Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
Chronology of Palmerston North’s
Military and Defence History
1860 - 1975
Compiled for the Palmerston North City Council By Leanne Hickman MA January 2017
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1860 - 8 Dec 1868 - A cavalry unit named the Manawatu Cavalry 1889 Volunteers was formed. On the 9 February 1869, the unit changed their name to Lady Bowen's Light Horse. It was formed at a time when the warlike activities of Te Kooti and Titokowaru seemed to threaten the peace of the district, but it only lasted a few years. Lady Bowen's Light Horse Members were drawn mainly from Foxton and lower Rangitikei districts and their activities seem to have been limited to drill manoeuvres along the sand dunes of the coast. The unit was disbanded in 1875.
(Source: New Zealand Gazette, 1868, p.628 and 1869, p. 61. Manawatu Standard, 17 April 1968).
For a photo showing members of the unit see: Horowhenua Kete http://horowhenua.kete.net.nz/en/site/images/2052-lady-bowens- light-horse-c1870
Manawatu Militia Formed by 1868, a militia unit simply known as the Manawatu Militia. By December 1868, John Keeble was named Captain, John
Taylor Dalrymple, Lieutenant and John Knowles, Ensign. Disbanded a few years later when concerns caused by the Land Wars reduced.
(Source: New Zealand Gazette, 1868, p. 627 and Clas Chamberlain, Engineers Corps Memorial Centre, Linton Military Camp.)
5 Feb 1879 - Palmerston North Rifles formed. The Palmerston North Palmerston North Rifles, later known as C Company of No. 2 Battalion, Wellington Rifles (West Coast) Rifle Volunteers, was founded in the year 1879, with Mr. G. M. Snelson as its first captain. Mr. James Carroll was afterwards elected captain, and commanded the corps until 1891, when he was succeeded by Captain Hall, who, in his turn, was succeeded by Captain John Mounsey in 1898. Minimum membership numbers were set at 50 and usually had around 60 members. (Source: The Manawatu Times, 5 February 1979 and "The Palmerston North Rifles" in The Cyclopedia of New Zealand, 1908, http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc06Cycl-t1-body1-d3- d24-d1.html)
In 1881 the Palmerston North Rifles were represented at Parihaka, under Sergeant James Carroll, and during the South African Boer War many members of the corps served in the war. (Source: "The Palmerston North Rifles", in The Cyclopedia of New Zealand, 1908, http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei- Cyc06Cycl-t1-body1-d3-d24-d1.html
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1890 - By 1890 a Drill Hall for the Palmerston North Rifles was erected at 1905 70 Main St, between Princess St and Victoria Ave. Drill Hall A Rifle Range at Hokowhitu was also in use on land leased by Thomas Eyton from F Snow and Co. The location of where the Rifle Range was, is now on the Manawatu Golf Club's 15th Fairway. Hokowhitu Rifle Range (Source: O'Neill, "The Rifle Range", in Hokowhitu: The Story of Settlement and Development).
c. 1891 – The Manawatu Mounted Rifles formed as a volunteer Manawatu cavalry unit. Their captain was Major Charles Dunk, who became Mounted Rifles mayor of Palmerston North in 1902.
c.1891 - "A national gathering of Volunteers at Palmerston North in Military 1891 attracted around 1200 soldiers. Waldegrave's paddock off Volunteers Bourke Street was criticised as too small and arrangements for the arrival and departure of the men as 'bad in the extreme'" (Source: Cooke and Crawford, The Territorials, p.93)
11 Oct 1899 – Boer War begins and local men volunteer to Boer War participate, including members of the Palmerston North Rifles and the Manawatu Mounted Rifles.
30 Oct 1900 - According to the Manawatu Standard, a new infantry corps was approved by the Palmerston North Borough Council and Palmerston North named the Palmerston North Guards. The corps would have a Guards maximum membership of 60 and a minimum of 40, including three commissioned officers.
12 Feb 1901 -The Imperial Representative Corps arrived in
Palmerston North and paraded in the Square with the Manawatu Mounted Rifles and the Palmerston North Rifles. The parade Imperial Rep concluded at the Showgrounds where military displays took place. Corps Visit An estimated crowd of 12 000 observed the parade. This event was part of a tour of New Zealand and Australia to celebrate the war in South Africa and the inauguration of the Commonwealth. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 12 February 1901) 1903 - The Manawatu Rifle Range was taken by a proclamation of Parliament for the Defence Department for the use by the Rifle Range Manawatu Mounted Rifles, the Palmerston North Guards and the Palmerston North Rifles.
(Source: O'Neill, "The Rifle Range", in Hokowhitu: The Story of
Settlement and Development).
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1906 - 9 Nov 1906 - Palmerston North celebrated the King's birthday with 1910 the inaugural Military Tournament at the showgrounds. During the Military 1907, tournament the activities included an artillery display by D- Battery and the Manawatu Mounted Rifles gave an exhibition of Tournament lance exercises, which was the first of its kind. Military tournaments continued to be an annual event in Palmerston North on this date until the King's death in 1910. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 9 November 1906 and 1907).
8 Jun 1908 - Victoria Cross winner Edward McKenna died in Edward McKenna Palmerston North. McKenna won the Victoria Cross for gallant VC conduct at the engagement near Cameron Town during the Waikato Wars on the 7th September 1863. He was one of ten recipients of the Victoria Cross during the New Zealand Wars. McKenna was a colour-sergeant in the 65th Regiment on Foot (later the 1st Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment). When his regiment was recalled to Britain, he chose to stay in New Zealand and sold his commission. He later became a Station Master at various railways, including at the Palmerston North Railway in the 1880s. He later retired to Palmerston North. He is buried in the Terrace End cemetery, Palmerston North. His Victoria Cross, gun and uniform is held at the Auckland War Memorial Museum.
For a recount of the military action which resulted in the Victoria Cross see: http: "Edward McKenna", Online Cenotaph, //www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online- cenotaph/record/C36622 and "Ensign Edward McKenna, Manawatu Heritage, https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/5cc4f4d8- 6381-4415-9fc3-eabe301288bd. Also for a tribute to him see: Manawatu Times, 9 June 1908.
30 Jul 1908 - The Manawatu Mounted Rifle's Orderly Room and Manawatu Mounted Rifle's ordinance Store opened in Berryman's Lane off Princess Street. The Orderly Room foundation stone is still visible today. Later became Manawatu Scottish Association building.
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1910 - 28 Feb 1910 - The Last Volunteer Smoke Concert was held at the 1913 Empire Hall in Palmerston North to mark the end of the volunteer system in New Zealand. All members of the Manawatu Mounted End of volunteer Rifles, Palmerston North Guards and Palmerston North Rifles system paraded.
(Source: "The Last Volunteer Smoke Concert", No.23, War Effort Folder, A175/445/1, Ian Matheson City Archives.)
1 Jan 1911 - Boer War veteran, Edward Chaytor was promoted to Edward Chaytor the rank of temporary colonel and appointed commander of the Wellington Military District for its new headquarters soon to be opened in Palmerston North. Chaytor had been working in Wellington as a director of military training and education. He was appointed adjutant general in July 1914. Chaytor Street is named after him. For more information on Edward Chaytor see: "Edward Walter Clervaux Chaytor", http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3c13/chaytor-edward- walter-clervaux. 3 Jan 1911 - A large Naval and Military Tournament took place at the Palmerston North showgrounds with crowds numbering 7000 to Military 8000. Along with the New Zealand forces a troop of Tasmanian Tournament Field Artillery participated in the event. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 3 January 1911). For images of the tournament see: "Territorials at Play" in Auckland Weekly News, 12 January 1911 at Heritage Images, http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw- wpd/HeritageImages/index.htm
3 Mar 1911 - The Wellington Military District Headquarters moved to Palmerston North. Palmerston North was thought to be more Wellington Military District centrally located with good railway connections. Unlike Wellington Headquarters in it wasn't prone to coastal enemy attack. It was the headquarters for Palmerston North the four Military Districts of Wellington, Manawatu, Taranaki and Hawkes Bay. From 1911 - 1915, the headquarters was located on Rangitikei Street on the left from the Square near the corner of Cuba Street (Possibly 51-65 Rangitikei Street, where Rebel Sport and/or Crombie Lockwood is now?). From 1915, the headquarters was located at 70 Main Street.
(Source: Manawatu Standard, 3 March 1911 and Hawera and
Normanby Star, 9 March 1911; and "Wise's Directory 1912" in O'Neill, Mathers Papers, Rangitikei Street; and Chas Chamberlain, Linton Army Camp Engineers Museum).
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1910 - 17 Mar 1911 - The Manawatu Mounted Rifles were grouped into a 1913 cont. Brigade and became the 6th Manawatu Mounted Rifles, as part of the new Territorial Force. They were mobilised during the First Manawatu World War as a squadron of the Wellington Mounted Rifle Mounted Rifles regiment.
(Source: New Zealand Gazette, Vol I, 1911, p. 1359, and '6th (Manawatu) Mounted Rifles', New Zealand History, https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/6th-manawatu-mounted- rifles).
7 Aug 1911 - A week-long Officers' Camp began at the A&P A&P Showgrounds Showgrounds. About 400 officers from around the Wellington Military District attended the camp which was in the command of Colonel Edward Chaytor. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 7 August 1911) For images of the camp see: "Training the Dominions Defenders"" in Auckland Weekly News, 24 August 1911 at Heritage Images, http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw- wpd/HeritageImages/index.htm
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1914 c. 1914 - Lt. Herman Wollerman shipped out to Samoa to work as a censor with the rest of the New Zealand troops. Wollerman was Herman born in New Zealand to German parents. His father was a Wollerman Palmerston North Borough councillor. Lt. Wollerman was continually under suspicion of having German sympathies by the military establishment back in New Zealand, none of which were substantiated. Also, other soldiers were regularly promoted ahead of him "in view of his nationality". After the war Wollerman settled in Palmerston North and later opened a petrol station on
Fitzherbert Ave that operated until 1948. He was a well-known and popular figure in Palmerston North.
(Source: Glasgow, "It's all in the Name"; also "Gallery - NZ Troops in Samoa", Window into World War One, http://ww1.pncc.govt.nz/blog/2015/8/23/gallery-nz-troops-in- samoa).
25 Apr 1914 - According to the source article, a soldier named Private Albert Charles Cowdrey from Halcome was the first to die at Albert Charles Gallipoli on Baby 700, the hill that led up to the ridge called Cowdrey Battleship Hill. (Source: Winchcombe, "Private Albert Charles Cowdrey – the first to die on Gallipoli" in New Zealand Communication Trench, http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/attachments/article/4055 /New_Zealend_Newsletter_Feb_2013.pdf
11 Aug 1914 - Elizabeth Lily Nash, the wife of Palmerston North Elizabeth Lily Nash Mayor James Nash, organised the women's fundraising committee of the Patriotic Society. This was in response to a telegram Mrs. Nash received from the Countess of Liverpool asking for funds to be raised in connection with the offer of military volunteers from the
Wellington district. Mrs. Nash continued to lead the women's fundraising committee of the Patriotic Society throughout World War Two. Later in 1918, she oversaw the first aid depot at the Opera House during the influenza epidemic. Mrs Nash was the first resident of Palmerston North to receive a MBE for community service during the war. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 7 and 11 August 1914; and "Millenium Review: 1910-1919" Manawatu Standard, March 1999).
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1914 - 13 Aug 1914 – The Awapuni Racecourse was leased by the cont. Wellington Military District authorities and became a temporary Awapuni military training ground. It began receiving men from the East Racecourse Coast, Taranaki, Hawkes Bay Wairarapa, Manawatu and Wellington. By the 25th August, 81 officers and 2680 men were based there. (Source - Shoebridge, "Manawatu's First World War Camps, 1914- 1919") For images of the camp at this time see: Auckland Weekly News, 27 August 1914, 3 and 10 September 1914, 1914 at Heritage Images, http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw- wpd/HeritageImages/index.htm,
Aug 1914 - A&P Showgrounds used as a remount depot and then A&P Showgrounds used at regular intervals as a stop-over for men going to other various camps.
25 Aug 1914 - Nineteen-year-old Gunner Ludolph Edwin Wynn West
died of pneumonia in Awapuni Camp, just three days after war was Ludolph Edwin Wynn West declared. He was accorded a full military funeral. On the 25 August 2006, he was officially recognised as New Zealand's first casualty of World War I, at a ceremony at his graveside at Terrace End cemetery. His name was also added to the Roll of Honour and recorded in the Hall of Memories at the National War Memorial in Wellington. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 25 Aug 1914 and Manawatu Standard 25 Aug 2006.) For images of Wynn West's military funeral see: "Death of a volunteer for the Expeditionary Force" " in Auckland Weekly News, 10 September 1914 at Heritage Images, http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw- wpd/HeritageImages/index.htm,
22 Sept 1914 - After six weeks of training, the men at Awapuni Awapuni Racecourse left for Wellington. During the six weeks, 4,198 men Racecourse passed through the camp making it the biggest camp in New Zealand at that time. (Source - Shoebridge, "Manawatu's First World War Camps, 1914- 1919")
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1915 6 Feb 1915 - A column called "Palmerston Doings" began to appear in the Free Lance newspaper. The column was written in the form
of a letter to 'Christabel' and signed 'Awapuni'. The contents of the "Palmerston Doings" column are written in a gossip style and provide a fascinating glimpse into the social history of Palmerston North, including a rare glimpse at the movements of prominent women of the city. Often within the column are details of military events and people in Palmerston North, such as the sinking of the SS Marquette and the movements of Dr. Arthur Martin and his wife. The identity of the author of the column is unknown, however, according to historian Val Burr, a potential candidate is Nelle Scanlan who became a prolific author in the 1930s. She worked at Awapuni Camp in 1914
organising soldiers' records and in 1915 joined the staff of the Manawatu Times first as a reporter and then sub-editor. An article called "The Prosperous City of Beautiful Squares" (Free Lance, 1 Aug 1918) which specifically names "N. Scanlan", has a similar style and describes interesting places around Palmerston North including the Military District Headquarters and the potential new site for the Soldiers' Club.
For further information on Nelle Scanlan see: Moffat "Ellen Margaret (Nelle) Scanlan, Kotare, https://ojs.victoria.ac.nz/kotare/article/viewFile/775/584
New Zealand Army April 1915 – The first fifty New Zealand Army Nursing Service Nursing Service (NZANS) nurses left New Zealand to serve in the war, including (NZANS) Palmerston North nurses Mabel Crook and Ina Bennett. Nurses Crook and Bennett were given a formal farewell at Palmerston North Hospital as described in the Manawatu Standard, 30 March 1915. For an image of the nurses see: "First New Zealand Nurses Leave New Zealand", New Zealand History, https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/first-nzans-nurses-leave- new-zealand) May 1915 – The Manawatu Patriotic Society formed for fundraising Manawatu purposes for the war effort. Naming and role of the society Patriotic Society discussed in Manawatu Times, 25 May 1915.
9 July 1915 - Men from Trentham Camp were sent to temporary Rangiotu Camp camps due to a sickness outbreak caused by overcrowding and poor conditions. One of the camps developed for the purpose was
Rangiotu Camp near Foxton. However, the camp continued to be used as a military camp until May 1916. Men from the 1st and 2nd New Zealand Rifle Brigade were based there, as was the Earl of Liverpool's Own Regiment. The first camp was on the site of the present school but on 14 August it was shifted further west opposite Pyke's Road. It occupied 300 acres and could accommodate up to 2000 men. (Source: Dixon, A History of Rangiotu, Chapter 4).
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1915 cont. 8 Aug 1915 - Private Martin Persson of Palmerston North, became New Zealand's youngest known casualty of Gallipoli. He was 17 years old. "He has a special memorial in the Chunuk Bair cemetery, Martin Persson which means he is known to be buried among the hundreds of unidentified New Zealand dead who rest there". (Source, Manawatu Standard, 18 April 2005.)
23 Oct 1915 - The British transport ship the SS Marquette sank in the Aegean Sea. Among those killed were ten members of the New Zealand Army Nursing Service. Nurse Mabel Elizabeth Jamieson and The Sinking of the SS Marquette Nurse Marion Brown were among those killed. Both had worked at Palmerston North Hospital. Mabel Jamieson is remembered on a
plaque in the Education Centre at Palmerston North Hospital and on the Palmerston North War Memorial. Private Clarence Perrin of Palmerston North also died and three Palmerston North bank clerks were among the Ambulance Corps rescued from the boat. (Source: Free Lance, 12 November 1915.)
6 Oct 1915 - A training camp for the New Zealand Medical Corps Awapuni Racecourse was opened at Awapuni Racecourse. This replaced the haphazard medical training programme previously carried out at Trentham. 350 - 400 army medical personnel were based there at any given time. It was the only location used for training the NZMC and one of the largest camps at the time. (Source - Shoebridge, "Manawatu's First World War Camps, 1914- 1919").
21 Nov 1915 - Memorial service held at the Opera House in Sinking of the SS Palmerston North to commemorate the nurses who died when the Marquette SS Marquette sank. Mayor James A Nash presided.
For a summary of the disaster and the service see: Manawatu
Standard, 22 November 1915.
c. Dec 1915 - Dr. William Reginald Stowe (known as Reginald), a Dr William radiologist from Palmerston North, left New Zealand on the hospital Reginald Stowe ship Marama. Earlier in 1915 he had been working as a Senior Medical Officer for St John Ambulance Brigade, supervising the re- examination of Nursing Sisters. By the 15th September 1916, he was appointed as radiologist at the New Zealand soldiers' hospital at Walton-on-Thames. Dr. Stowe is credited with bringing the first x-ray equipment to Palmerston North in 1903, when he was working in private practice as a general practitioner.
(Source: Manawatu Standard 15 September 1916 and Cindy Lilburn, Te Manawa Museum.)
3 Dec 1915 - Manawatu Times reports that the 3rd and 4th Rangiotu Camp reinforcements of the Earl of Liverpool's Own Regiment arrived at Rangiotu Camp, Foxton. The Regiment numbered about 2000 men. 10 | P a g e
Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1916 31 Mar 1916 - The Hokowhitu Rifle Range was closed following an Hokowhitu Rifle inspection by Captain Wallingford. He noted danger to a house and Range trees across the river where bullets had landed. Wallingford cited: "gun-shy men, who close their eyes and blaze away wildly in any direction ..." This caused controversy and protests by local rifle clubs. It took three years before the rifle range was in use again
with targets reduced to 25 yards and an additional stop bank erected.
(Source: Manawatu Standard, 7 April 1916, Free Lance, 24 November 1916, Manawatu Times, 12 February 1919; and Val Burr ANZAC Park).
25 April 1916 – The Manawatu Patriotic Society arranges the first ANZAC Day ANZAC memorial service in the Square, Palmerston North.
For a full description of the service see: Manawatu Standard, 26 April 1916.
11 May 1916 - About 25 soldiers attended the inaugural meeting of Palmerston North the Returned Servicemen's Association at the ANZAC Clubrooms. RSA Mr. E.S Abraham welcomed the men on behalf of the ANZAC Club Committee and Sapper W.S Patten was unanimously voted the chairperson. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 12 May 1916).
11 June 1916 – Palmerston North held a Memorial Military Parade following the death of Lord Kitchener on 5th June 1916. The parade Death of Lord began at Coleman Place and marched around the Square followed Kitchener by a memorial service which was held at All Saints' Church.
For a full summary of the service see: Manawatu Times, 12 June 1916.
17 Sept 1916 – Prominent senior surgeon from Palmerston North Dr. Arthur hospital, Dr. Arthur Martin, died at the Somme. Author of “A Anderson Martin Surgeon in Khaki”, which details his experiences as a surgeon in combat areas during the First World War. He is credited with advocating the use of radium in cancer surgery and raising support for a radium institute in Palmerston North. During the war, he advocated the practice of immediate surgery, even under fire, during battle situations. Martin Street in Palmerton North is named after him. For a biography on Dr Martin see: "Arthur Anderson Martin", from Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3m45/martin-arthur- anderson. 11 | P a g e ,
Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1917 March 1917 - Imprisoned conscientious objectors began to be Awapuni Camp transferred to Awapuni Camp.
Mark Briggs 22 Mar 1917 - Mark Briggs of Palmerston North was arrested by Military Police and taken to Trentham for objecting to military conscription. He was court marshalled for having "refused a lawful
command" and sentenced to hard labour at Mt Cook Prison in Wellington.
13 Jul 1917 - A group of fourteen conscientious objectors (including Mark Briggs) were sent to France in a forced deportation. These men had consistently rejected all forms of military service and, according to news reports at the time, the deportation was "proof of the Defence Department's commitment to buttressing the conscription system against those trying to find a way around it". The group became known as "The 14" and were subjected to extremely poor treatment. After the war, Mark Briggs owned an auction room and furniture store in the building which now houses Cooee Drycleaners, 262 Cuba Street, Palmerston North.
(Source: Tait, "A Forgotten Hero" and "Conscientious objection and dissent in the First World War", https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/first- world-war/conscientious-objection and "Cooee Drycleaners, 262 Main Street", Palmerston North City Council, http://www.pncc.govt.nz/news-events-and-culture/our- city/heritage-buildings/262-cuba-street-cooee-dry-cleaners/.
30 May 1917- Memorial Baths opened at Campbell Street School (later Central Normal School). 500 people attended the opening Memorial Baths which was officially opened by Fred Pirani, Chairman of the Wanganui Education Board. In July 1919, an Honours Board was erected with 206 names in seven columns.
(Source: Olsen, Communities Remember World War One, p. 17).
YWCA 3 Aug 1917 – YWCA (Young Women’s Christian Association) formed in Palmerston North to help with the war effort.
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1917 cont. 6 Sep 1917 – Leslie Wilton Andrew was awarded the Victoria Cross Leslie Wilton for "gallantry in the face of the enemy" at La Bassee Ville, France, Andrew VC on the 31 July 1917. He was only 20 years old. He also received a Distinguished Service Order for his leadership during World War II. Andrew was born in Ashhurst and grew up in Wanganui. He later retired to Palmerston North where he died on the 8th January 1969. He is buried in the Levin RSA Cemetery and his medals are held at the National Army Museum in Waiouru. Andrew Avenue is named after him.
(Source: "Leslie Wilton Andrew", Online Cenotaph, http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online- cenotaph/record/C36199?n=leslie%20andrew&ordinal=0&from=%2 Fwar-memorial%2Fonline-cenotaph%2Fsearch
13 Oct 1917 - Willard Home officially opened on Fitzherbert Ave. The home had been lobbied for by the Women's Christian Willard Home Temperance Union to be used by the wives and families of the Medical Corp who were training at Awapuni Camp. It allowed the families to stay together until the men left for war. The house was later moved to Russell Street and is now a rest home. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 11 Oct 1917.)
8 Dec 1917 – After two years of fundraising by the Patriotic Society, ANZAC Club the Anzac Club was opened on the corner of George Street and Cuba Street by Prime Minister William Massey. The Club had been temporarily housed at the Opera House and the new site was donated for the purpose by Mr. P.A Mchardy. The Anzac Club was later known as the Soldiers' Club and then the RSA. For a full description of the Club's opening celebrations see: Manawatu Standard, 8 December 1917
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1918 5 Nov 1918 – Influenza Epidemic strikes Palmerston North including Influenza sweeping through the close quarters of the Awapuni Army Camp epidemic and where 60 cases are reported in the Manawatu Herald. This number Awapuni Camp doubled two days later. 9 Nov 1918 - The Manawatu Times reported the first death from influenza in Palmerston North. Private E. H. Barber in the Awapuni Camp died of complications from influenza after first appearing to improve. Overall there were seven deaths from influenza at Awapuni Camp during the epidemic.
1919 23 May 1919 - The Manawatu Standard published a lengthy list of Military Defaulters Military Defaulters of World War I from the Palmerston North District. These men had some civil liberties stripped for 10 years including the right to vote and the ability to hold jobs in government departments (including schools). If the defaulter was overseas, he was not allowed to return to New Zealand for 10 years. Defaulters included those who were deserters, conscientious objectors or those who failed to present themselves for service when told to do so.
Peace 19 Jul 1919 – Peace celebrations marking the end of World War One Celebrations were held, which had been delayed due to the influenza epidemic. Military groups paraded around the Square and speeches were conducted at the showgrounds. All schools were represented with about 800 children in attendance. Overall a crowd of about 7000 packed the showgrounds. Later in the evening there was a fireworks display. For a full account of the celebrations see: Manawatu Standard, 21 July 1919.
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1920 - 14 July 1920 - A memorial wing was opened at Palmerston North 1929 Hospital dedicated to Dr. Arthur Martin. For details of the opening of the wing including tributes to Dr Martin see: Manawatu Standard, 14 July 1920.
3 Mar 1923 - Terrace End School Memorial Baths were opened by Mayor James Nash. WWI Memorials 18 Jul 1924 – Terrace End School Memorial Gates were unveiled commemorating the School’s old boys who died in WWI. The gates were originally the entrance to the Terrace End Memorial Baths.
7 Feb 1926 – War Memorial (Cenotaph) was unveiled in the Square by Prime Minister Gordon Coates after much debate over the location. Funding was raised by the Palmerston North and Districts Soldiers Memorial Fund. The Memorial was re-dedicated in 2005 when several additions were made: six flagpoles, steps leading up to the bronze figure, and plaques listing names of the regions war dead. (Source: Olsen, Communities Remember World War One, p.49)
4 Dec 1929 - Awapuni Memorial was unveild at the Awapuni Racecourse. The memorial was a tribute to the fallen members of the New Zealand Medical Corps. From 2014 the neglected memorial underwent restoration and was unveiled in a special ceremony on 20 October 2016, which included a formal military service. For information on the unveiling ceremony see: Manawatu Standard, 4 December 1929 and 21 October 2016.
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1930 - 1934 - "Bess" the horse died near Flock House. Bess (originally named Zelma) was one of only four horses returned to New 1938 Zealand, out of the more than 10 000 sent overseas during the First "Bess" the horse World War. Bess was allocated to the Wellington Mounted Rifles and served throughout the war in Egypt, Sinai, Palestine and France, with Captain C.G. Powles. After her death, Powles erected a memorial to her at the site of her burial near Flock House, near
Bulls. The private memorial has become a defacto memorial to all New Zealand horses that served during the First World War.
Bulls Museum has a permanent display on Bess and the other
horses.
(Source, "Memorial to Bess the horse", New Zealand History,
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/memorial-bess-horse
Ohakea Ar Force 1937 – Construction on Ohakea Air Force Base begins. Base
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
1939 c. 1939 - A college troop of the Manawatu Mounted Rifles was Manawatu formed at Massey Agricultural College by Brigadier Geoffrey Peren Mounted Rifles from staff and students of the college. As well as being the principal and Geoffrey of the college, Peren was a long-serving serving Territorial mounted Peren rifleman, and he had served with the Canadian artillery in the First World war. The formation of the Manawatu Mounted Rifles meant that rifles, Bren guns and ammunition were stored at the college. (Source: White, "Massey Agricultural College and World War II". and "Geoffrey Sylvester Peren, Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4p8/peren- geoffrey-sylvester )
Rangi Mawhete c. 1939 - Rangiputahatangi (Rangi) Mawhete (also known as William Moffatt) was a prominent Maori politician from Palmerston North. He was the only non-Ratana Maori politician in Parliament. "At the outbreak of the Second World War he participated in discussions to dissuade the government from conscripting Maori. He was subsequently a member of the Maori parliamentary committee that helped establish the Maori War Effort Organisation - a concession by government to Maori requests for a degree of autonomy. The organisation successfully recruited for the forces and local manpower, as well as supporting the war effort through a network
of tribal committees." Mawhete had three sons, all of whom served in World War II. William Moffatt was a Lancaster pilot in the Kings Squadron and was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross. Alan was a distinguished member of the 28th (Maori) Battalion, and Joseph flew fighters over Italy. He also was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross. Joseph was tragically killed in April 1945. Rangi Mawhete was awarded an OBE in 1959, and died in Palmerston
North on 24 July 1961. He is buried in Terrace End Cemetery under his English name, along with his son William who died in 1977.
(Source: Orange, "Mawhete, Rangiputangatahi", http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4m48/mawhete- rangiputangatahi and also see Online Cenotaph for further information on Mawhete's sons. On the 20th (Maori) Battalion website there is a lovely picture of the three sons together.)
Boer War canons Mar 1939 – Two Boer War canons that had been displayed in the Square were removed as part of a beautification project. Probably sold off for scrap metal? However, rumours persist that one is buried somewhere in Palmerston North.
18 Sept 1939 - Ohakea opened officially as an operational RNZAF Station. Its main function was to train observers and air-gunners, Ohakea but for the first few weeks of its existence it also acted as a Recruit Training Depot. (Source: "Wartime RNZAF Timeline", http://www.cambridgeairforce.org.nz/rnzaf%20timeline.htm)
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1939 cont. 20 Oct 1939 - The first course of airmen, pilots, observers, and air- RNZAF Station Levin's Initial gunners passed through the newly opened RNZAF Station Levin's Training School Initial Training School. Later also trained WAAFs. Most airmen passed through this facility for their initial training. Closed in 1942 when it moved to Rotorua. The school was located on Kimberley
Road, Weraroa, Levin.
(Source: "Wings over Cambridge: Wartime RNZAF Stations, Airfields and Depots", http://www.cambridgeairforce.org.nz/RNZAF%20Stations%20North %20Island.htm.)
Ohakea 20 Nov 1939 - An Observers and Air Gunners School was formed at Ohakea, using DH 86 airliners taken from Union Airways. 17 Dec 1939 - First Air Gunners course completed training and embarked for the UK before the end of the year. (Source: Manawatu Times 75th Jubilee Issue, March 1952
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1940 1940 – Milson aerodrome placed under RNZAF control. Milson aerodrome
c.1940 - The Red Cross Transport Service was formed. The Service Red Cross comprised of volunteer women drivers who carried out two main Transport Service roles: as support ambulance drivers for the Hospital Board, and as transport drivers for sick and wounded troops arriving in Palmerston North from overseas. Members were required to pass their heavy traffic license and the normal Red Cross examinations. The unit was disbanded in 1946.
(Source, A Century of Care: Palmerston North Hospital, 1893-1993, p.37). For a recount of the Service from a Palmerston North woman's experience see: "Ambulance Driver" in Edmond, Women in Wartime.
Hokowhitu Rifle Range Jan 1940 - The Hokowhitu Rifle Range was permanantly closed due to safety concerns.
25 Jan 1940 - The 28th (Maori) Battalion was formed as part of the 28th (Maori) 2nd New Zealand Division, the fighting arm of the 2nd New Zealand Battalion Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) during the Second World War. Major George Dittmer was appointed Commanding Officer. On this date the Battalion first assembled at the Palmerston North Showgrounds for military training, which continued for three months. 25 April 1940 – The 28th (Maori) Battalion paraded in Palmerston North for ANZAC day. 2 May 1940 - The 28th (Maori) Battalion marched to Palmerston North Railway Station for embarkation. Huge crowds gathered to farewell the soldiers. 681 men sailed from Wellington with the 2nd Echelon of 2NZEF aboard the famous luxury liner Aquitania. (Source: 28th Maori Battalion, http://www.28maoribattalion.org.nz)
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1940 cont. 12 Aug 1940 - Women's Auxiliary Service Corps formed in Women's Auxillary Palmerston North under the direction of Mrs. J Powell. The role of Service Corps the Corps was to train women for work in war and other emergencies. Over 300 members enrolled for first aid, ambulance work and mechanical running repairs. First Aid classes were
conducted at the Showgrounds. Instructions were also given in sending Morse Code messages and cleaning and handling of rifles.
(Source: Manawatu Standard, 12 August 1940).
Army training in 2 Sept 1940 - F Troop of the 4th Field Battery, New Zealand Artillery, Palmerston North commenced a month's training in Palmerston North under the City command of Captain T.M. Scott of Palmerston North. The troop underwent an intensive and comprehensive period of instruction. It was carried out mostly through the barracks on Main Street (?) and at Milverton Park. Later in the month the troop moved about to the Rifle Range and the Fitzherbert area among other places.
(Source: Manawatu Standard, 2 September 1940.)
6 Nov 1940 - The Manawatu Standard published appeals heard for Appeals for the exemption from military service (from the first ballot?). The exemption from appeals were heard by the No.6 Man-Power Committee, which military service consisted of Mr. T.L Seddon (Chairperson), Mr. W.G Black and Mr. W.C Canton. Many of the appeals had their service deferred until Mar 31st. 7 Nov 1940 - The Manawatu Standard published a lengthy list of men drawn in the second ballot for Territorial service.
By Dec 1940 - the Palmerston North Women's War Service Auxiliary Palmerston North (WWSA) was established and had 30 organisations affiliated. Women's War Service Auxillary Charlotte Warburton was elected Chairperson. The purpose of the (WWSA) organisation was to create a common meeting ground for all women's organisations to avoid repetition of activities. Their headquarters were housed in the Union Bank Building in Coleman Place. In 1946, Charlotte Warburton was awarded an MBE for her wartime services. (Source: Leslie Courtney, Palmerston North Library).
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1941 July 1941 - The United Guild for air raid victims in Britain, operated under the patronage of the Kairanga County Council, combining and United Guild for air raid victims in co-ordinating the efforts of 34 organisations of Manawatu towns and Britain country districts. By 1941, it had forwarded 13,000 garments through the Lady Galway Guild in Wellington as described in the Free Lance 23 July 1941.
(Source: "Display of work done by the United Guild for air raid victims of World War II" Manawatu Heritage, https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/search?q=united%20guild).
Geoffrey Peren 15 Aug 1941 - Brigadier Geoffrey Peren relinquished the command of the B Squadron of the Manawatu Mounted Rifles (Mechanised),
to command the 2nd Infantry Brigade (1941-1942) and was given the temporary rank of colonel. From 1942-1943 he commanded 4 NZ Division. (Source: Auckland Star, 15 August 1941, and Brooking, Massey: Its Early Years, p.69.)
Sept 1941 - Mavis Cooksley of Palmerston North was among 30 Mavis Cooksley women of the Women's War Service Auxiliary to travel to Cairo, and the "Tuis". Egypt as "Tuis" to work at the New Zealand Forces' Club. They were attached to the 2NZEF. Their duties included supervising the canteens, office and reception work, library work and booking and information bureau capacities. Mavis Cooksley's letters of her time in Cairo are held at the Ian Matheson City Archive, Palmerston North.
Caccia Birch House 1 Nov 1941 - Caccia Birch house was used as an accommodation facility for the Directing Staff of the New Zealand Army Staff Training College at Massey Agricultural College. The house could
accommodate 47 staff. To house the Army Staff, the property required extensive improvements to the house and it's neglected grounds. (Source: Coach House Archives, Caccia Birch).
The Army Staff 3 Nov 1941 - The Army Staff Training College officially opened at Training College, Massey Agricultural College by Major General E Puttick with Prime Massey Minister Peter Fraser and the Minister of Defence Hon. F Jones, also Agricultural present. The college was to train up to 200 commanding officers College and the same number of staff officers each year for the Home Defence Forces. The commanding officers course lasted seven weeks and the staff officers course lasted 15 weeks. The Pink Hostel (now McHardy Hall) was constructed specifically for use by the Army College. (Source: Coach House Archives, Caccia Birch and Burr, "Housing NZ's Army Staff College".)
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1941 cont. Dec 1941 – The Polish Army League formed in Palmerston North to send parcels with notes and items such as knitting, to Polish soldiers The Polish Army League overseas during World War II. The League's headquarters were at 447 Albert St. Te Manawa Museum holds 48 items sent to the League from grateful Polish soldiers, who were mostly POW's in hill towns in Italy. The Ian Matheson City Archives also holds material related to the activities of the League.
(Source: Cindy Lilburn, Te Manawa Museum.)
Palmerston North 12 Dec 1941 - Four schools in Palmerston North were closed early Schools for the holidays and the buildings were taken over by Army authorities. Those schools were the newly opened Intermediate School, Central School, College Street School and Russell Street School. There was a promise that the schools would be returned in time for the new school year. The chairman of Lytton St School in Feilding gave permission for the army to use the school for a military camp until January. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 12 December 1941).
13 Dec 1941 - The Army set aside the Intermediate School in Palmerston North, for the Hospital Board to use as a military
hospital.
Manchester Street School in Feilding was taken over by the military authorities and the main buildings of Feilding High School were occupied by troops.
(Source: Manawatu Standard, 13 December 1941).
15 Dec 1941 - The Emergency Precaution Scheme (EPS) was formed Emergency in Palmerston North in response to concerns over the war in the Precaution Pacific following the bombing of Pearl Harbour. Mr. C.V. Day was Scheme appointed controller of the EPS and Mr. D. Niven the deputy- controller. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 15 December 1941).
16 Dec 1941 - Plans to dig trenches and shelters in the city were underway with a survey of the suitable land. The EPS also planned blackouts and mock air raids. The Army used the Sportsground, the 12-acre block at Manawaroa Street and Takaro Park for training from Monday to Friday. (Source Manawatu Standard, 16 December 1941).
29 Dec 1941 - A slit trench was dug at the rear of the parking area opposite the Police Station on Church Street. Following the completion of the first trench a start was made to others on the Church Street and Main Street frontages on the vacant land opposite the Opera House. The trenches followed a zig zag pattern. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 29 December 1941).
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1942 1942 - The year 1942 was a particularly 'black year' for Massey Massey Agricultural College as teaching activities ground to a halt. In that Agricultural year enrolments fell to just 48, compared to 250 in 1940 and 383 in College 1938. However, enrolments began to recover in 1943 with 141 enrolments and were back up to 356 by 1944. (Source: Brooking, Massey: Its Early Years, p.69).
Palmerston North c. 1942 - The large military concentrations in the Palmerston North Hospital and district in 1942 led to the creations of two military hospitals. A Intermediate military block was built at Palmerston North hospital which later School became wards 1-4. (Now where STAR is?) However, even before the new building was complete the Intermediate School had already been commandeered as a military hospital. As well as injured soldiers that were sent from Wellington by train, a major influenza epidemic broke out in 1942. Around 500 people were housed at the Intermediated School and treated there by hospital staff.
(Source: Kellaway, A Century of Care, p.34 and 37).
c. 1942 - A bomb shelter was built in the surrounding bush of Fergusson Hall (also known as Atawhai House and more recently renamed Keiller House) in anticipation of a possible Japanese invasion. Bomb Shelter (Source: Manawatu Standard 6 October 2014).
2 Jan 1942 – Linton Army Camp was developed by the government. This was in reaction to the bombing of Pearl Harbour, which Linton Army Camp brought the war into the Pacific region. The land was taken under Defence Emergency Regulations, as normal purchasing provisions were too slow. (Source: Lauridsen, Linton 1889 - 1989, Chapter 12)
7 Jan 1942 - Recruiting for volunteers for the 18th Battalion Recruiting for National Reserves National Reserve Depots was being conducted at the RSA on George St and at the National Reserve Orderly Room at 40 King St.
(Source: Manawatu Standard, 7 Jan 1942).
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1942 cont. 29 Jan 1942 - The Wanganui Education Board decided to ask the Army to vacate the schools in Palmerston North and Feilding by Saturday next. A strong protest was made by the Board concerning Palmerston North the non-evacuation by the military forces by January 24 as Schools promised.
29 Jan 1942 - A decision was made to re-organise the school system as the Palmerston North Intermediate School was still being used by the Hospital Board. It was decided that the standard classes at College Street School would be transferred to Hokowhitu School and College Street School became the headquarters of the Intermediate School.
(Source: Manawatu Standard: 29 Jan 1942 and Palmerston North Intermediate Normal School, 75th Jubilee, April 2016).
30 Jan 1942 - At a meeting at College Street School, parents protested the Army's continued use of the schools and the Army refused to give a definite date on which they would vacate the schools. The meeting decided to tell the Government that it should erect a hospital building and allow [the Intermediate] school to function normally. However, although other schools were returned by March, the Intermediate School continued to be used as a hospital until the end of the year. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 30 January 1942).
4 Feb 1942 - 3000 - 4000 children in Palmerston North and Feilding were without classrooms for the month of February, as all primary schools were temporarily taken over by army personnel. It was decided that instead of school buildings various centres of activity would be used where organised groups of about 10 children would
report for music, physical education, libraries and reading and making of articles for the soldiers. Halls, rooms and shops were used for the activities. Most schools were returned by March. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 4 February 1942 and Palmerston North Intermediate Normal School 75th Jubilee, April 2016).
21 Feb 1942 – Tents for the 2nd Field Regiment of the RNZA, formed Linton Army Camp first accommodation on the site of Linton Army Camp.
March 1942 - Milson aerodrome opened as an RNZAF Station. Milson Aerodrome
Observation Post 22 May 1942 - The first issue of "The Observation Post" was published in Palmerston North. It was a four-weekly newspaper especially for the 2 Field Regiment of the RNZA.
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1942 cont. May 1942 - No. 6 Sqn Hinds took part in a major exercise called "The Battle of the Milson Line" co-operating with No. 2 Brigade Milson Aerodrome from RNZAF Station Palmerston North.
(Source: "Wings over Cambridge: Wartime RNZAF Stations, Airfields and Depots", http://www.cambridgeairforce.org.nz/RNZAF%20Stations%20North %20Island.htm.)
ANA Club and 18 July 1942 – ANA (Army, Navy, Airforce) Dance Hall opened at 72 Dance Hall George St, Palmerston North. The ANA clubrooms were at 64 Broadway Ave.
By mid-1942 - there were many military camps in and around Palmerston North that supported the home defence divisions. Military Camps in Palmerston North Including: 4th Division Camps Levin Racecourse, Main Road, Feilding (Kimbolton Road)? Golf Links Feilding, Racecourse, Feilding, Aorangi, near Feilding and Brightwater Terrace in Palmerston North. 2nd Infantry Brigade Camps (all Palmerston North) Awatapu, Esplanade, Park Road, Hokowhitu also Johnson Park, Feilding.
The headquarters of the 2nd Infantry Brigade was also in Palmerston North, however the source map does not show specific addresses. Other military camps and sites operating at this time include:
A&P Showgrounds, Army Staff College, Linton Military
Camp, Awapuni Racecourse and Military Camp, Foxton.
(Source: "Principal Defence Works map" in Official War History of the Public Works Department, Volume II).
15 July 1942 - During the First Battle of Alamein, Keith Elliott of the 22nd Battalion was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry in the Keith Elliott VC face of the enemy. Born in Apiti, Elliott spent his early years in Feilding and was a student of Feilding Agricultural High School. After the war, he gifted the school his VC medal which later was loaned to the National Army Museum at Waiouru. Elliott became a priest in 1948 and took up a curate in Palmerston North. He worked in various part of the lower North Island and eventually returned to Raumati. He co-authored a book called From Cowshed to Dogcollar in 1967. He died on 7 October 1989. He is buried in Paraparaumu Cemetery. Elliott Street is named after him.
(Source: Lineham, "Elliott, Keith", Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New
Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/5e3/elliott- keith).
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1942 cont. Oct 1942 - Members of the Intermediate School's committee petitioned the Government for the return of their buildings. Over
the year, with an enrolment of 720 students the Intermediate School had operated under difficult and sometimes trying Palmerston North conditions, using College Street School as its headquarters. It was Schools agreed that the school would be returned for the new year.
(Source: Palmerston North Intermediate Normal School, 75th Jubilee, April 2016).
Summer 1942 - A Radar Training Camp was established on Lockwood Road in Kairanga and was there until 1942. The purpose Radar Training of the camp was to train men, New Zealanders as well as British, in Camp radar and radio communications.
(Source: Mildon: Kairanga: More than One Hundred Years, p.132.)
WREN 7 Dec 1942 - Betty Wilsher from Palmerston North volunteered for the Navy and became a WREN. She joined up on 7 December 1942, one of the first groups to serve. (Source: Cambridge Museum, http://cambridgemuseum.org.nz/Military/ww2/ww2strys.htm.
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1943 1943 - Massey Agricultural College proposed to the Army that Massey Massey conduct short courses for ex-servicemen in areas like Agricultural farming, sheep farming, cheese making, butter making and wool College classes. (Source: Whyte, "Massey Agricultural College and World War II", Massey University Archive.)
31 Jan 1943 – Enemy foreign nationals were temporarily relocated
from an internment camp on Somes (Matiu) Island to a purpose- Internment Camp, built camp three kilometres south of Pahiatua. There were Pahiatua complaints that due to military instillations on Somes Island the internment camp was in breach of the Geneva Convention as it could be a potential military target.
Jan 1943 - Milson aerodrome (operating as a RNZAF station since Milson Aerodrome 1942) was renamed as RNZAF Station Palmerston North. Aug 1943 - The aerial use of the RNZAF Station Palmerston North was disbanded, and only ground radio and radar units remained at the aerodrome. However, there is some suggestion that four or five Tiger Moths of the Air Training Corps Touring Flight were based at Palmerston North from May 1943 to VJ day. (Source: "Wings over Cambridge: Wartime RNZAF Stations, Airfields and Depots", http://www.cambridgeairforce.org.nz/RNZAF%20Stations%20North %20Island.htm.
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1944 10 Jan 1944 - Air Commodore G T Jarman visited and lunched with Milson Aerodrome Air Training Corps cadets at the RNAZF Station Milson, Palmerston North. ATC cadets from all over the North Island spent a week at the special summer camp at Milson, which gave them a taste of life in the RNZAF. (Source: "Air Commodore G T Jarman having lunch with Air Training Corps cadets at the Royal New Zealand Air Force station, Milson", National Library of New Zealand, http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22762522).
31 Mar 1944 - The prospect of invasion had reduced and the Home Home Defence Defence was demobilised and officers were no longer required. The Army vacated Massey University College and Caccia Birch House on the 31st March 1944. The men moved to the showgrounds on Cuba Street. However, the Army remained in charge of security and continued to care for Caccia Birch for some time afterwards.
(Source: Coach House Archives, Caccia Birch and Burr, Housing NZ's Army Staff College).
Massey 6 May 1944 - The first class of farm trainees, under the Agricultural College government's rehabilitation scheme for returned soldiers, had begun at Massey Agricultural College. The course lasted 28 weeks and there were nearly 30 ex-servicemen students.
(Source: Auckland Star, 6 May 1944).
Aug 1944 - Palmerston North soldier Jack Gallichan wrote a weekly Jack Gallichan and the 'Tiki Times' newspaper called The Tiki Times from a German POW camp in Poland. The War Camp R535 in Milowitz, Poland housed about 500 New Zealand POWs. On the 6th August 1945 on his return to Palmerston North, Gallichan gave an interview about his war experiences to the Manawatu Times. He later worked for the Manawatu Standard. Gallichan died in 1984. (Source: "Prisoners of War: The Tiki Times", https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/second-world-war/prisoners-of- war/the-tiki-times, and for images of the newspapers see: "The Tiki Times, the POW Newspaper", https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/the-tiki-times-vol-1.
Sept 1944 – Enemy foreign prisoners returned to the Internment Internment Camp, Pahiatua Camp on Somes Island from the Pahiatua prison camp as the Pahiatua camp was required for Polish refugee children.
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1944 cont. 1 Nov 1944 – 733 Polish refugee children and 102 accompanying staff travelled by train through Palmerston North on their way to the Pahiatua Children’s Camp. Local children stood along the track Polish Refugee and waved to the train. They were greeted by Palmerston North Children, Pahiatua Sisters of the Red Cross and given lunch and flowers. Charlotte Warburton represented the WWSA in the official welcome party. The train stopped in Palmerston North for longer than the planned 20 minutes (stayed up to two hours) due to the large crowd of well- wishers. On the children’s arrival at the Pahiatua Children’s Camp the WWSA prepared a hot meal. Women's groups in Palmerston North provided ongoing support for the Pahiatua Children's Camp. (Source: Scrivens, "The Polish Refugee Children: Allan Hughes, Jan Jarka and the Bond that Remained.")
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1945 1 Jan 1945 - A huge fire swept through the showground's buildings extending from Cuba St along the boundary of the dwellings on the southern side of Waldegrave St. There was a heavy loss of Army A&P Showground ordinance stores. The Army had used the buildings at the Fire showgrounds for storage for several years as part of the military instillations at the showgrounds. According to the Manawatu Standard, 2 January 1945, the estimated cost of the losses was as
high as £1,000,000.
9 May 1945 - The Victory over Europe parade took place in Palmerston North. Church services were held at 10am, followed by VE Parade general celebrations from 11am. The procession marched round The Square to the Band Rotunda. (Source: "Victory in Europe Parade, The Square", Manawatu Heritage, https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/e9a8d7eb- 1ea4-440c-9185-8e232a441a6c
16 Aug 1945 - The Victory over Japan parade took place in Palmerston North. Schools and businesses closed and the parade attracted a big turnout of civilians and defence personnel, a flotilla VJ Parade of 130 vehicles of all kinds, and a huge number of spectators lining the streets. The procession began at the Police Station and went around the Square, led by the Manawatu Scottish Society’s Highland Pipe Band. (Source: "Victory over Japan Celebration Parade, Broadway" Manawatu Heritage, https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/b449bc88-dfe5-418a- b76d-d4b73dd8b1e8)
20 Sept 1945 - At a meeting of the executive of the Palmerston North RSA, there was strong comment regarding the appointment RSA Palmerston of a deputy superintendent of the Fire Brigade who was not a North returned serviceman, when a suitable returned serviceman was available. This followed a recent protest lodged by the association over the appointment of non-servicemen to five other local bodies. The Fire Board was asked to explain.
(Source: Evening Post, 26 Sept 1945)
27 Dec 1945 - The government decided that Linton Military Camp Linton Military would take over the functions of Trentham, which would then be Camp converted to light industrial and residential areas. (Source: Press, 27 Dec 1945).
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1946 - 20 May 1946 - The official opening of the convalescent home based 1949 at Caccia Birch House. The home was for the Sisters of the NZANS, the WAAC and for the WAAFs to convalesce from illness or injury. It Caccia Birch House later also received all trained nurses and trainees from any part of New Zealand, but priority continued to be given to service women. The manager of the home was Matron Alice Mary (Mickey) Fenton. She was a capable and strict manager. Matron Fenton had served as a nurse during the war on the hospital ship Oranje, at the 1st New Zealand General Hospital in the Middle East Force, and the 2nd New Zealand General Hospital in the Central Mediterranean Forces.
(Source: Manawatu Standard, 21 May 1946 & 21 May 1947). For military records of New Zealand nurses see: McNabb, 100 years New Zealand military nursing.
c. 1946 - Jewish refugee Dr. Ludwig (Lewis) Bieder moved to Palmerston North and set up a large local medical practice. After Dr. Ludwig Bieder fleeing Vienna for Brussels, and after being turned down by other countries, he was granted a visa for New Zealand and arrived in the country in 1939. He went on to become a Medical Advisor to Glaxo Laboratories and an honorary lecturer at Massey University. He also set up the first detoxification unit at Palmerston North hospital for drug and alcohol dependency. Oral interviews of his experiences as a refugee are at the National Library of New Zealand. Dr. Bieder's wife, Lois Bieder, wrote a book about their experiences called Beginning Again: The Story of Ludwig Bieder. Tina White also wrote an article about him called "Ghosts
were Relentless", Manawatu Standard, 21 April 2007.
J-Force 8 Mar 1946 - New Zealand forces departed New Zealand for Japan as an occupying force. Many Palmerston North war veterans, and those who had not fought in the war but wanted to, went with this force. However, other soldiers were unhappy that they were going
to Japan rather than home after World War II. New Zealand withdrew from Japan in 1948.
Milson Mar 1947 - "At Milson, Palmerston North, on a property acquired Rehabilitation from the well-known Linklater Estate, a training farm for disabled Farm servicemen is being operated. Although in development stages, some eight trainees are in residence at the moment of writing." (Source: "Rehabilitation Report for Year Ended 31st March 1947", Parliamentary Papers, paperspast.natlib.govt.nz).
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1946-1949 1949 - The Pahiatua Children's camp closed. It was expected that cont. the children would return to Poland at the end of the war, however, when the Soviet dominated Communist regime in Warsaw Pahiatua Children's Camp demanded the return of the children in 1947 and 1948, the New Zealand government refused. Even before these requests, the government formed a Guardianship Council for the Polish children and worked to prepare the children for permanent life in New Zealand. (Source: Roy-Wojciechowski, "Pahiatua Children", Polish Heritage Trust Museum, http://www.polishheritage.co.nz/?page_id=5
According to Val Burr, the building which now houses Jacques Furnishing, 208 Tremaine Avenue, is an ex-military "hutment" possibly from Somes Island Internment Camp, but more likely from the Pahiatua Camp.
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1950-1959 9 May 1950 - After the Compulsory Military Training Act was passed Compulsory in 1949, more than 600 18-year-olds entered Linton Military camp Military Training on this date to begin their first 14 weeks of basic training. The Act was later abolished in 1958. (Source: McGibbon, 'Asian conflicts - Cold War', Te Ara - the Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/video/34512/compulsory-military- training-1950. The webpage features a news reel showing the men arriving at Linton Military Camp).
10 Dec 1950 - A 1056-man embarked from Wellington as part of K- K-Force K-Force (Kayforce) comprising 16th Field Regiment and small ancillary units. From 1950 to 1952, nearly 6000 people served in K- Force, including many from the Manawatu region. Battery Sergeant Wilf Poulton of Woodville wrote K-Force in Korea about his experiences. For more information on New Zealand's involvment in the Korean War see: "Korean War", New Zealand History, https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/korean-war.
19 Oct 1952 – Memorial Park War Memorial obelisk officially unveiled by Sir Howard Kippenberger. Memorial Park 3 Dec 1954 – Memorial Park officially opened as a war memorial for
World War Two, previously known as Fitzroy Park.
c.1956 - Linton Military Camp was given the Freedom of the Borough. An honour which was usually given to regiments, it was Linton Military Camp the first time it was given to a military camp. The Freedom of the Borough allowed them to 'march on ceremonial occasions with bayonets fixed, colours flying, drums beating and bands playing through the streets of the city.' On the 14 October 2015, Linton Military Camp marched in a Charter Parade in Palmerston North to celebrate the event and their connection with the city. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 14 October 2015).
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1960-1969 June 1964 – Te Rau o Te Aroha Maori Battalion Hall in Cuba Street Maori Battalion officially opened by the Governor General Sir Bernard Fergusson. Hall The hall was a memorial to the men of the Maori Battalion who lost their lives in World War II. The Raukawa tribal executive had commissioned John Scott to prepare plans for the centre in 1954. The 14 carved panels on the facade were carved by Kelly Kereama of Feilding. 639 names are inscribed on the 14 brass plates on the interior of the hall.
(Source: "Te Rau Aroha' Maori Battalion Hall / Te Wananga O Aotearoa, Cuba Street", Manawatu Heritage,
https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/741ea9e8-7940- 4acd-871b-03c80621fa70).
15 Jul 1965 - The first New Zealand troops of the 16th Field Vietnam War Regiment arrived in Vietnam and sent back the famous "First Gun Ready" signal back to Wellington after firing the first shot. 50 years later on 15 July 2015, a two-day memorial was held at Linton Army Camp with more than 120 veterans of the 16th Field Regiment. (Source: "Vietnam veterans honoured at Linton 50 years after 'first gun ready' signal", Last Post: First Light, http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/last-post-first- light/70267742/Vietnam-veterans-honoured-at-Linton-50-years- after-first-gun-ready-signal).
1970-1975 30 April 1971 - 2000 people in Palmerston North marched in Vietnam War peaceful protest against the Vietnam War. From 7pm, they Protests marched from the Opera House carpark along Church Street, Princess Street, Broad Street and the Square. Marchers were unusually quiet and many carried lit candles. They arrived at the clock at 7:45 and stayed for half an hour singing and listening to poetry, before quietly dispersing. The march was organised by the Palmerston North Anti-War Mobilisation Committee and coincided with demonstrations around New Zealand. 10 000 protested in Queen Street, Auckland; 6000 in Christchurch and 4000 in Wellington. (Source: Manawatu Standard, 1 May 1971).
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Palmerston North’s Military and Compiled by Leanne Hickman Defence History Project – Jan 2017
Bibliography
Primary Sources Bieder, Lois. 1998. Beginning Again: The Story of Ludwig Bieder. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. Edmond, Lauris. 1986. Women in Wartime: New Zealand Women Tell their Story. Wellington: Government Printing Office. Elliott, Keith. 1968. From Cowshed to Dogcollar . Wellington, NZ: Reed. Martin, Arthur Anderson. 2011. A Surgeon in Khaki: Through France and Flanders in World War I. USA: Univeristy of Nebraska Press. Poulton, Wilfred. 2004. K Force in Korea. Palmerston North: by Author (Stylex Print). The New Zealand gazette. (1857 - 1945). Wellington [N.Z.]: Government Printer. "The 'Tiki Times', POW Newspaper." New Zealand History. Accessed January 2017, 04. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/the-tiki-times-vol-1.
Newspapers All newspapers sourced from paperspast.natib.govt.nz including: Manawatu (Evening) Standard, 1878-1920 Manawatu (Daily) Times, 1883-1923 Manawatu Herald, 1877-1923 For the Manawatu Standard after these dates sourced on microfiche at the Palmerston North City Library.
Archives (Ian Matheson City Archives, Palmerston North) Dr Arthur Martin, File: A175/483 Linton Army Camp, File: A175/84/2 Palmerston North Showgrounds, File: A175/61/9 Wars - General (includes Boer War, World War I, World War II), File: A175/445 and A175/445/1 Warburton Papers, File: A175/264 Warburton, C.E. Papers, Series 1-6
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Secondary Sources 28th Maori Battalion. Accessed January 04, 2017. http://www.28maoribattalion.org.nz/. Bradfield, A.G.S. 1956. Forgotten days : pioneering experiences of the early citizens of Palmerston north and settlers of the Manawatu. Levin: Kerslake, Billens and Humphrey. Burr, Val. 1996. German-ating: The Seeds of Anger, The Great War's Impact on Germans in Manawatu and Rangitikei. BA (Hons) History Research Exercise. Massey University, Palmerston North. Burr, Val. 2014. ANZAC Park. Palmerston North: Written for Palmerston North City Coucil, Not published. Cody, J. F. "28 Maori Batallion." New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. Accessed January 08, 2017. http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Maor-c1.html. "Consiencious Objection and Dissent in the First World War." New Zealand History. November 17. Accessed January 07, 2017. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/first-world- war/conscientious-objection. "Cooee Drycleaners, 262 Main Street." Palmerston North City Council. Accessed February 03, 2017. http://www.pncc.govt.nz/news-events-and-culture/our-city/heritage- buildings/262-cuba-street-cooee-dry-cleaners/. Dixon, Maren. 1983. A History of Rangiotu. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. Doyle, Peter. 2014. Communities Remember World War One: Memorials of the Manawatu District. Feilding: Fisher Print. "Ensign Edward McKenna." Manawatu Heritage. Accessed January 08, 2017. https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/5cc4f4d8-6381-4415-9fc3- eabe301288bd. "Gallery - NZ Troops in Samoa." 2015. Window into WW1. August 24. Accessed January 03, 2017. http://ww1.pncc.govt.nz/blog/2015/8/23/gallery-nz-troops-in-samoa. Glasgow, Heather. 2015. "It's All in the Name: German Heritage in the First World War." Manawatu Journal of History 11 38-39. Grattan, F.G. 1948. Official War History of the Public Works Department Vol I-III. Wellington: Office of the Minister of Works. Haere ake ra: Palmerston North Intermediate Normal School 75th Jubilee, April 2016. Palmerston North: The School. Harper, Glyn. 2015. Johnny Enzed. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle Publishing Ltd. Johnson, Rachel. 2007. Journey into the Past. Palmerston North: R. M. Johnson.
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Kellaway, Jo. 1993. A Century of Care: Palmerston North Hospital 1893-1993. N.S.W: Doubleday. Lauridsen, W J. 1989. Linton 1889-1989: A School and District Centennial History. Palmerston North: W J Lauridsen. Limited, Clyclopedia Company. 1908. "Palmerston North Rifles." The Cyclopedia of New Zealand [Taranaki, Hawke’s Bay & Wellington Provincial Districts]. Accessed January 02, 2017. http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc06Cycl-t1-body1-d3-d24- d1.html. Lineham, Peter. "Elliott, Keith." from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara Encylopedia. . Accessed January 2, 2017 http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/5e3/elliott-keith Mather, Brian. "Martin, Arthur Anderson." from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Enclyclopedia of New Zealand. Accessed January 04 , 2016. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3m45/martin-arthur-anderson. McNabb, Sherayl. 2015. 100 years New Zealand military nursing : New Zealand Army nursing service - Royal New Zealand Nursing Corps, 1915-2015. Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand: Sherayl McNabb. "Memorial to Bess the Horse." New Zealand History. Accessed January 07, 2017. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/memorial-bess-horse. Mildon, Richard. 1989. Kairanga: More than 100 Years. Waikanae: Heritage Press. Moffat, Kristine. n.d. "Ellen Margaret (Nelle) Scanlan, 1882–1968 ." Open Journal Systems at the Victoria University of Wellington Library. Accessed February 04, 2017. https://ojs.victoria.ac.nz/kotare/article/viewFile/775/584. Museum, Auckland War Memorial. "Edward McKenna." Online Cenotaph. Accessed December 17, 2016. http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online- cenotaph/record/C36622 . —. "Leslie Wilton Andrew." Online Cenotaph. Accessed January 2017, 02. http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online- cenotaph/record/C36199?n=leslie%20andrew&ordinal=0&from=%2Fwar- memorial%2Fonline-cenotaph%2Fsearch. McGibbon, Ian. "Asian conflicts - Cold War." Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand,. Accessed February 09, 2017. Ian McGibbon, 'Asian conflicts - Cold Warhttp://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/video/34512/compulsory-military-training-1950 (accessed 9 February 2017). O'Neill, Garry. 2012. Hokowhitu: A Story of Settlement and Development. Palmerston North: Palmerston North Historical Society. —. 2011. Rangitikei Street. Palmerston North: Palmerston North Historical Society.
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Orange, Claudia. "Mawhete, Rangiputangatahi." from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Accessed January 06, 2017. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4m48/mawhete-rangiputangatahi. Pilkington, Dorothy. 2014. "Our Boys - Feilding's First Contingent in the First World War." Manawatu Journal of History 10 42-48. Peren, Roger. n.d. "Peren, Geoffrey Sylvester." from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Accessed 01 18, 2017. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/4p8/peren-geoffrey-sylvester. "Prisoners of War: The Tiki Times." New Zealand History. Accessed January 04, 2017. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/second-world-war/prisoners-of-war/the-tiki-times. Scrivens, Barbara. 2015. "The Polish Refugee Children: Allan Hughes, Jan Jarka and the Bond that Remained." The Manawatu Journal of History 11 43-51. "6th (Manawatu) Mounted Rifles." 2014. New Zealand History. Accessed January 14, 2017. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/6th-manawatu-mounted-rifles, (Ministry for Culture and Heritage). Shoebridge, Tim. 2013. "Manawatu's First World War Camps, 1914-1919." The Manawatu Journal of History 9 11-21. Tate, Margaret. 2008. "A Forgotton Hero." Manawatu Journal of History 4 23-32. "Wartime RNZAF Stations, Airfields and Depots, ." Wings over Cambridge. Accessed December 28, 2016. http://www.cambridgeairforce.org.nz/RNZAF%20Stations%20North%20Island.htm. "Wartime RNZAF Timeline: A Chronology of the RNZAF in World War Two." Wings Over Cambridge. Accessed December 27, 2016. http://www.cambridgeairforce.org.nz/rnzaf%20timeline.htm. White, Gaynor, 1995. "Massey Agricultural College and World War II" in Massey University Archives. Wicksteed, Mike. "Chaytor, Edward Walter Clervaux." from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encylopedia of New Zealand. Accessed January 02, 2017. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3c13/chaytor-edward-walter-clervaux. Winchcombe, Chris. 2013. "Private Albert Charles Cowdrey – the first to die on Gallipoli ." The New Zealand Communication Trench. Accessed February 9, 2017. http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/attachments/article/4055/New_Zealend_ Newsletter_Feb_2013.pdf.
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Source Locations Birch, Nicky, Coach House Archives, Caccia Birch House, Palmerston North. Holds archives relating to the use of the house as a military barracks and a servicewomen’s and nurses convalescent hospital during World War II. Bulls Museum, Bulls. Holds artifacts and information relating to the Manawatu Mounted Rifles, “Bess” the horse and other horses involved in WW1 including the four who returned. Burr, Val, Palmerton North/Horowhenua Historian. Worked on histories of early Scandanavian settlers in Palmerston North, military buildings in Palmerston North, ANZAC Park, ant-German sentiment during the wars, Somes Island Internment Camp etc. Changuion, Louis, Massey University Archives, Massey University, Palmerston North. Holds archives relating to the use of the Massey University buildings during WWII Courtney, Leslie Ian Matheson City Archives and Palmerston North Library, Palmerston North Hollander, Joe and Clas Chamberlain, Engineers Corps Memorial Centre, Linton Military Camp. Holds artifacts and information relating to the history of the Royal New Zealand Engineers throughout various conflicts from the 1800s to today. Lilburn, Cindy, Te Manawa Museum, Palmerston North. Holds artifacts of the Boer War and World War I and II. Also holds oral interviews from participants in the Vietnam War. Tyler, Micky, Medical Museum, Palmerston North Hospital, Palmerston North. Holds artifacts and information relating to doctors and nurses from Palmerston North involved in the various wars. Has a particular display to Dr. Arthur Martin and the Marquette nurses.
Useful Websites “Libraries, Heritage Images”, Auckland Council, http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw- wpd/heritageimages/index.htm. (Keyword: Palmerston North, for historical images of Palmerston North, including military parades, tournaments and camps. Also, casualties of war). “Online Cenotaph”, Auckland War Memorial Museum, http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online-cenotaph “Our City” Palmerston North City Council, http://www.pncc.govt.nz/news-events-and- culture/our-city/. “Poppy Places, Palmerston North New Zealand”, Window into WW1, http://ww1.pncc.govt.nz/poppy-place-project/
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“The Wartime: Royal New Zealand Air Force”, Wings Over Cambridge, http://www.cambridgeairforce.org.nz/Airmen_Wartime_RNZAF.html 28th (Maori) Battalion, http://www.28maoribattalion.org.nz/ Commonwealth War Graves Commission, http://www.cwgc.org/ Horowheua Kete, http://horowhenua.kete.net.nz/en/site Manawatu Heritage, https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/. National Library of New Zealand, http://natlib.govt.nz/ New Zealand Electronic Text Colllection, http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/ New Zealand History, https://nzhistory.govt.nz/ Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.teara.govt.nz/en Window into WW1, http://ww1.pncc.govt.nz/
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