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And Diurnal Activity of Stomoxys Calcitrans in Thailand Geographic Distribution of Stomoxyine Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and Diurnal Activity of Stomoxys calcitrans in Thailand Author(s): Vithee Muenworn, Gerard Duvallet, Krajana Thainchum, Siripun Tuntakom, Somchai Tanasilchayakul, Atchariya Prabaripai, Pongthep Akratanakul, Suprada Sukonthabhirom, and Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap Source: Journal of Medical Entomology, 47(5):791-797. 2010. Published By: Entomological Society of America DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME10001 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/ME10001 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. 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BEHAVIOR,CHEMICAL ECOLOGY Geographic Distribution of Stomoxyine Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and Diurnal Activity of Stomoxys calcitrans in Thailand VITHEE MUENWORN,1 GERARD DUVALLET,2 KRAJANA THAINCHUM,1 SIRIPUN TUNTAKOM,3 SOMCHAI TANASILCHAYAKUL,3 ATCHARIYA PRABARIPAI,4 PONGTHEP AKRATANAKUL,1,5 6 1,7 SUPRADA SUKONTHABHIROM, AND THEERAPHAP CHAREONVIRIYAPHAP J. Med. Entomol. 47(5): 791Ð797 (2010); DOI: 10.1603/ME10001 ABSTRACT Stomoxyine ßies (Stomoxys spp.) were collected in 10 localities of Thailand using the Vavoua traps. These localities represented four major ecological settings, as follows: small local dairy farms, large industrial dairy farms, a national park, and one elephant conservation area. Three species of stable ßies were identiÞed in the following proportions: Stomoxys calcitrans (91.5%), Stomoxys indicus (7.9%), and Stomoxys sitiens (0.6%). The number of ßies collected differed signiÞcantly among collection sites (␹2 ϭ 360.15, df ϭ 3, P Ͻ 0.05). The greatest number of stomoxyine ßies was captured in dairy farms. Seasonal and daily activity of S. calcitrans was observed during a 1-yr period at two selected locations (Dairy Farming Promotion Organization of Thailand and Khao Kheow Open Zoo). S. calcitrans was more abundant during the rainy season (MarchÐSeptember), but was not associated with the total rainfall (r2 ϭ 0.0002, P Ͼ 0.05). Peak of daily ßight activity of males S. calcitrans was at 1000 and 1600 h, whereas females showed an increase of activity all along the day until 1600 h. A better understanding of stomoxyine ßy behavior related to patterns of daily activity will facilitate and improve the efÞciency of ßy control measures in private and government sectors. KEY WORDS Stomoxys spp., distribution, seasonal and diurnal activity, Vavoua traps, Thailand The genus Stomoxys (Muscidae: Stomoxyinae) con- (LaBrecque et al. 1975, Berry et al. 1976, Smith et al. tains at least 18 described species (Zumpt 1973). They 1985). are obligate blood-sucking insects with some species Stomoxyine ßies can be a severe problem in dairies considered signiÞcant economic pests of livestock and and feedlots, where they breed in moist soil and similar other warm-blooded animals in many parts of the substrates (Meyer and Petersen 1983). Severe biting world (Zumpt 1973, Mullens et al. 1988, Masmeath- activity can result in a reduction in animal weight and athip et al. 2006). Among these, Stomoxys calcitrans milk production. SigniÞcant economic losses as a re- (L., 1758), known as stable ßy, is the most important sult of reduction of anticipated gross weight gain and and cosmopolitan species. Both male and female sto- 30Ð40% decreases in milk yields have been observed moxyine ßies feed on blood, generally once each day. (Hall et al. 1982, Mullens et al. 1988). In the United Adult ßies have a typical ßight range of 1 mile (Ϸ1.6 States, the estimated economic loss to the beef and km). The biology of stable ßies is described elsewhere dairy industry is nearly 400 million dollars annually (Smith et al. 1987). The high number of ßies biting cattle and other affected animals may have a direct inßuence on the epidemiology of communicable 1 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. diseases. Several stomoxyine ßy species have been 2 Centre dÕEcologie fonctionnelle et e´volutive (Unite´ Mixte de implicated as mechanical vectors of anaplasmosis Recherche 5175 Centre dÕEcologie Fonctionnelle et Evolution), Uni- (Anaplasma marginale), trypanosomosis (Trypano- versite´ de Montpellier, 20 Montpellier, France. soma spp.), and different viruses (e.g., bovine leucosis 3 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsean, Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thai- virus, bovine herpesvirus-2, and lumpy skin disease land. virus) (Buxton et al. 1985, Mihok et al. 1995, Torr et al. 4 Division of Biostatistics and Computer, Faculty of Liberal Arts and 2006, Carn 1996). Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsean Campus, Nakhon Stomoxys species have been found to have a wide Pathom 73140, Thailand. 5 Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, host range (Warnes and Finlayson 1987). In Egypt, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. domestic donkeys and horses are the preferred hosts 6 OfÞce of Plant Protection Research and Development, Depart- (Hafez and Gamal-Eddin 1959). Warnes (1984) found ment of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, S. calcitrans preferred to feed on cattle and horses in Bangkok 10900, Thailand. 7 Corresponding author: Department of Entomology, Faculty of the United Kingdom. Numerous host factors appear to Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. inßuence the long-range olfactory responses of stable 0022-2585/10/0791Ð0797$04.00/0 ᭧ 2010 Entomological Society of America 792 JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 47, no. 5 Fig. 1. Collection sites of stomoxyine ßies in Thailand. ßies that include age, size, sex, and nutritional state. dance of Stomoxys species in Thailand, but the study Pheromones produced by cattle also play a role at- was limited to one location and did not compare the tracting some stable ßies (Torr et al. 2006). species diversity among different ecological settings. Surveys of adult stable ßy populations can be as- In this current study, stomoxyine ßy species were sessed using several different techniques. Many stud- surveyed and identiÞed from 10 provinces, represent- ies have employed the use of direct counts or collec- ing four different habitats throughout Thailand. In tions from host animals, especially leg counts to access addition, a monthly stable ßy collection was per- ßy densities (McNeal and Campbell 1981, Berry and formed during a 1-yr period at Dairy Farming Promo- Campbell 1985). Various trapping devices and tech- tion Organization of Thailand, Saraburi Province niques have been developed to collect ßies (Gersa- (SB), and Khao Kheow Open Zoo, Chon Buri Prov- beck and Merritt 1983, Foil and Hogsette 1994). These ince (CB), to study the seasonal and daily activity. The include sticky traps (Williams 1973, Broce 1988) and results of these studies might support more effective also the Vavoua trap (Laveissiere and Grebaut 1990), ßy control programs in private and government sec- originally designed for tsetse ßy collection. This trap tors. has proved very efÞcient at capturing various Stomoxys spp. in many regions of Africa (Holloway and Phelps Materials and Methods 1991, Mihok et al. 1995) and in La Reunion Island (Gilles et al. 2007). Collection Sites. Stable ßy collections were made in Whereas most studies on stomoxyine ßies, particu- 10 geographical locations in Thailand (Fig. 1). Geo- larly S. calcitrans, have been documented in Africa and graphic coordinates and a brief description of collec- the United States, relatively little is known in Thailand tion sites are provided in Table 1. about the presence of different stomoxyine ßy spe- Stable Fly Collection. At each collection site, nine cies, their distribution, and biology. Recently, Mas- Vavoua traps (Laveissiere and Grebaut 1990) were meatathip et al. (2006) described the seasonal abun- randomly placed around sample sites at Ϸ10 m apart. September 2010 MUENWORN ET AL.: DIURNAL ACTIVITY OF Stomoxys calcitrans 793 Table 1. Stomoxyine fly collection sites in Thailand Dates of Collection site provinces Coordinates Characteristics collection Nong Han, San Sai, Chiang Mai 18Њ 48Ј N, 98Њ 58Ј E Industrial dairy farm, Maejo University; ϳ80 cows April 2007 Wiang Tan, Hang Chat, Lampang 18Њ 17Ј N, 99Њ 28Ј E Thai Elephant Conservation Center, Thung Kwian Forest April 2007 Park; ϳ40 elephants Thai Samakkhi, Wang Nam Khiao, 15Њ 0Ј N, 102Њ 6Ј E Local dairy farm, Wang Nam Khiao District; ϳ40 cows Mar. 2007 Nakhon Ratchasima Mit Taphap, Muak Lek, Saraburi 14Њ 31Ј N, 100Њ 52Ј E Industrial dairy farm: Dairy Farming Promotion Mar. 2007 Organization of Thailand; ϳ200 cows Bang Phra, Si Racha, Chon Buri 13Њ 24Ј N, 101Њ 0Ј E National park, Khao Kheow Open Zoo; a variety of May 2007 natural and resident
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