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Kenya Election History 1963-2013
KENYA ELECTION HISTORY 1963-2013 1963 Kenya Election History 1963 1963: THE PRE-INDEPENDENCE ELECTIONS These were the last elections in pre-independent Kenya and the key players were two political parties, KANU and KADU. KADU drew its support from smaller, less urbanized communities hence advocated majimboism (regionalism) as a means of protecting them. KANU had been forced to accept KADU’s proposal to incorporate a majimbo system of government after being pressured by the British government. Though KANU agreed to majimbo, it vowed to undo it after gaining political power. The majimbo constitution that was introduced in 1962 provided for a two-chamber national legislature consisting of an upper (Senate) and lower (House of Representative). The Campaign KADU allied with the African People’s Party (APP) in the campaign. KANU and APP agreed not to field candidates in seats where the other stood a better chance. The Voting Elections were marked by high voter turnout and were held in three phases. They were widely boycotted in the North Eastern Province. Violence was reported in various parts of the country; four were killed in Isiolo, teargas used in Nyanza and Nakuru, clashes between supporters in Machakos, Mombasa, Nairobi and Kitale. In the House of Representative KANU won 66 seats out of 112 and gained working majority from 4 independents and 3 from NPUA, KADU took 47 seats and APP won 8. In the Senate KANU won 19 out 38 seats while KADU won 16 seats, APP won 2 and NPUA only 1. REFERENCE: NATIONAL ELECTIONS DATA BOOK By Institute for Education in Democracy (published in 1997). -
English Version
Diaspora Voting and Ethnic Politics in Kenya Beth Elise Whitaker and Salma Inyanji To cite this article: Beth Elise Whitaker, Salma Inyanji, “Vote de la diaspora et ethnicité au Kenya,” Afrique contemporaine 4/2015 (n° 256), p. 73-89. URL : www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2015-4-page-73.htm. ABSTRACT: Many African governments have extended voting rights to nationals living abroad, but little is known about the political behavior of diaspora populations. In the context of Kenya, where the 2010 constitution authorized diaspora voting, we ask whether nationals living abroad are as likely to vote along ethnic lines as their counterparts at home. Using data from public opinion polls prior to the March 2013 presidential election, we compare levels of support for presumed ethnic candidates among Kenyans surveyed in the diaspora and those surveyed in the country. Overall, diaspora respondents were significantly less likely than in-country respondents to support the presumed ethnic candidate from their home province. The results provide preliminary support for our hypothesis that diaspora Africans are less likely to vote along ethnic lines than their in-country counterparts, and thus are less reliable for the construction of ethnic coalitions. More survey data are needed from Kenyans and other Africans living abroad to further examine the relationship between diaspora voting and ethnicity in African politics. As migration patterns have become increasingly global, African diaspora populations have emerged as an important political consideration (Akyeampong 2000). The African Union has held a series of conferences to engage the diaspora with a view toward recognizing it as the continent’s “sixth region.” African governments have been reaching out to nationals living abroad to seek their economic and political participation at home. -
Institutional Profile
ov-' '"^r.^zNT i; REG' ink: ...jjrsPARK Working Paper ®Cli Library Oitaa Overseas Development Institute FOR REFERENCE ONLY ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND DRYLAND MANAGEMENT IN MACHAKOS DISTRICT, KENYA 1930-90 INSTITUTIONAL PROFILE edited by Mary Tiffen A. Alcamba Institutions and Development, 1930-^ by Judith Mbula Bahemuka and Mary Tiffen B. NGOs and Technological Change by J.W. Kaluli Results of ODI research presented in preliminary form for discussion and critical comment ODI Working Papers available at March 1992 24: Industrialisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Country case study: Cameroon Igor Kamiloff, 1988. £3.00, ISBN 0 85003 112 5 25: Industrialisatioo in Sub-Saharan Africa: Country case study: Zimbabwe Roger Riddell, 1988. £3.00. ISBN 0 85003 113 3 26: Industrialisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Country case study: Zambia Igor Karmiloff, 1988. £3.00, ISBN 0 85003 114 1 27: European Community IVade Barriers to IVopical Agricultural Products Michael Davenport, 1988. £4.00. ISBN 0 85003 117 6 28: IVade and Financing Strategies for the New NICS: the Peru Case Study Jurgen Schuldt L, 1988. £3.00. ISBN 0 85003 118 4 29: The Control of Money Supply in Developing Countries: China, 1949-1988 Anita Santorum, 1989. £3.00, ISBN 0 85003 122 2 30: Monetary Policy Effectiveness in Cote d'lvoire Christopher E. Lane, 1990, £3.00, ISBN 0 85003 125 7 31: Economic Development and the Adaptive Economy Tony Killick, 1990, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 126 5 32: Principles of policy for the Adaptive Economy Tony Killick, 1990. £3.50. ISBN 0 85003 127 3 33: Exchange Rates and Structural Adjustment Tony Killick, 1990, £3.50. -
Rethinking Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya This Page Intentionally Left Blank Pal-Alam-00Fm.Qxd 6/14/07 6:00 PM Page Iii
pal-alam-00fm.qxd 6/14/07 6:00 PM Page i Rethinking Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya This page intentionally left blank pal-alam-00fm.qxd 6/14/07 6:00 PM Page iii Rethinking Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya S. M. Shamsul Alam, PhD pal-alam-00fm.qxd 6/14/07 6:00 PM Page iv Rethinking Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya Copyright © S. M. Shamsul Alam, PhD, 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quo- tations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978-1-4039-8374-9 ISBN-10: 1-4039-8374-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alam, S. M. Shamsul, 1956– Rethinking Mau Mau in colonial Kenya / S. M. Shamsul Alam. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4039-8374-7 (alk. paper) 1. Kenya—History—Mau Mau Emergency, 1952–1960. 2. Mau Mau History. I. Title. DT433.577A43 2007 967.62’03—dc22 2006103210 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. -
Changing Kenya's Literary Landscape
CHANGING KENYA’S LITERARY LANDSCAPE CHANGING KENYA’S LITERARY LANDSCAPE Part 2: Past, Present & Future A research paper by Alex Nderitu (www.AlexanderNderitu.com) 09/07/2014 Nairobi, Kenya 1 CHANGING KENYA’S LITERARY LANDSCAPE Contents: 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4 2. Writers in Politics ........................................................................................................ 6 3. A Brief Look at Swahili Literature ....................................................................... 70 - A Taste of Culture - Origins of Kiswahili Lit - Modern Times - The Case for Kiswahili as Africa’s Lingua Franca - Africa the Beautiful 4. JEREMIAH’S WATERS: Why Are So Many Writers Drunkards? ................ 89 5. On Writing ................................................................................................................... 97 - The Greats - The Plot Thickens - Crime & Punishment - Kenyan Scribes 6. Scribbling Rivalry: Writing Families ............................................................... 122 7. Crazy Like a Fox: Humour Writing ................................................................... 128 8. HIGHER LEARNING: Do Universities Kill by Degrees? .............................. 154 - The River Between - Killing Creativity/Entreprenuership - The Importance of Education - Knife to a Gunfight - The Storytelling Gift - The Colour Purple - The Importance of Editors - The Kids are Alright - Kidneys for the King -
Why Money Makes the Man in Kenyan Politics
Information flash Paul Nolan* IF n° 2, Paul Nolan, Nairobi-Paris, 25 mars 2013 WHY MONEY MAKES THE MAN IN KENYAN POLITICS As the old adage goes, money makes the world go vote along tribal lines and Kenyatta, a Kikuyu, and his round and nowhere could this be truer than in Kenyan running mate, William Ruto, a Kalenjin, have the num- politics. The win in the recent presidential elections by bers on their side. The Kikuyu and Kalenjin tribes make Uhuru Kenyatta, the son of the country’s founder Jomo up over 30 percent of the population, which represents Kenyatta and inheritor of the country’s biggest fortune, a far greater percentage of Kenyans than the Coalition will maintain the status quo that it is money rather than of Refrorms and Democracy (CORD) alliance of Raila policy that matters most. Odinga, an ethnic Luo and Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka, a Kamba. However, this cannot explain why Kenyatta Despite two lengthy television debates and a long had so much more support than the other three Kikuyu period of electoral campaigning, it was never clear candidates in the race. Kennedy Masime at the Nairo- what the presidential frontrunners Uhuru Kenyatta and bi-based Centre for Governance and Development says the leader of the Coalition of Reforms and Democracy, the only reason is money: “In terms of the frontrunners, Raila Odinga, actually intended on doing to improve they are some of the richest men in Kenya,” he says. the lives of Kenyans. Policy proposals seemed random “People who don’t have money, even if they have quali- and yet supporters were die-hard and swing voters few ties, they are struggling.” The political class in Kenyan and far between. -
Mau Mau Crucible of War: Statehood, National Identity and Politics in Postcolonial Kenya
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2014 Mau Mau crucible of war: Statehood, national identity and politics in postcolonial Kenya Nicholas Kariuki Githuku Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Githuku, Nicholas Kariuki, "Mau Mau crucible of war: Statehood, national identity and politics in postcolonial Kenya" (2014). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5677. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5677 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MAU MAU CRUCIBLE OF WAR: STATEHOOD, NATIONAL IDENTITY AND POLITICS IN POSTCOLONIAL KENYA by Nicholas Kariuki Githuku Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Approved by Dr. Robert Maxon, Committee Chairperson Dr. Joseph Hodge Dr. Robert Blobaum Dr. Jeremia Njeru Dr. Tamba M’bayo Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2014 Keywords: war, statehood, stateness, security, mentalité, national identity, psychosociological anxieties Copyright 2014 Nicholas Kariuki Githuku Abstract The postcolonial African state has been the subject of extensive study and scrutiny by various scholars of great repute such as Colin Legum, Crawford Young, Robert H. -
Decolonising Accidental Kenya Or How to Transition to a Gameb Society,The Anatomy of Kenya Inc: How the Colonial State Sustains
Pandora Papers: The Kenyatta’s Secret Companies By Africa Uncensored Published by the good folks at The Elephant. The Elephant is a platform for engaging citizens to reflect, re-member and re-envision their society by interrogating the past, the present, to fashion a future. Follow us on Twitter. Pandora Papers: The Kenyatta’s Secret Companies By Africa Uncensored President Uhuru Kenyatta’s family, the political dynasty that has dominated Kenyan politics since independence, for many years secretly owned a web of offshore companies in Panama and the British Virgin Islands, according to a new leak of documents known as the Pandora Papers. The Kenyattas’ offshore secrets were discovered among almost 12 million documents, largely made up of administrative paperwork from the archives of 14 law firms and agencies that specialise in offshore company formations. Other world leaders found in the files include the King of Jordan, the prime minister of the Czech Republic Andrej Babiš and Gabon’s President Ali Bongo Ondimba. The documents were obtained by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and seen by more than 600 journalists, including reporters at Finance Uncovered and Africa Uncensored, as part of an investigation that took many months and spanned 117 countries. Though no reliable estimates of their net worth have been published, the Kenyattas are regularly reported to be one of the richest families in the country. The Kenyattas’ offshore secrets were discovered among almost 12 million documents, largely made up of administrative paperwork from the archives of 14 law firms and agencies that specialise in offshore company formations. -
Kenya: Decolonization, Democracy and the Struggle for Uhuru ______
Meyer 1 Mount Holyoke College Kenya: Decolonization, Democracy and the Struggle for Uhuru _______________________________________________________________________ Kathryn R. Meyer Senior Thesis in International Relations April 27, 2015 Meyer 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………….…………. i Abstract………………………………………………..……………………………...……………. ii Chapter I: Introduction …...………………….……………………………..…………. 1 Research Questions………………………………………………………………. 5 Thesis Organization…………………………………………………..………….. 6 Chapter II: Literature Review………………………………………………………... 10 Terminology …………………………………………..………………………………… 14 Framework of Empire ………………………………….…..………………………….. 16 Primary Source Material ……………………………………..………………………. 17 Methodology …………………………………………………………….……………... 18 Chapter III: British Policies Prior to Independence………………………………... 19 British Land Acts …………………………………………..………………………….. 21 Anti-Colonialism and Nationalism …………………………………..……………… 25 Chapter IV: Decolonization …………………………….……………………………. 31 Chapter V: Independence, 1960-1964………….…………………………………….. 36 Chapter VI: The Kenyatta Era ………………………………………………………. 58 Chapter VII: Arap Moi and 25 Years Post-Independence ………………………… 71 Chapter VIII: Conclusion ……………………………………………………………. 78 Appendix ………………………..………..…………………………………………….. Bibliography ……………………………..…………………………………………….. Meyer i Acknowledgements This project would never have been possible without my initial project advisor, Professor Kavita Datla. From the first ill-prepared proposal in my junior year spring to the creation of my first few chapters -
Kenyatta and Odinga: the Harbingers of Ethnic Nationalism in Kenya by Dr
Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: D History Archaeology & Anthropology Volume 14 Issue 3 Version 1.0 Year 2014 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Kenyatta and Odinga: The Harbingers of Ethnic Nationalism in Kenya By Dr. Paul Abiero Opondo Moi University, Kenya Abstract- The paper traces the political problems that Kenya currently faces particularly the country’s inability to construct a united national consciousness, historical relationships that unfolded between the country’s foremost founders, Jomo Kenyatta and Oginga Odinga and the consequences of their political differences and subsequent-fallout in the 1960s. The fall-out saw Kenyatta increasingly consolidating power around himself and a group of loyalists from the Kikuyu community while Odinga who was conceptualized as the symbolic representative of the Luo community was confined to the wilderness of politics. This paper while applying the primordial and essentialist conceptual framework recognizes the determinant role that the two leaders played in establishing the foundations for post-independent Kenya. This is especially true with respect to the negative consequences that their differing perspectives on Kenyan politics bequeathed the country, especially where the evolution of negative ethnicity is concerned. As a result of their discordant political voices in the political arena, there were cases of corruption, the killing of innocent Kenyans in Kisumu in 1969, political assassinations of T J Mboya, Pio Gama Pinto and J M Kariuki among others as this paper argues. GJHSS-D Classification : FOR Code: 160699 KenyattaandOdingaTheHarbingersofEthnicNationalisminKenya Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2014. -
Kenya: Post Election Analysis, Iposos
Post-Election Analysis: Prepared by Ipsos Synovate Kenya Release Date: 15th March 2013 © 2012 Ipsos. All rights reserved. Contains Ipsos' Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be disclosed or reproduced without the prior written consent of Ipsos. Contents . Objectives . County outcomes: how close were the results of the last Ipsos poll, and what explains the difference? . Presidential race outcome: how close was the outcome to the last Ipsos poll, and what explains the difference? 2 Objectives The key objectives of this presentation is as follows: To show the difference between the last (22nd February) Ipsos poll and the IEBC election results To explain the differences between the two 3 Key Assumption That the IEBC figures with regard to both turnout and results are accurate (in light of the pending court petition) 4 National / Presidential Ipsos Poll vis a vis IEBC Results 5 Opinion Polls Trends from April 2012 Ipsos last poll (Released 22nd February 2013) 100% Raila Odinga Kalonzo Musyoka Uhuru Kenyatta William Ruto Martha Karua Musalia Mudavadi 80% Eugene Wamalwa Peter Kenneth Prof James Ole Kiyapi Others None/Undecided 60% Upward trend for Uhuru and Raila from April 2012 but steep rise from December 2012 46% 44.4% 40% 36% 34% 34% 44.8% 33% 33% 40% 30% 26% 27% 22% 23% 22% 20% 13% 12% 13% 8%9% 9%8% 9% 8%9% 7% 7%6% 5% 4% 5% 4% 5% 5% 5.3% 3% 3% 2% 2%3% 2% 3.1% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0%1% 0%1% 0%1% 0.1%0.8% April 2012 Jul 2012 Sept 2012 Nov 2012 Dec 2012 Jan 2013 Feb 2013 6 IEBC Results vis a vis Final Ipsos poll (Released 22nd February -
From King's African Rifles to Kenya Rifles
From King’s African Rifles to Kenya Rifles: The Decolonization and Transition of an African Army, 1960-1970 Christian A. Harrison Department of History Honors Thesis University of Colorado at Boulder Defended April 5, 2016 Thesis Advisor: Dr. Myles Osborne, Department of History Defense Committee: Dr. Mithi Mukherjee, Department of History Dr. Mara Goldman, Department of Geography 1 Introduction: At midnight on the 12th of December 1963, the Union Jack was lowered for the last time at a moving ceremony at Independence Arena in Nairobi, Kenya. Immediately after, to the sound of cheering and jubilation, a green banner emblazoned with spears and shield was raised: the national independent flag of Kenya. For the first time in nearly seventy years, political power, in what had been known as the Kenya Colony, belonged to indigenous African people. In conjunction with the flag raising ceremony, two separated and differently uniformed detachments of African soldiers paraded in front of the packed stadium. One group wore the red fezzes and short sleeveless zouve jackets of the King’s African Rifles. The other, the dark green peaked hats and tunic uniforms of the newly formed Kenya Rifles.1 But this was only for show. Legally, there was no difference between the two groups. With Kenya’s independence; the 3rd, 5th, and 11th Battalions of the King’s African Rifles were handed over to the Government of Kenya and became the 3rd, 5th, and 11th Battalions of the Kenya Rifles. In the ceremony a contingent of Kenya Rifles, dressed in the old uniforms of the KAR, symbolically handed over the regimental standards and emblems to their differently uniformed comrades.2 In what was a confusing time for the rank and file (and also many of the officers), this was meant to confirm for the soldiers, civilians, and government officials of Kenya that the allegiance of the army had indeed now changed, but that its pride, competence, and esteem had not.