ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi E-ISSN:2717-7238 ISPEC Journal of Agr. Sciences 5(2): 476-491, 2021 5(2): 476-491, 2021 © Telif hakkı ISPEC’e aittir Copyright © ISPEC Araştırma Makalesi Research Article www.ispecjournal.com

Ayçin AKSU ALTUN1a* Determination of The Prevalence and Population Development of Tomato Leafminer [Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) Emine ÇIKMAN2a (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Planting Areas of Sanliurfa Province

1 Abstract GAP Agricultural Research Institute, Department of Plant Health, Sanliurfa This study was carried out to determine the extensity, development

2 of population and the state of damage of tomato leaf miner (Tuta University, Faculty of absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)) in total eight Agriculture, Department of Plant tomato fields located in the villages of Goktepe of Central Protection, Sanliurfa Sanliurfa, Meteler of , Kepirce of , Yalcinkaya of

Ceylanpinar, Ovacik of , Kucuk Yucelen of , Aligor of Suruc and Ciftciler of Viransehir in 2011. To determine the extensity of tomato leaf miner each of the 5 districts in the village 1aORCID: 0000-0002-9425-281X tomato field was checked by observation whether adult or larvae 2aORCID: 0000-0003-4375-5043 found in fields T. absoluta. The result showed that tomato leaf miner was common in all the districts. The highest density of tomato leaf miner adult population quantities were 630, 800, 400, *Corresponding author: 965, 211, 600, 215 and 96 pcs/week in Goktepe of Central Sanliurfa, Meteler of Birecik, Kepirce of Bozova, Yalcinkaya of [email protected] Ceylanpinar, Ovacik of Hilvan, Kucuk Yucelen of Siverek, Aligor of Suruc and Ciftciler of Viransehir, respectively. Tomato leaf miner harmed the fruits, particularly total in 1st and 2nd harvest of DOI tomato (the end of August- the beginning of September) , if https://doi.org/10.46291/ISPECJASv precautions were not taken. Moreover, it was recorded that if the adult population was quite dense in the fields study conducted, ol5iss2pp476-491 there aren’t any undamaged leaves and fruits from T. absoluta.

Alınış (Received): 27/02/2021 Kabul Tarihi (Accepted): 29/03/2021

Keywords Tuta absoluta, tomato, pheromone, population, Sanliurfa

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INTRODUCTION intense. first time in in 2009, the Being a one-year vegetable in the province of Izmir Urla district of T. Solanaceae family, tomato has gained an absoluta detected, especially in the important place in our country and in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions the world due to the existence of different usage population has created greenhouse tomatoes areas (tomato paste, canned, dried tomato, (Kılıç, 2010). Appropriate climatic tomato juice, ketchup, sauce, etc.) and its conditions and the presence of alternative rich nutritional values. is a cultivated plant hosts in the flora of the Mediterranean (Bergougnoux, 2014; Canpolat, 2016; Region make the region suitable for pests Gölükçü et al., 2016). In addition, tomato (Eppo, 2005). Since the pest feeds by fruit's high content of vitamins A, E and C, opening galleries under the leaf epidermis, minerals such as potassium, phenolic its chemical control is quite difficult compounds and vegetable fiber increases (Cabello et al., 2009). In addition, the fact the value of the fruit in terms of health, that it gives off as many as 10-12 per year causes it to have protective properties causes it to develop resistance against some against many diseases and consequently insecticides very quickly (Siqueira et al., increases its consumption (Abak, 2016). It 2001; Lietti et al., 2005). T. absoluta, is estimated that the tomato, whose originating from South America, was first homeland is known as South America, was detected in Peru. It has been detected since first cultivated by the Mexican natives. The 1980 in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, first records of the arrival of tomatoes in Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay Europe were kept in 1554 by Italian and Venezuela (Barrientos et. al., 1998; herbalist Pier Andrea Mattioli (Tigchelaar, Estay, 2000). The pest was only reported in 1986). It took a long time for the tomato, South America and the Easter Islands which is not consumed as a poison, to be before it spread to Europe (Ripa et. al., accepted as a vegetable here and to gain 1995). T. absoluta was first detected in value as a cultivated plant. The records Europe in 2006 in tomatoes grown under regarding the cultivation of tomatoes in greenhouse in Spain. It has been detected in North America date back to 1710 tomatoes in the southern parts of Italy, (Tigchelaar, 1986). In this continent, France, Greece, Portugal, Morocco, Algeria tomatoes were included in the seed catalogs and Tunisia in 2008 and 2009 (Potting, in 1817. Although it has been cultivated 2009). Finally, in southern Germany, later than many other cultivated plants, Cyprus and the tomato greenhouse in today tomato has an indispensable position Romania, Bulgaria (EC Report, 2009), in the cuisine of many countries Turkey (Kılıç, 2010; Erler et. al., 2010), (Anonymous, 2013). pests every year in the Lithuania and the Central Asian countries world and Turkey, crop losses caused by (Bahrain, Kuwait) open its presence in field weeds and pathogens is approximately 35% and greenhouse tomato production has been of total production (Canpolat, 2016; reported (Eppo, 2010). It was first detected Duman, 2016). There are more than 77 pest on tomato plants in Urla, a province of species that can negatively affect tomato Izmir, in the Aegean Region in 2009 for the cultivation in our country, and the leading first time in our country. In the same year, ones are White fly, Leaf Gallery, Red pheromone traps were detected in Spider etc. are the main pests (Uygun et al., Çanakkale and Muğla provinces (Kılıç, 1998). 2010). In the Mediterranean Region, it was Tomato leaf gallery moth, Tuta absoluta detected in a commercial tomato (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) greenhouse in Antalya-Kumluca in January entered our country in 2009 and has become 2010 (Erler et. al., 2010). T. absoluta adult an economically important pest in is approximately 6-7 mm in length, and its provinces where tomato cultivation is wingspan is 10 mm. It has an adult, thread-

477 ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2): 476-491, 2021 shaped antenna. The front wings of the adult epidermis of the leaf. These transparent are silvery-gray-brown scaly with voids then become necrotic, turning brown characteristic black spots on the wings. The and drying. Due to the galleries opened in egg is oval, cream-yellow in color, very the green part of the plant, the plant may dry small, 0.4 mm in length and 0.2 mm in out completely. In the galleries opened on width. Eggs are left under the leaf, mostly the leaf and fruit, the pest's feces in the form on the stem, stem, buds and sepals of of black sawdust can be seen. Especially in immature tomato fruits and open within 4-5 the galleries opened on the leaves, the black days when conditions are suitable. The pest, colored stools in clusters are quite striking. which undergoes four larval stages, is 0.9 It is also possible to see the larvae in the mm tall at the beginning and reaches 8 mm gallery. The pest usually prefers fresh shoot when it adults. After the first period, the tips to flower and new fruit for feeding. It color of the larva turns green and towards can cause damage in every period of tomato the last period, the top of its body appears fruit. Entrance holes under the sepals are pinkish. The adulting larva's head turns quite typical in the immature green tomato brown and the dark-colored thin band in the fruit. When secondary microorganisms prothorax is the most important settle in the galleries opened on the fruit, distinguishing feature of the larva. The rotting can be seen. The economic damage larval period lasts 13-15 days. Completing threshold can prevent 50-100% of tomato the larval stage, the pest usually throws production unless the pest, which has 3 eggs itself into the soil to pupate with the or larvae in 100 plants, is not treated (Eppo, filamentous web it creates. Pupa is about 5- 2009). 45 adults caught in pheromone traps 6 mm in length, while initially greenish in in Brazil, 100 adults in Chile It is indicated color, it turns brown when it becomes adult. as the threshold of struggle. In Colombia, 2 Pupa period lasts 9-11 days. It spends its adult females or 26 larvae per plant are pupal period in the galleries it creates on the accepted as the economic damage threshold leaf or plant, or in the soil in a white cocoon (Desneux et al., 2010). The rapid increase it creates. T. absoluta butterflies hide of the population in the world and in our among the leaves during the day and move country and the inability of agricultural around at night or at dusk. In places with a production to respond to this increase brings Mediterranean climate and a high about insufficient and unbalanced nutrition reproductive capacity, the pest produces 10- problems. At the same time, great 12 offspring per year as long as the importance is attached to studies aimed at conditions are suitable. It completes the life increasing efficiency in agricultural cycle in 28-29 days, depending on production in order to provide suitable and environmental conditions. A female can lay sufficient raw materials for the industrial 250-260 eggs during her lifetime. 73% of sector and to obtain sufficient and quality the eggs are left on the leaves. As long as products for export. Tomato is one of the the larva finds food, it does not diapause. It most important vegetables in the world spends the winter as an egg, pupa or adult. because it is one of the most produced, Low temperature and altitude are important consumed and traded agricultural products, factors that limit the life of the pest. T. is an indispensable product in human absoluta, which is a temperate climate pest, nutrition and has a wide range of uses such cannot grow below 6-9 ºC. It can survive as frozen, canned, tomato paste, ketchup year-round in places with a Mediterranean and pickles in the food industry. Although climate. T. absoluta larvae feed on all parts tomatoes grown in many countries in the of the tomato except the subsoil part. The world, Turkey is one of the major producing larvae hatched into leaves, stalks, shoots countries due to favorable climate and fruits begin to feed. It forms transparent conditions tomato production in Turkey can galleries by feeding between the two be made both in the greenhouse field. 11.85

478 ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2): 476-491, 2021 million tons of Turkey took place as the the total tomato production area and 58% of world's fourth largest supplier of tomatoes the production amount in the GAP Region (Anonymous, 2016). In Turkey, 3.4% of the is located in Sanliurfa, this province is total 23.8 million hectares of agricultural followed by Diyarbakır with 23% land that average 804 thousand hectares are production area and 19% production share. scheduled vegetables. Turkey does not Turkey is also 1774,741 tomato production show a balanced distribution according to area. Within this area, Sanliurfa province the cultivation and production of has the highest production area among the vegetables, especially vegetable production provinces of the GAP Region with 83799 is concentrated in the coastal areas. The da. as the amount of tomato production largest share in cultivation area is in the Turkey, it has 12750.000 tons of Mediterranean and Aegean Regions, production. Among this amount, Sanliurfa followed by the Marmara, Black Sea and is the 1st with 471.148 tons. The aim of this Southeastern Anatolia Regions. study was to determine the prevalence and Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey population growth of the tomato moth from 6% in vegetable production areas in causing damage to the tomato plant in the land that is 546 thousand tons of Sanliurfa province (Anonymous, 2018). vegetables are grown. In the Southeastern MATERIAL and METHODS Anatolia Region, tomato cultivation ranks Material second in the total vegetable amount with The main material of the study; Tomato 26% total vegetable production, 148 production areas in Sanliurfa, Central thousand cultivation area and 655 thousand district, Birecik, Bozova, Ceylanpinar, tons of production (Anonymous, 2018). Hilvan, Siverek, Suruc and Viransehir Vegetable production in the Southeastern districts, adult, eggs and larvae of the Anatolia Region is widely carried out as tomato moth, tomato leaves and fruit field vegetable cultivation. Especially in samples were formed. Delta type sexual tomato production, both field cultivation attractive pheromone traps and binoculars and cover cultivation are available in our were used in the study. region. Sanliurfa in the GAP Region is the capital of tomato production. While 41% of

Figure 1. Larvae of Tuta absoluta and their damages in tomato fruit

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Method data of Sanliurfa Regional Directorate of Determination of Tuta absoluta Meteorology Station were used to population development determine the relationship between the In order to determine the population population development of adults caught in development of the tomato moth, a total of sexual attractive pheromone traps with 8 tomato fields, each more than 4 decares, temperature and humidity. were selected. The study was carried out in Sampling with sexually attractive Goktepe in Sanliurfa Central district, pheromone traps Meteler in Birecik district, Kepirce in Delta-type sexual attractive pheromone Bozova district, Yalçinkaya in Ceylanpinar traps were suspended on wooden stakes 15 district, Ovacik in Hilvan district, Kücük cm higher than the height of the plant, and Yücelen in Siverek district, Aligör in Suruc wooden stakes were raised as the plants district and Ciftçiler villages in Viransehir grew. The sexual attractive pheromone district. Table tomato variety was used in all traps suspended in this way were checked districts except Hilvan district, and tomato once a week and the numbers of the adults paste for tomato paste was used in Hilvan. caught were recorded. The sexually Sexually attractive pheromone traps were attractive pheromone capsules of the traps used to determine the population were changed every two months, and the development of tomato moth adults. The sticky portion was changed when necessary, traps were placed in each field after the depending on the tomato moth density. seedlings were planted. The official climate

Figure 2. Delta type sexual attractive pheromone trap used in tomato moth population monitoring

Determining the prevalence and presence of T. absoluta adult or larvae in the contamination rate of Tuta absoluta fields was determined. These villages; In order to determine the prevalence of Akcahisar, Asagiciftlik, Bezirci, Goktepe Tuta absoluta in Sanliurfa province, tomato and Hortum in the central district, Abdalli, fields in 5 villages belonging to each district Diktepe, Divrigi, Güvenir and Meteler in were checked through observation and the the district of Birecik, İkizköy, Kepirce,

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Sanliavşar, Tozluca and Zivanlı in the Boztepe, in Viransehir district Groomed, district of Bozova, Damlacik, Dikili, Farmers, Eser, Nergizli and Yaban villages. Gümüs, Muratli and Yalcınkaya in the RESULT and DISCUSSION district of Ceylanpinar, Hilvankaya in the To examine the relationship of tomato district of Ceylanpinar Arpalı, Buğur, moth with temperature and humidity; Ovacık, Omerli and Uzuncuk are Altinpinar Weekly average temperature and humidity in Siverek district, Asagialinca, Karakeci, values of Sanliurfa provinces and districts Kucuk Yucelen, Hosca, in Suruc district in 2011 are given in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Akören, Aligör, Balaban, Binatli and and 8.

Table 1. Weekly average temperature and humidity values of the central district of Sanliurfa for 2011

Weekly average temperature and until the end of July, it continued to humidity values of the central district decrease from the end of July until the end between 25.04.2011-26.09.2011 are shown of September. Humidity values, on the other in Table 1. Accordingly, the highest hand, decreased from May until the end of temperature was experienced in the week of July, and increased from the end of July 25 July-31 August, and the highest until the end of September. humidity in the week of April 25-May 1. While the temperatures increased from May

Table 2. Weekly temperature and humidity values of Sanliurfa Birecik district for 2011

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Weekly average temperature and humidity has increased since August. Accordingly, values of Birecik district between the highest temperature was recorded in the 25.04.2011-26.09.2011 are shown in Table week of 1-7 August and the highest 2. The temperature started to increase since humidity in the week of 25 April-2 May. May and decreased since August. Humidity

Table 3. Weekly average temperature and humidity values of Sanliurfa Bozova district for 2011

Weekly average temperature and humidity Humidity values started to decrease from values of Bozova district between the week of April 25 to May 1, and 25.04.2011-26.09.2011 are given in Table increased from the week of July 25 to 3. The temperature has increased since May August 31. and has decreased since the end of July.

Table 4. Weekly average temperature and humidity values of Sanliurfa Ceylanpinar district for 2011

Weekly average temperature and humidity increased in May in this district, while the values of Ceylanpinar district between humidity decreased; At the end of July, 25.04.2011-26.09.2011 are shown in Table while the temperature decreased, the 4. As in other districts, the temperature humidity increased.

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Table 5. Weekly average temperature and humidity values of Sanliurfa Hilvan district for 2011

Weekly average temperature and humidity observed. The temperature values, which values of Hilvan district between have increased since May, have decreased 25.04.2011-26.09.2011 are shown in Table again after August. Humidity values started 5. On the 25th of April, the lowest weekly to decrease in May, contrary to temperature average temperature value of 5 months was values, and increased after August.

Table 6. Weekly average temperature and humidity values of Sanliurfa Siverek district for 2011

Weekly average temperature and humidity 6. Accordingly, it was determined that the values of Siverek district between hottest week is 1-7 August and the most 25.04.2011-26.09.2011 are shown in Table humid week is 25 April-1 May.

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Table 7. Weekly average temperature and humidity values of Sanliurfa Suruc district for 2011

Weekly average temperature and humidity humidity value has decreased up to 20%. values of Suruc district between On the 1st of August, the weekly average 25.04.2011-26.09.2011 are shown in Table temperature increased above 30 °C. 7. In the 20th of June, the weekly average

Table 8. Weekly average temperature and humidity values of Sanliurfa Viransehir district for 2011

Weekly average temperature and humidity Tuta absoluta. Sexually attractive values of Viransehir district between the pheromone traps, in 2011; In Central dates of 25.04.2011-26.09.2011 are shown district Goktepe on 7 May, Birecik district in Table 8. Temperatures have reached 250C Meteler on 2 June, Bozova district Kepirce since May and humidity values have on 23 June, Ceylanpinar district Yalcınkaya decreased accordingly. It reached the on 26 May, Hilvan district Ovacik on 28 highest temperature value on the 25th of April, It was established in 8 villages in July and exceeded 350C. Kücük Yücelen in Siverek district on 22 Population development of Tuta absoluta June, in Aligör in Suruc district on 2 June Sexual attractive pheromone trap has been and in Ciftciler in Viransehir district on 26 used to monitor the population growth of May. T. absoluta adults were first in the

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Central district Goktepe on June 14, in Suruc district Aligör on 9 June and Meteler in Birecik district on June 9, in Viransehir district Ciftciler village on 2 Bozova district Kepirce on July 7, in June. Although there is variation in the adult Yalcınkaya in Ceylanpinar district on June population according to the districts, there 5, on June 2. in Hilvan district Ovacik, was an increase generally during the end of Siverek district Kücük Yücelen on 29 June, August and September.

Table 9. Sexual attractive pheromone of Tuta absoluta belonging to 2011, Sanliurfa Province Central District Goktepe Village Population development in its traps

The first adults were seen in the sexual when the sexual attractive pheromone trap attractive pheromone trap as of May 14 in was removed. Three peaks of the adult Goktepe village of the central district of population were recorded on the 4th of June Sanliurfa province (Table 9). The adult (144 adults / traps), 9 July (270 adults / population increased until 17 September, traps) and 17 September (630 adults / traps).

Table 10. Population development in sexual attractive pheromone traps of Tuta absoluta of Birecik district Meteler Village 2011

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In the Village of Meteler in Birecik district, September (Table 10). The highest adult the adult was detected in the trap from the was recorded on 28 July (240 adults / trap) establishment of the sexual attractive and 18 August (800 adults / trap), and it was pheromone trap until the second week of determined that the pest formed 2 peaks.

Table 11. Population development in sexual attractive pheromone traps of Tuta absoluta of Bozova district Kepirce Village 2011

In the village of Kepirce, Bozova district, / traps) and 15 September (400 adults / the population remained low in traps until traps). It has been determined that the adult August (Table 11). The highest number of population of the pest has 2 peaks. adults was recorded on 4 August (363 adults

Table 12. Population development in sexual attractive pheromone traps of Tuta absoluta of Ceylanpinar district Yalçinkaya Village 2011

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In Ceylanpinar district, Yalçinkaya village, of adults was recorded on 25 August (602 an increase was observed in the adult adults / traps) and 15 September (965 adults population of T. absoluta in July (Chart 12). / traps). It has been noted that the adult The highest population was detected in population of the pest forms 2 peaks. August and September. The highest number

Table 13. Population development in sexual attractive pheromone traps of Tuta absoluta of Hilvan district Ovacik Village 2011

The adult population of T. absoluta started adults / traps) and the 28th of July (211 to increase in the Village of Ovacik in adults / traps), the maximum number of Hilvan district in June (Table 13). In the adults was reached, that is, it was traps, until the date of the dismantling of the determined that the adult population formed tomato plant (28.07.2011), adults were 2 peaks. intensely caught. On the 9th of June (140

Table 14. Population development in sexual attractive pheromone traps of Tuta absoluta, Siverek district Kücük Yücelen Village 2011

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In the sexual attractive pheromone trap until the end of September (Table 14). It established in Kücük Yücelen Village, was determined that the adult population which is connected to Siverek district, the formed 2 peaks on 24 August (390 adults / adult population started to increase on June traps) and 14 September (600 adults / traps). 29 and the population growth continued

Table 15. Population development in sexual attractive pheromone traps of Tuta absoluta belonging to the Village of Aligör, Suruc district, 2011

In the sexual attractive pheromone trap population (215 adults / traps) was the established in the village of Aligör in Suruc highest due to the decrease in temperatures. district, the first adult was seen (1 adult / It was recorded that the adult population trap) on June 9 (Table 15). But then, until formed 2 peaks on 4 August (60 adults / July 14, no adolescents were found in the traps) and 15 September (215 adults / traps). trap. On the 15th of September, the adult

Table 16. Population development in sexual attractive pheromone traps of Tuta absoluta of Viransehir district, Ciftciler Village

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The first adult was registered on June 2 (15 tomato moth adult population was the adults / traps) in the Ciftciler Village of highest; September 17 (630 pieces / week) Viransehir district. The adult population has in central district Goktepe, August 18 (800 increased since this date and formed a peak pieces / week) in Birecik district Meteler, in mid-August (Table 16). As Kılıç (2010) September 15 in Bozova district Kepirce stated, it is sensitive to harmful heat. In fact, (400 pieces / week), Ceylanpinar district a decrease was observed in the population Yalcınkaya (965 pieces) / week) and in due to the increase in temperature, but this Suruc district Aligör (215 pieces / week), 28 decrease was replaced by an increase in July (211 pieces / week) in Hilvan district September with the decrease in Ovacik, 14 September (600 pieces / week) temperatures. It was determined that the in Kücük Yücelen, Siverek district and adult population formed 2 peaks on 11 Ciftciler It was recorded as September 8 (96 August (80 adults / traps) and 8 September units / week). Adult population densities (96 adults / traps). Tatlı and Göçmen (2010) reached the highest level at the end of reported that in their studies on the adult August and the beginning of September in population of T. absoluta, the highest adult all districts. The least contamination rate on count in traps was in Antalya Center (240 leaves was recorded in Ciftciler village of adults / traps) on 22.03.2010. Researchers Viransehir district with 32.50%, while the have determined that T. absoluta is least contamination rate in fruits was widespread throughout the Western recorded in Aligör Village of Suruç district Mediterranean Region, the adult population with 10.00%. The reason for this low rate of generally increases in spring and autumn, tomato fruits in Suruc district is thought to and decreases in summer and winter. As be due to the fact that the producer used supported by these results, the adult local tomato seeds. As a result of the study, population of T. absoluta in our study was it was determined that all of the tomato determined as 965 adults / traps on fields in the districts were contaminated 15.09.2011 in the province of Sanliurfa with this pest. As a result of the (Figure 4). As a result of the observations observations made in 5 separate villages of made, it was determined that the adult each district, T. absoluta was found population of T. absoluta reached the widespread in all districts. The highest highest number of adults in the weeks when prevalence was found in Goktepe Village of the temperature was 30-35ºC and the the Merkez district, the least prevalence was humidity was 10-20%. According to found in the tomato production areas in another observation made, it was Ciftciler Village of Viransehir district. The determined that T. absoluta preferred more drip irrigation system used in this table tomato varieties than tomato paste for production area has been seen as the reason tomato paste. It has been observed that the for the high population density, prevalence table tomato varieties are especially fed and contamination rate in the central with less hairy varieties. district. It has been observed that the drip irrigation system provides an environment CONCLUSIONS and for T. absoluta since it keeps the humidity RECOMMENDATIONS According to the data obtained from this at a lower rate than the flood and furrow study, tomato moth (T. absoluta) is an irrigation systems. During the tomato important pest of tomato production areas in production season, the crop may suffer Sanliurfa province. The dates when the 100% damage due to the 1st (end of August)

489 ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2): 476-491, 2021 and 2nd (early September) mass tomato Seed Growers. Association Journal harvest coinciding with the period when the (Erciyas, M., Bağcılar, A.S. Edits.) 17: 8- pest population increases. It is necessary to 13. Koza Yayın, Dağıtım A.Ş., Ankara. follow the adult population very well to Anonymous, 2013. Turkey Statistical combat the pest. As the adult population Institute data. increases, the population density of eggs Anonymous, 2016. Turkey Statistical Institute data. Access: www.tuik.gov.tr. and larvae in tomato leaves and fruits Anonymous, 2018. Turkey Statistical should be controlled. When T. absoluta Institute data. Access: www.tuik.gov.tr reaches the number of 3 eggs or larvae Barrientos Z., H. Apablaza, S. Norero, P. (Eppo, 2009) per 100 plants, which is the Estay, 1998. Temperatura base constante economic loss threshold, it should be te’rmica de desarrollo de la polilla del sprayed with one of the pesticides licensed tomate, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: within the framework of integrated control Gelechiidae). Ciencia e Investigacio’n against the pest. Whether the spraying is Agraria, 25: 133-137. effective or not should be determined by Bergougnoux, V., 2014. The history of checking the land again. If the number of Tomato: From domestication to live larvae is higher than the economic biopharming. Biotechnology Advances, damage threshold, spraying should be 32(1): 170-189. repeated. Considering that the pest can give Cabello, T., Gallego, J.R., Fernandez- Maldonado, F.J., Soler, A., Beltran, D., 10-12 offspring; land should be constantly Parra, A.,Vilas, E., 2009. The Damsel Bug controlled throughout tomato production. Nabis pseudoferus (Hem.: Nabidae) as a Leaves and fruits contaminated with the New Biological Control Agent of The pest should be removed from the production South American Tomato Pinkworm, Tuta area. Since the pest can open a gallery in the absoluta (Lep. Gelechiidae), in Tomato epidermis layer in the leaf, it is important Crops of Spain. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 49: that the drugs that are discarded are 219-223. systemic. As a result, if the pest is in a Canpolat, S., 2016. Important Diseases concentration that requires combat, the aim Seen in Tomato and Its Control. Turkey should be to take into account the negative Seed Association Journal. effects of chemicals on humans and the Desneux, N., Wajnberg, E., Wyckhuys, environment within the scope of integrated K.A.G., Burgio, G., Arparia, S., Narvaez- Vasquez, C. A., Gonzalezcabrera, J., combat. For this reason, by using other Ruescas, D.C., Tabone, E., Frandon, J., methods of struggle and applying chemical Pizzol, J., Poncet, C., Cabello, T., control at the appropriate time and at the Urbaneja, A., 2010. Biological invasion of appropriate dose, the amount of drugs European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta: consumed against the pest can be reduced ecology, geographic expansion and and the negative effects of chemicals on the prospects for biological control. J. Pest. environment can be minimized. The Sci., 83:197-215. producers who grow tomatoes for Duman, İ., 2016. Industrial tomato commercial purposes or for their own growing. Turkey Seed Growers Association consumption should know this pest well and Journal, 17: 18-21. apply an economical method of struggle Eppo, 2005. Data sheets on quarantine against the pest. pests, Tuta absoluta. Eppo Bulletin, 35: 434-435. REFERENCES Eppo, 2009. EPPO reporting service Abak, K. 2016. Tomatoes yesterday in 2009/169. New additions to the EPPO list. Turkey, Today and Tomorrow. Turkey Resource document. European and

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Mediterranean Plant Protection Potting, R. 2009. Pest risk analysis, Tuta Organization, absoluta, tomato leaf miner moth. Plant http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2 protection service of the Netherlands, 24 pp. 009/Rse Ripa, S., Rojas, P., Velasco, G., 1995. Eppo, 2010. EPPO Reporting Service- Releases of biological control agents of Pest & Diseases. No: 1, Paris. insect pests on Easter Island (Pacific Erler, F., Can, M., Erdoğan, M., Ateş, Ocean). Entomophaga, 40: 427-440. A.Ö., Pradier, T., 2010. New Record of Siqueira, H.A.A., Guedes, R.N.C., Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Fragoso, D.B., Magalhae, S., 2001. Gelechiidae) on greenhouse-grown tomato Abamectin resistance and synergism in in Southwestern Turkey (Antalya). Journal Brazilian populations of Tuta absoluta of Entomological Science, 45(4): 1-2. (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Estay, P., 2000. Polilla del Tomate Tuta International Journal of Pest Management, absoluta (Meyrick). http: 47(4): 247-251. //alerce.inia.cl/docs/Informativos/Informati Tatlı, E., Göçmen, H., 2010. Domates vo09.pdf. güvesi, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) Gölükçü, M., Toker, R., Tokgöz, H., (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)’nın Batı 2016. Nutritional properties of tomato and Akdeniz Bölgesi domates üretim its evaluation in food industry. alanlarında yayılışının ve populasyon http://turktob.org.tr. (Accessed date: değişiminin izlenmesi. Türkiye IV. Bitki 05.01.2020). Koruma Kongresi Bildirileri, 28-30 Haziran Kılıç, T., 2010. First record of Tuta 2011, Kahramanmaraş, 225. absoluta in Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 38(3): Tigchelaar, E.C., 1986. Tomato 243-244. Breeding. Breeding Vegetable Crop, 135- Lietti, M.M.M., Botto, E., Alzogaray, 171. R.A., 2005. Insecticide resistance in Uygun, N., Ulusoy, M.R., Başpınar, H., Argentine populations of Tuta absoluta 1998. Vegetable Pests. Ç.Ü. Faculty of (Lep. Gelechiidae). Neotropical Agriculture, General Publication No: 213. Entomology, 34: 113-119. Textbooks No: A- 68, Adana I. Edition, 168.

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