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Extended Harmonies Types of Tertial Chords: Triads and Seventh Chords

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music theory for musicians and normal people by toby w. rush so far, we’ve talked about two Extended Harmonies types of tertial chords: triads and seventh chords. remember, tertial chords are chords constructed by stacking major and minor thirds! now, there are four types of triads bbw bw w #w and eight types of seventh chords, diminishedw triad minorw triad majorw triad augmentedw triad even though common practice period composers only used five of them. ∫w bw bw w b # bb w bb w b w bw w w #w # w diminished diminishedw diminishedw minor minorw minor minorw major majorw minor majorw major augmentedw major augmentedw augmented seventh chord seventh chord seventh chord seventh chord seventh chord seventh chord seventh chord seventh chord so that makes for twelve chord types so far... but what if we keep going? what other chord types can we make by stacking major and minor thirds? tertial chords with five, six and seven notes are called ninth chords, eleventh chords and thirteenth chords respectively. suddenly the possibilities increase from twelve... ...to 124! ∫w bw bw w bw w w #w bw w w #w w #w #w ‹ w b∫thew bb w b bw commonb w bw w w b w bw w w #w # w ## w ## diminished bdiminishedw diminishedb diminishedw gooddiminishedb minorw minor news:diminishedb minorw major minorb minorw minor minorb minorw major minorb majorw major minorbw major major minorw minor major minorw major major majorw major majorw major augmentedw augmentedw major augmented augmentedw augmented augmented diminishedw minorw ninth chordw ninth chordw ninthw chord ninthw chord ninthw chord augmentew d ninth wchord ninthw chord ninthw chord augmentedw majorw major augmentedw augmentedw doubly-augmented ninth chord ninthpractice chord period composers ninth chord ninth chord ninth chord # ninth chord ˙ ninth chord ninth chord only used these “extended ˙ harmonies” as diatonic & ˙ ∫∫w chords∫bw bbw on thebw dominant.bbw bw w #w bbw bw w #w w #w ˙ ##w #‹w bw ∫ bw ∫ bw b∫ w b bw bb w b bw bbw b w b w b#w ˙ b w w w ˙13 w w diminishedb diminishedw diminishedb diminishedw diminishedb diminishedw diminishedb diminishedw diminishedb w minor diminishedbw minor diminishedb w minor diminishedb w minor minor minorbw minor minorb minorw minor minorb minorw major ˙minor bminorw major minorb majorw major minorb majorw major minorb majorw minorb wmajor diminished diminished diminished minor diminishedw minor perfectw minor diminishedw minor perfectw major perfectw major augmentedw diminishedw perfectw perfectw augmentedw perfect G:augmented V augmented augmented augmented w w eleventh chord eleventhw chord eleventhw chord eleventhw chord doubly-augmentedw doubly-diminished eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord ˙ eleventh chord & ˙ # ˙ G: V11 bw bw w #wthese ware the#w #w ‹w w˙ #w ##w #‹w #w ‹w ‹w # w b wseriously:bw b w w w only# w # w #w˙ #w #w #w ###w ###w #‹#w #‹ major minorw minor major minorw minor major wminor major major minorw major major majorw major major majorw major majorw major major&w major augmentedw major augmentedw major augmentedw major augmentedw major augmented augmentedw augmented augmentedw augmented augmentedw augmented augmented diminishedw perfectw extendedperfectw augmentedharmoniesw perfect usedaugmented byaugmented augmented augmented majorw perfect˙ major waugmented augmented waugmented augmentedw augmented augmented augmented doubly-augmented doubly-augmented eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventhw chord eleventhw chord eleventhw chord doubly-augmentedw eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chordwhatdoubly-augmented about aeleventh fifteenth wchord doubly-augmentedw chord?doubly-augmentedw triply-augmented eleventh chord ˙9 eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord eleventh chord common practice period composers. G: V try it: if you add another third 11 13 in fact, the v and v weren’t used on top of a thirteenth, you b∫w ∫muchw before∫w bthew romantic∫w bw era.bw w ∫w bw bw are wjust doublingbw thew root.w # w ∫∫ w ∫b w ∫b w bb w bb w b w bw bb w bb w b w so tertialbw harmonyw stopsw at#w 13! # ∫w b∫w b∫w b∫w b∫w b∫w b ∫w b∫ w b bw bbw b bw bb w bbw b bw bbw bb diminished diminishedw diminishedb diminishedw diminishedb diminishedw diminishedb diminishedw diminishedb diminishedw diminishedb diminishedw diminishedb diminishedw diminishedb diminishedw diminishedb MINORw MINOR diminishedb wMINOR MINOR diminishedb MINORw MINOR diminishedb MINORw MINOR diminishedb MINORw MAJOR diminishedb MINORw MAJOR diminishedb MINORw MAJOR diminishedb MINOR MAJOR diminished w diminishedw diminished diminishedw diminished diminishedw minor diminishedw minor diminishedw minor minor perfectw minor minor perfectw MAJOR DIMINISHED DIMINISHEDw DIMINISHEDw MINOR PERFECTw MINOR PERFECTw MAJOR PERFECT MINOR PERFECT MAJOR AUGMENTED MAJOR AUGMENTED AUGMENTED thirteenthw chord thirteenthw chord thirteenthw chord thirteenth chord doubly-diminished doubly-diminished diminished minor diminished thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord doubly-diminished diminished thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord ∫w bnow,w whenbw we wput thesebw chordsw intow #w bw w finally,w the#w ninth,w eleventh#w #orw ‹ w bb w b w bw w we’vew got #aw # w w w #w # w of the##w chord## w is what#‹ w #‹ bw bfour-partw bw harmony,b w bw bw b w bw w w thirteenthw w w w w MINOR MINORw MINOR MINORb MINORw MINOR MINORb MINORw MINOR MINORb MINORw MINOR MINORb MINORw MAJOR MINORb MINORw MAJOR MINOR bMINORw MAJOR MINORb MINORw MAJOR MINORb MAJORw MINOR MINORb MAJORw MAJOR MINORb MAJORw MAJOR MINOR MAJORbw MAJOR MINOR MAJORbw AUGMENTED MINOR MAJORbw AUGMENTED MINOR MAJORbw AUGMENTED MINOR MAJORb AUGMENTED DIMINISHED DIMINISHEDw DIMINISHEDproblem:w MINOR PERFECTw MINOR theyPERFECTw MAJORall havePERFECT MINOR morePERFECT MAJOR thanAUGMENTED MAJOR AUGMENTED AUGMENTED PERFECTw MINOR PERFECTw MAJOR AUGMENTEDdefinesw MAJOR AUGMENTED w AUGMENTEDit asAUGMENTED a MAJORninth,AUGMENTED AUGMENTEDeleventhDOUBLY-AUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED thirteenthw chord thirteenthw chord thirteenthw chord thirteenthw chord thirteenthw chord thirteenthw chord AUGMENTEDw DOUBLY-AUGMENTED thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord THIRTEENTH CHORD thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord four notes. So we have to make or thirteenth chord. thirteenth ∫w bthew toughbw call:w whichbw onesw do w #w bw w w #w w #w #w ‹ w bb wew cutb wfrom bthew team?w w #w # w w w #w so how# w do #youw put# wthese‹ win ‹# bw bw bw b w bw bw b w bw w w w w # w # w # w MAJOR MINORw MINOR MAJOR MINORw MINOR MAJOR MINORw MINOR MAJOR MINORw MINOR MAJOR MINORw MAJOR MAJOR wMINOR MAJOR MAJOR MINORw MAJOR MAJOR MINORw MAJOR MAJOR MAJORw MAJOR MAJOR MAJORw MAJOR MAJOR MAJORw MAJOR MAJOR MAJORw MAJOR MAJOR MAJORw AUGMENTED MAJOR MAJOR wAUGMENTED MAJOR MAJOR wAUGMENTED MAJOR MAJOR AUGMENTED DIMINISHED DIMINISHEDw DIMINISHEDw MINOR PERFECTw MINOR PERFECTw MAJOR PERFECT MINOR PERFECT MAJOR AUGMENTED MAJOR AUGMENTED AUGMENTED PERFECTw MINOR PERFECTw MAJOR AUGMENTEDw MAJOR AUGMENTED wAUGMENTEDfour-partAUGMENTED MAJOR AUGMENTED harmony? AUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED thirteenthw chord thirteenthw chord thirteenthw chord thirteenthw chord thirteenthw chord thirteenthw chord AUGMENTEDw DOUBLY-AUGMENTED thirteenth chord THIRTEENTH CHORD thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord THIRTEENTH CHORD thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord omit the fifth and use only third w wew needw to keep#w the wroot#w #w &‹w w #w #w the‹w ninth,#w eleventh‹w or‹w # w w #w # w #w # w ‹ w ‹ w œ##w ## w #‹ w thirteenth#‹ w ‹‹ w as ‹necessary.‹ w ‹#‹ w ‹#‹ w #becausew #w it defines#w the##w chord.# #w # #w # #w #œ#w ##w ##w ##w ##w ##w ##w # AUGMENTEDw MAJOR MAJOR AUGMENTEDw MAJOR MAJOR AUGMENTEDw MAJOR MAJOR AUGMENTED MAJORw MAJOR AUGMENTEDw MAJOR AUGMENTED MAJORw MAJOR AUGMENTEDw MAJOR AUGMENTEDw MAJOR AUGMENTED AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTED AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTED AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTED AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTED AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTED AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTED AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTED AUGMENTED PERFECTw MINOR PERFECTw MAJOR AUGMENTEDw MAJOR AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTED AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTED AUGMENTED AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTED AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTED AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTEDw AUGMENTEDw DOUBLY-AUGMENTEDw DOUBLY-AUGMENTEDw DOUBLY-AUGMENTEDw DOUBLY-AUGMENTED thirteenth chord THIRTEENTHsimilarly, CHORD thirteenth chord thethirteenth chord isMAJOR whatAUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED MAJOR AUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED TRIPLY-AUGMENTED TRIPLY-AUGMENTED thirdthirteenth chord thirteenth chord AUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED thirteenth chord THIRTEENTH CHORD AUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED AUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED DOUBLY-AUGMENTED TRIPLY-AUGMENTED makes the chord tertial. thirteenth chord thirteenthseventh chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord thirteenth chord oh, and if you’re worried about inversions: stop. ? œ in the common practice the seventh acts as a bridge root to the extended harmony, period, extended harmonies preventing the chord from œ13 are almost always found coming across as two separate C: V in root position. harmonies played at the same time. licensed under a creative commons BY-NC-ND license - visit tobyrush.com for more.
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  • The Thirteenth Amendment: Modern Slavery, Capitalism, and Mass Incarceration Michele Goodwin University of California, Irvine

    The Thirteenth Amendment: Modern Slavery, Capitalism, and Mass Incarceration Michele Goodwin University of California, Irvine

    Cornell Law Review Volume 104 Article 4 Issue 4 May 2019 The Thirteenth Amendment: Modern Slavery, Capitalism, and Mass Incarceration Michele Goodwin University of California, Irvine Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Michele Goodwin, The Thirteenth Amendment: Modern Slavery, Capitalism, and Mass Incarceration, 104 Cornell L. Rev. 899 (2019) Available at: https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol104/iss4/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT: MODERN SLAVERY, CAPITALISM, AND MASS INCARCERATION Michele Goodwint INTRODUCTION ........................................ 900 I. A PRODIGIOUS CYCLE: PRESERVING THE PAST THROUGH THE PRESENT ................................... 909 II. PRESERVATION THROUGH TRANSFORMATION: POLICING, SLAVERY, AND EMANCIPATION........................ 922 A. Conditioned Abolition ....................... 923 B. The Punishment Clause: Slavery's Preservation Through Transformation..................... 928 C. Re-appropriation and Transformation of Black Labor Through Black Codes, Crop Liens, Lifetime Labor, Debt Peonage, and Jim Crow.. 933 1. Black Codes .......................... 935 2. Convict Leasing ........................ 941