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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017 Chronology of Palmerston North’s Military and Defence History 1860 - 1975 Compiled for the Palmerston North City Council By Leanne Hickman MA January 2017 1 | P a g e Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017 1860 - 8 Dec 1868 - A cavalry unit named the Manawatu Cavalry 1889 Volunteers was formed. On the 9 February 1869, the unit changed their name to Lady Bowen's Light Horse. It was formed at a time when the warlike activities of Te Kooti and Titokowaru seemed to threaten the peace of the district, but it only lasted a few years. Lady Bowen's Light Horse Members were drawn mainly from Foxton and lower Rangitikei districts and their activities seem to have been limited to drill manoeuvres along the sand dunes of the coast. The unit was disbanded in 1875. (Source: New Zealand Gazette, 1868, p.628 and 1869, p. 61. Manawatu Standard, 17 April 1968). For a photo showing members of the unit see: Horowhenua Kete http://horowhenua.kete.net.nz/en/site/images/2052-lady-bowens- light-horse-c1870 Manawatu Militia Formed by 1868, a militia unit simply known as the Manawatu Militia. By December 1868, John Keeble was named Captain, John Taylor Dalrymple, Lieutenant and John Knowles, Ensign. Disbanded a few years later when concerns caused by the Land Wars reduced. (Source: New Zealand Gazette, 1868, p. 627 and Clas Chamberlain, Engineers Corps Memorial Centre, Linton Military Camp.) 5 Feb 1879 - Palmerston North Rifles formed. The Palmerston North Palmerston North Rifles, later known as C Company of No. 2 Battalion, Wellington Rifles (West Coast) Rifle Volunteers, was founded in the year 1879, with Mr. G. M. Snelson as its first captain. Mr. James Carroll was afterwards elected captain, and commanded the corps until 1891, when he was succeeded by Captain Hall, who, in his turn, was succeeded by Captain John Mounsey in 1898. Minimum membership numbers were set at 50 and usually had around 60 members. (Source: The Manawatu Times, 5 February 1979 and "The Palmerston North Rifles" in The Cyclopedia of New Zealand, 1908, http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc06Cycl-t1-body1-d3- d24-d1.html) In 1881 the Palmerston North Rifles were represented at Parihaka, under Sergeant James Carroll, and during the South African Boer War many members of the corps served in the war. (Source: "The Palmerston North Rifles", in The Cyclopedia of New Zealand, 1908, http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei- Cyc06Cycl-t1-body1-d3-d24-d1.html 2 | P a g e Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017 1890 - By 1890 a Drill Hall for the Palmerston North Rifles was erected at 1905 70 Main St, between Princess St and Victoria Ave. Drill Hall A Rifle Range at Hokowhitu was also in use on land leased by Thomas Eyton from F Snow and Co. The location of where the Rifle Range was, is now on the Manawatu Golf Club's 15th Fairway. Hokowhitu Rifle Range (Source: O'Neill, "The Rifle Range", in Hokowhitu: The Story of Settlement and Development). c. 1891 – The Manawatu Mounted Rifles formed as a volunteer Manawatu cavalry unit. Their captain was Major Charles Dunk, who became Mounted Rifles mayor of Palmerston North in 1902. c.1891 - "A national gathering of Volunteers at Palmerston North in Military 1891 attracted around 1200 soldiers. Waldegrave's paddock off Volunteers Bourke Street was criticised as too small and arrangements for the arrival and departure of the men as 'bad in the extreme'" (Source: Cooke and Crawford, The Territorials, p.93) 11 Oct 1899 – Boer War begins and local men volunteer to Boer War participate, including members of the Palmerston North Rifles and the Manawatu Mounted Rifles. 30 Oct 1900 - According to the Manawatu Standard, a new infantry corps was approved by the Palmerston North Borough Council and Palmerston North named the Palmerston North Guards. The corps would have a Guards maximum membership of 60 and a minimum of 40, including three commissioned officers. 12 Feb 1901 -The Imperial Representative Corps arrived in Palmerston North and paraded in the Square with the Manawatu Mounted Rifles and the Palmerston North Rifles. The parade Imperial Rep concluded at the Showgrounds where military displays took place. Corps Visit An estimated crowd of 12 000 observed the parade. This event was part of a tour of New Zealand and Australia to celebrate the war in South Africa and the inauguration of the Commonwealth. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 12 February 1901) 1903 - The Manawatu Rifle Range was taken by a proclamation of Parliament for the Defence Department for the use by the Rifle Range Manawatu Mounted Rifles, the Palmerston North Guards and the Palmerston North Rifles. (Source: O'Neill, "The Rifle Range", in Hokowhitu: The Story of Settlement and Development). 3 | P a g e Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017 1906 - 9 Nov 1906 - Palmerston North celebrated the King's birthday with 1910 the inaugural Military Tournament at the showgrounds. During the Military 1907, tournament the activities included an artillery display by D- Battery and the Manawatu Mounted Rifles gave an exhibition of Tournament lance exercises, which was the first of its kind. Military tournaments continued to be an annual event in Palmerston North on this date until the King's death in 1910. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 9 November 1906 and 1907). 8 Jun 1908 - Victoria Cross winner Edward McKenna died in Edward McKenna Palmerston North. McKenna won the Victoria Cross for gallant VC conduct at the engagement near Cameron Town during the Waikato Wars on the 7th September 1863. He was one of ten recipients of the Victoria Cross during the New Zealand Wars. McKenna was a colour-sergeant in the 65th Regiment on Foot (later the 1st Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment). When his regiment was recalled to Britain, he chose to stay in New Zealand and sold his commission. He later became a Station Master at various railways, including at the Palmerston North Railway in the 1880s. He later retired to Palmerston North. He is buried in the Terrace End cemetery, Palmerston North. His Victoria Cross, gun and uniform is held at the Auckland War Memorial Museum. For a recount of the military action which resulted in the Victoria Cross see: http: "Edward McKenna", Online Cenotaph, //www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online- cenotaph/record/C36622 and "Ensign Edward McKenna, Manawatu Heritage, https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/5cc4f4d8- 6381-4415-9fc3-eabe301288bd. Also for a tribute to him see: Manawatu Times, 9 June 1908. 30 Jul 1908 - The Manawatu Mounted Rifle's Orderly Room and Manawatu Mounted Rifle's ordinance Store opened in Berryman's Lane off Princess Street. The Orderly Room foundation stone is still visible today. Later became Manawatu Scottish Association building. 4 | P a g e Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017 1910 - 28 Feb 1910 - The Last Volunteer Smoke Concert was held at the 1913 Empire Hall in Palmerston North to mark the end of the volunteer system in New Zealand. All members of the Manawatu Mounted End of volunteer Rifles, Palmerston North Guards and Palmerston North Rifles system paraded. (Source: "The Last Volunteer Smoke Concert", No.23, War Effort Folder, A175/445/1, Ian Matheson City Archives.) 1 Jan 1911 - Boer War veteran, Edward Chaytor was promoted to Edward Chaytor the rank of temporary colonel and appointed commander of the Wellington Military District for its new headquarters soon to be opened in Palmerston North. Chaytor had been working in Wellington as a director of military training and education. He was appointed adjutant general in July 1914. Chaytor Street is named after him. For more information on Edward Chaytor see: "Edward Walter Clervaux Chaytor", http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3c13/chaytor-edward- walter-clervaux. 3 Jan 1911 - A large Naval and Military Tournament took place at the Palmerston North showgrounds with crowds numbering 7000 to Military 8000. Along with the New Zealand forces a troop of Tasmanian Tournament Field Artillery participated in the event. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 3 January 1911). For images of the tournament see: "Territorials at Play" in Auckland Weekly News, 12 January 1911 at Heritage Images, http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw- wpd/HeritageImages/index.htm 3 Mar 1911 - The Wellington Military District Headquarters moved to Palmerston North. Palmerston North was thought to be more Wellington Military District centrally located with good railway connections. Unlike Wellington Headquarters in it wasn't prone to coastal enemy attack. It was the headquarters for Palmerston North the four Military Districts of Wellington, Manawatu, Taranaki and Hawkes Bay. From 1911 - 1915, the headquarters was located on Rangitikei Street on the left from the Square near the corner of Cuba Street (Possibly 51-65 Rangitikei Street, where Rebel Sport and/or Crombie Lockwood is now?). From 1915, the headquarters was located at 70 Main Street. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 3 March 1911 and Hawera and Normanby Star, 9 March 1911; and "Wise's Directory 1912" in O'Neill, Mathers Papers, Rangitikei Street; and Chas Chamberlain, Linton Army Camp Engineers Museum). 5 | P a g e Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017 1910 - 17 Mar 1911 - The Manawatu Mounted Rifles were grouped into a 1913 cont. Brigade and became the 6th Manawatu Mounted Rifles, as part of the new Territorial Force. They were mobilised during the First Manawatu World War as a squadron of the Wellington Mounted Rifle Mounted Rifles regiment.