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Weed Seedling Identification Guide

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Weed Seedling Identification Guide Weed - Seedling Identification Guide Reprinted February 2008 Contents Species Page Absinth .......................................... 9 Night-flowering catchfly ............ 16 American dragonhead ................ 23 Nodding thistle ........................... 19 Barnyard grass ............................. 3 Persian darnel ............................... 3 Biennial wormwood .................... 25 Pineappleweed ........................... 10 Bladder campion ........................ 13 Proso millet ................................... 4 Bluebur ........................................ 19 Prostrate knotweed .................... 12 Burdock ....................................... 13 Prostrate pigweed ...................... 12 Canada thistle ............................. 14 Redroot pigweed ........................ 13 Chickweed .................................... 9 Round-leaved mallow ................ 23 Cleavers ....................................... 14 Russian pigweed ........................ 17 Cocklebur ...................................... 9 Russian thistle .............................. 8 Common groundsel .................... 10 Scentless chamomile ................. 10 Common peppergrass ............... 11 Shepherd's-purse ....................... 20 Corn spurry ................................... 8 Smartweed and lady's thumb .... 17 Cow cockle ................................. 14 Sow thistle ................................... 20 Curled dock ................................. 15 Stinkweed .................................... 20 Dandelion .................................... 15 Stork's-bill ................................... 24 Diffuse knapweed ....................... 15 Tartary buckwheat ...................... 24 Dog mustard ............................... 21 Thyme-leaved spurge ................ 17 False ragweed ............................ 21 Viper's bugloss............................ 21 Field bindweed ............................ 22 White cockle ............................... 18 Flixweed ...................................... 11 Wild buckwheat .......................... 18 Giant ragweed ............................ 19 Wild cranesbill ............................ 23 Green foxtail.. ................................ 3 Wild cucumber ............................ 25 Hemp nettle ................................. 24 Wild mustard ............................... 22 Kochia .......................................... 11 Wild oat.......................................... 4 Lambs' quarters ......................... 12 Wild tomato ................................... 8 Milkweed ..................................... 16 Yellow toadflax ........................... 22 Narrow-leaved hawks' beard .... 16 Yellow whitlow grass .................. 18 Glossary Alternate leaves - single leaves attached at different positions on the stem, not opposite each other. Auricle - earlike appendage which wraps around the stem of some grass plants at the junction of the leaf blade and the stem . Basal leaves - leaves attached to the base of the plant. Biennial - a plant which takes more than one growing season, but not more than two years, to complete its life cycle. Blade - the expanded, usually flat, part of a leaf. Bloom - a whitish, powdery covering. Cotyledons - the first leaf or pair of leaves originating from the seed (seed leaves). Glossy - having a shiny surface. Keel ~ prominent ridge on the back of a leaf sheath or blade usually along the midrib. Ligule - flap of membranous tissue or fringe of hairs on the inside of a grass leaf where the blade joins the stem. Mid-vein - (midrib) - the central vein or rib of a leaf. Node - joint in the stem where leaves or branches are attached. Opposite leaves - two leaves originating from the same point on the stem and opposite each other. Petiole - the stem of a leaf. Rosette - a flat, circular cluster of leaves formed at the ground surface. Usually an overwintering stage. Sheath - the lower part of a leaf that surrounds the stem or shoot. True leaves - leaves that develop after the cotyledons. Whorl - three or more leaves attached at the stem at the same point (whorled). Seedling Grass Identification I Vegetative Parts of a Grass Plant Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli 4 • no auricles I • no ligule f- e1ade • leaf hairless or 1-3 solitary hairs at base of blade Collar Sheath ~' Green foxtail t Setaria viridis • no keel Types of Ligules • leaf margins and surface WILD OATS GREEN FOXTAIL BARNYARD GRASS rough with fine upward pointing barbs • ligule a fringe of hair 1 .5-2.0 mm long • no auricles MEMBRANOUS FRINGED WITH LEAF WITHOUT LIGULES HAIRS A LIGULE Shapes of auricles and (right) a collar without auricles. Persian darnel Lolium persicum • shiny dark green on upper leaf surface • base of stem is reddish­ purple • membranous ligule to 1 mm long CLAWLIKE ROUNDED RUDIMENTARY COLLAR • auricles usually present WITHOUT AURICLES 2 3 Broadleaf Weed Identification Seedling, Cotyledons generally reach Proso millet their full size and shape by the Panicum miliaceum Broadleaf Weed time the first true leaf is visible between them. Prior to this stage accurate identification of • leaf blade and sheath the seedling is difficult. covered with dense stiff hairs • ligule a fringe of hairs fused at the base, 3.0-4.0 mm long Wild oats To use table: Avena fatua a) Compare cotyledon shape with shape in left hand column. • Counter-clockwise leaf twist b) When similar shape is located turn to pages indicated and compare true • no auricles leaves in photos with weed specimen for identification. • hairs on leaf margins NOTE: Weed species are arranged according to cotyledon shape. • membranous ligule Cotyledon Shape Weed Page • Corn spurry 8 usually less than 1 mm broad, a • Russian thistle few mm in length, almost of 8 uniform breadth throughout. I • Wild tomato 8 at least 10 times as long as broad, • Cocklebur top tapering to a point, more or 9 less long stalked, tapered gradually into the stalk, usually broader in the middle than at the t ends. • Chickweed narrow-oval to ovate, top tapering 9 to a point, base rounded or • tapering into the stalk. • Absinth 9 with broad base, or slightly narrowed at base, at most 2-3 • Pineappleweed times as long as broad, compact, 10 I occasionally fleshy. • Scentless chamomile 10 4 5 Cotyledon Cotyledon Shape Weed Page Shape Weed Page • Common groundsel 10 • Dog mustard 21 top flat with slight indentation, • Common peppergrass 11 base gradually tapering into the • Flixweed 11 • False ragweed stalk, broadest above the middle. 21 • Kochia elongated, elliptical, with a more or less long stalk. 11 • Lamb's quarters 12 • Prostrate knotweed 12 • Field bindweed top deeply indented, base 22 • Prostrate pigweed 12 ' gradually narrowed into stalk. ' • Redroot pigweed 13 9 • Wild mustard 22 • Bladder campion 13 • Burdock 13 top rounded, sides incurved, • Canada thistle 14 • Yellow toadflax gradually tapered into stalk at the 22 base. • Cleavers a very variable group, oblong to 14 • Cow cockle broadly oval , rounded at the base 14 • or narrowing to a more or less • Curled dock long stalk. All have a compact 15 • Dandelion form with rounded top. 15 • Round-leaved mallow traingular shape, top rounded. 23 • Diffuse knapweed 15 • Milkweed 16 • Narrow-leaved hawk's beard 16 • Wild cranesbill broader than long. 23 • Night-flowering catchfly 16 • Russian pigwed 17 ' • Smartweeds 17 • Thyme-leaved spurge 17 • American dragonhead 23 • White cockle 18 outline of the cotyledons • Hempnettle orbicular-oval , the base has a 24 • Wild buckwheat 18 pointed auricle on either side of • Yellow whitlow grass 18 the stalk, or is rounded. tJ • Tartary buckwheat 24 • Bluebur 19 • Giant ragweed 19 three-lobed or deeply divided into usually markedly stalked (stalk • Stork's-bill 24 three. • Nodding thistle occasionally very short), gradually 19 • Shepherd's purse tapering or rounded at the base, 20 4- generally broadest at or above the • Sow thistle middle. 20 • Stinkweed 20 " • Viper's bugloss 21 • Biennial wormwood indented at top. 25 ~ • Wild cucumber with a broad base very large and 25 ' fleshy. 6 - 7 ., .,....,,,, Corn spurry Spergula arvensis Cocklebur Xanthium spp. • leaves similar to Russian thistle but occur in whorls • coarse-veined true leaves \\ 1 on the stem • first two leaves paired, later t I • leaves may be slightly leaves alternate ' _µ . sticky and have blunt tips • Chickweed Russian thistle Stellaria media Sa/so/a pestifer • cotyledons slightly • long, fleshy, needle-like constricted at tip leaves and cotyledons • conspicuous line of hairs I • leaves have sharp tips on one side of stem later in t development Absinth Wild tomato Artemisia absinthium Solanum triflorum nutt. • leaves silvery, hairy on both • leaves deeply lobed with I surfaces scattered hairs I • characteristic odor 8 9 Pineappleweed Matricaria matricarioides Common peppergrass Lepidium densiflorum • extensively divided leaves, resembles a coarse carrot • granular bloom on leaves I top • base of leaf stalk downy, • leaves have strong whitish appearance pineapple odor when \ • forms rosette crushed ' ., ' ., ~, -> ,:-,.:!~--··-... Flixweed f. ' . ' .. ,. ~ Scentless chamomile Descurainia sophia . : .., .. : .,,_ -~ ' •.f. -•, ill .•t\ ~- =· Matricaria maritima . : ~ . • first two true leaves are 3 .. ,...... 'l . lobed ~ 2:1:.;:~. ,::~/~ ~\i:~ • • similar to pineappleweed .•·•~.:_a ,:'• ~~ ,_. • leaves have no odor when • other leaves finely divided, I ~-~ crushed grey-green 111.'1 ~~:. • covered with fine hairs ~,·. <(' ·.·•··. 4/; • more
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