September 2012. Photograph by Ben Bohac, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Bottom, Sam Rayburn Lake, September 2012. Photograph by David LaRue, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Estimation of Evaporation from Open Water—A Review of Selected Studies, Summary of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Data Collection and Methods, and Evaluation of Two Methods for Estimation of Evaporation from Five Reservoirs in Texas By Glenn R. Harwell Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5202 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 This and other USGS information products are available at http://store.usgs.gov/ U.S. Geological Survey Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 To learn about the USGS and its information products visit http://www.usgs.gov/ 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Harwell, G.R., 2012, Estimation of evaporation from open water—A review of selected studies, summary of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers data collection and methods, and evaluation of two methods for estimation of evaporation from five reservoirs in Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5202, 96 p. iii Acknowledgments The author recognizes the contributions of many U.S. Army Corps of Engineers staff from five districts including Roberta Ball, Albuquerque District; Jerry Cotter, Paul Lauderdale, Lynne Rednour, Michael Schwind, Stephen Pilney, Ron Hula, and Clinton Greb, Fort Worth District; Matthew Moix, Little Rock District; Kellie Bergman and Steven Daly, Omaha District; and Greg Estep, Tulsa District. The author is especially appreciative of consultation and advice from U.S. Geological Survey Research Hydrologist, David Stannard, and Scientist Emeritus, Thomas Winter, prior to his passing. v Contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................iii Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1 Purpose and Scope .............................................................................................................................2 A Review of Selected Studies Pertinent to Open-Water Evaporation Estimation .............................2 Summary of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Data Collection and Methods for Estimating Evaporation from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Reservoirs in Five Districts .......................4 Albuquerque District ...........................................................................................................................4 Fort Worth District ...............................................................................................................................4 Little Rock District ................................................................................................................................9 Omaha District ......................................................................................................................................9 Tulsa District .......................................................................................................................................10 Evaluation of Two Methods for Estimation of Evaporation from Five Reservoirs in Texas .............11 Data Compilation ................................................................................................................................11 Unmodified Hamon and U.S. Weather Bureau Method Estimates to Predict Monthly and Annual Evaporation ......................................................................................................14 Modified Hamon and U.S. Weather Bureau Method Estimates to Predict Monthly and Annual Evaporation ..............................................................................................................22 Comparison of Hamon and U.S. Weather Bureau Method Estimates of Daily Evaporation ............................................................................................................................34 Summary .......................................................................................................................................................42 References Cited .........................................................................................................................................43 Appendixes 1. Summary of Selected Studies Pertinent to Open-Water Evaporation Estimation ..........47 2. Summary of Equations and Computational Steps of the Hamon and U.S. Weather Bureau Methods of Estimating Reservoir Evaporation .......................................................59 3. Published Monthly Class A Pan Evaporation Tables for Five U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Reservoirs in Texas .................................................................................................65 4. Regression Equations to Estimate Air Temperature, Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, and Solar Radiation at Remote Automatic Weather Stations ..............................75 5. Percentage Error between Unmodified and Modified Hamon and U.S. Weather Bureau Method Estimates of Monthly Reservoir Evaporation with Monthly Reservoir Evaporation from Class A Pan Data .....................................................................79 Figures 1. Map showing location of Fort Worth District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoirs and Remote Automatic Weather Stations in Texas ............................................5 2. Graph showing average monthly historical Class A pan evaporation from five reservoirs in Texas, 1953–2010 ................................................................................................12 3. Graph showing comparison of monthly pan evaporation with unmodified Hamon and U.S. Weather Bureau method estimates at A, Benbrook Lake, Texas, from January 2004 to December 2010, B, Canyon Lake, Tex., from December 2003 to December 2010, C, Granger Lake, Tex., from January 2004 to December 2010, D, Hords Creek Lake, Tex., from April 2003 to December 2010, and E, Sam Rayburn Lake, Tex., from December 2000 to December 2010 ............................................................15 vi 4. Graphs showing unmodified and modified Hamon method estimates of evaporation and regression lines with pan evaporation data at A, Benbrook Lake, Texas, B, Canyon Lake, Tex., C, Granger Lake, Tex., D, Hords Creek Lake, Tex., and E, Sam Rayburn Lake, Tex. ........................................................................................................23 5. Graphs showing unmodified and modified U.S. Weather Bureau method estimates of evaporation and regression lines with pan evaporation data at A, Benbrook Lake, Texas, B, Canyon Lake, Tex., C, Granger Lake, Tex., D, Hords Creek Lake, Tex., and E, Sam Rayburn Lake, Tex. .......................................................................................27 6. Graphs showing comparison of monthly pan evaporation with modified Hamon and U.S. Weather Bureau method estimates at A, Benbrook Lake, Texas, from January 2004 to December 2010, B, Canyon Lake, Tex., from December 2003 to December 2010, C, Granger Lake, Tex., from January 2004 to December 2010, D, Hords Creek Lake, Tex., from April 2003 to December 2010, and E, Sam Rayburn Lake, Tex., from December 2000 to December 2010 ............................................................32 7. Graphs showing daily mean and median differences for each month between modified Hamon and U.S. Weather Bureau method evaporation estimates and daily pan evaporation estimates from pan data collected at A, Benbrook Lake, Texas, B, Canyon Lake, Tex., C, Granger Lake, Tex., D, Hords Creek Lake, Tex., and E, Sam Rayburn Lake, Tex. ................................................................................................35 8. Graphs showing daily mean and median differences for each month between unmodified U.S. Weather Bureau method evaporation estimates and daily pan evaporation estimates from pan data collected at A, Benbrook Lake, Texas, B, Canyon Lake, Tex., C, Granger Lake, Tex.,
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