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Evaluation of Response to Anti-Leptospira Bacterin Vaccination in Pregnant Ewes and the Passive Transfer of Antibodies to Their Offspring

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Evaluation of Response to Anti-Leptospira Bacterin Vaccination in Pregnant Ewes and the Passive Transfer of Antibodies to Their Offspring 1715 Bioscience Journal Original Article EVALUATION OF RESPONSE TO ANTI-LEPTOSPIRA BACTERIN VACCINATION IN PREGNANT EWES AND THE PASSIVE TRANSFER OF ANTIBODIES TO THEIR OFFSPRING AVALIAÇÃO DA RESPOSTA À VACINAÇÃO COM BACTERINA ANTI-LEPTOSPIRA EM OVELHAS GESTANTES E DA TRANSFERÊNCIA PASSIVA DOS ANTICORPOS A SUAS CRIAS Ligia Pinho CUCCATO1*; Anna Monteiro Correia LIMA1; Thais Fernanda Martins dos REIS1; Caroline Lopes QUEIROZ1; Ana Beatriz Gacez BUIATTE1; Andreia Zago CIUFFA1; Dayane Olímpia GOMES1; Vinícius Buiattte de Andrade ALVES1; Fernanda ROSALINSKI-MORAES1 1. Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil. [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT: Leptospirosis in sheep is often underestimated, and leads to great economic losses for the sheep farming industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response in pregnant ewes, after the injection of a commercial polyvalent vaccine for leptospirosis, and to observe the transmission of anti-Leptospira antibodies through the colostrum to the offspring. For this, 24 pregnant ewes were vaccinated for leptospirosis. Blood samples were collected prior to vaccination and then 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days after vaccination. In order to evaluate passive immunity transfer, blood samples of 32 lambs were collected during the first 48 hours after birth, and another collection was performed 10 to 21 days after birth. The lambs were placed into 2 groups: Group A (n=16): singleton lambs; and group B (n=16): twins. The sera samples were submitted to the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), in which 21 Leptospira serovars were tested. The results were analyzed in a descriptive form. The number of sheep reactive to MAT gradually increased until 21 days after vaccination, and decreased right after. Of all the serovars contained in the vaccine, the largest proportion of animals were seroconverted to Hardjoprajtino serovar, Serjoe serogroup. Anti- Leptospira antibodies transferred through colostrum to lambs were detected by MAT in the serum collected 24- 48 hours after birth. It was observed that 65.6% (21 out of 32) of the lambs were reactive. In the subsequent collections that occurred from 10 to 21 days after birth, a decrease in the number of animals reactive to the MAT was detected. There was no significant statistical difference for the passive transfer of antibodies between single or twin lambs. KEYWORDS: Immunization. Leptospirosis. Sheep. INTRODUCTION terpstrae, Leptospira biflexa, Leptospira vanthielii, Leptospira yanagawae and Leptospira Leptospirosis is a disease caused by bacteria wolbachiisaprophytes, non-pathogenic leptospirae that entails important sanitary consequences due to that do not cause diseases in humans or animals, its zoonotic aspect (HIGINO; AZEVEDO, 2014; belong to Group III (PUCHE et al., 2018). As there SHIOKAWA et al., 2018). Currently, the genus is no host specificity, any species of Leptospira can Leptospira comprises 22 species divided in three infect wild and domestic animals, and humans groups. On Group I there are pathogenic species that (ELLIS, 1994; CICERONI et al., 2000; HERMANN cause severe disease as Leptospira interrogans, et al., 2011). Leptospira kirschneri, Leptospira noguchii, In sheep, leptospirosis can manifest itself in Leptospira borgpetersenii, Leptospira alexanderi, acute, subacute or chronic form (ADLER, 2015). Leptospira weilii, Leptospira santarosai, Leptospira The acute form usually happens as outbreaks, and is kmetyi, Leptospira alstoni and Leptospira characterized by hematuria, hemoglobinuria, mayottensis. Group II includes Leptospira of jaundice, abortion, and death of lambs in the first intermediate pathogenic importance: Leptospira weeks of life (MARTINS et al. 2011). licerasiae, Leptospira wolffii, Leptospira fainei, Ciceroni et al. (2000) stated that sheep and Leptospira broomii and Leptospira inadai. goat are less susceptible to leptospirosis, and that Leptospira idonii, Leptospira meyeri, Leptospira most infections have subclinical evolution. But Received: 08/04/19 Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 36, n. 5, p. 1715-1725, Sept./Oct. 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v36n5a2020-47708 Accepted: 30/12/19 1716 Evaluation of response… CUCCATO, L. P.et al. these animals can develop chronic kidney infection, (TIZARD, 2014; HERNADEZ-CASTELLANO and eliminate bacteria through urine for long 2015). periods, spreading it to other animals and humans Since leptospirosis has an important role in (LILENBAUM et al., 2009). economy and public health, and there is lack of Generally, leptospirosis is related to information in the literature regarding reproductive disorders, such as abortion, return to immunoprophylaxis in sheep, the goal of this study estrus and stillborn lambs. It also decreases was to evaluate the dynamics of humoral response, productivity, which results in great economic losses induced by the administration of a commercial (LILENBAUM et al., 2009; HIGINO; AZEVEDO, polyvalent vaccine for leptospirosis in pregnant 2014; SILVA et al., 2019). ewes, as well as to verify the passive immunity A way to prevent leptospirosis is through transfer to newborn lambs. herd immunization with vaccines formulated with bacterins, prepared with the most prevalent MATERIAL AND METHODS serologic variants, for particular animal species from a specific region (HERRMANN et al., 2011). The research was held at Sheep and Goat The vaccine is an important resource to promote Production Center, in the Capim Branco immunity in the herd, decrease clinical signs of the experimental farm, which is part of the Federal disease, and reduce morbidity rates (MOREIRA, University of Uberlândia (UFU) School of 1994; HERMANN et al., 2011). Veterinary Medicine. The project was previously Pregnant females and young animals are approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal part of the risk groups for leptospirosis (CICERONI Utilization in Federal University of Uberlândia, et al., 2000). The vaccination of pregnant ewes in registered under protocol number 077/16. the last months prior to labor may avoid the The property sheep and goats are bred for infection in them and their offspring. That is lamb slaughtering. Production is conducted on a because there is immunoglobulin transfer from ewes semi-extensive system, with concentrate to lambs during gestation through placenta, or right supplementation according to the energy after birth through the ingestion of colostrum requirements for each age group. (TIZARD, 2014). In this study, 24 pregnant crossbred Santa Because ruminants have syndesmochorial Inês-Dorper ewes were used. Sheep were aged from placenta, which doesn’t allow the passage of one to six years old. Also, 32 lambs that were born immunoglobulins from mother to fetus during after natural breeding with estrus synchronization gestation, these animals need to acquire them right were used during this study. after birth through colostrum ingestion. The Ewes were immunized with 2mL of a immunoglobulin absorption from colostrum ensures commercial polyvalent vaccine made with inactive immune activity in the first moments of life, when bacterin (Table 1). Vaccination occurred in the last the lambs don’t have a full response capacity trimester of gestation, forty days prior to parturition. Table 1. Composition of the commercial polyvalent Leptospira bacterin that was used for sheep immunization Species Serogroup Serovar Leptospira borgpetersenii Tarassovi Tarassovi Leptospira interrogans Canicola Canicola Leptospira interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae Copenhageni Leptospira interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae Icterohaemorrhagiae Leptospira interrogans Pomona Pomona Leptospira interrogans Pyrogenes Pyrogenes Leptospira interrogans Sejroe Wolffi Leptospira interrogans Sejroe Hardjo Leptospira kirschneri Grippotyphosa Grippotyphosa Leptospira santarosai Bataviae Bataviae A single shot of the vaccine was used, since Close to parturition, the ewes were grouped the property already had the habit of immunizing the according to the date of breeding, in straw bed pens. animals for leptospirosis every six months, starting Parturitions occurred naturally, and there was not at the age of three months, with a booster thirty days any dystocia or disturbance. after the first shot. Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 36, n. 5, p. 1715-1725, Sept./Oct. 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v36n5a2020-47708 1717 Evaluation of response… CUCCATO, L. P.et al. The newborn lambs stayed with their blood sampling was conducted at days 7, 14, 21, 28, mothers, and the colostrum ingestion occurred 35, 42 and 49 after vaccinations. naturally and spontaneously during 21 days after The lambs’ blood collection was performed birth, which was the period in which this study was between 24 and 48 hours after birth, and then, after held. All lambs received identification tags right 10 and 21 days. 3 mL of blood were collected by after birth, and had their navels cleaned with 5% venipuncture of the jugular vein with syringes and iodine solution, twice a day, until fully healed. 25x7mm needles. Thirty-two lambs were born during this Samples were then sent to the Infectious study, being 16 males and 16 females. Sixteen out Diseases Laboratory, Federal University of of 32 lambs were born to singleton-bearing ewes, Uberlândia, School of Veterinary Medicine. The while 16 were born to multiple-bearing ewes. Thus, tubes were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm (revolutions per lambs were placed into two groups: Group
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