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First Colony of Stomoxys Calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) Successfully Established Under Laboratory Conditions in Argentina ANGULO

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First Colony of Stomoxys Calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) Successfully Established Under Laboratory Conditions in Argentina ANGULO Trabajo Científico Article ISSN 0373-5680 (impresa), ISSN 1851-7471 (en línea) Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 73 (2-3): 131-137, 2014 First colony of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) successfully established under laboratory conditions in Argentina ANGULO LEWYLLE, Maricel & Roberto E. LECUONA Laboratorio de hongos entomopatógenos, IMyZA -INTA Castelar, C.C.25 (1712), Las Cabañas y De los Reseros s/n C.C 25 B1712WAA Castelar, Bs. As., Argentina. E-mail: angulolewylle.m@ inta.gob.ar, [email protected] Primera colonia de Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) establecida bajo condiciones de laboratorio en Argentina RESUMEN. Las moscas de los establos, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera:Muscidae) son insectos hematófagos que representan un problema, no solo por su hemato- fagia y transmisión de patógenos, sino además, porque su impacto económico en las producciones pecuarias es relevante. En Argentina aún no existe una cría de la plaga. El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer y describir la primera cría de Stomoxys calcitrans en el país y registrar la duración de cada estadio bajo condi- ciones controladas de laboratorio. Los adultos fueron exitosamente criados en una cámara de cría (28 ± 1 ºC y 47 ± 1 %RH) bajo un fotoperiodo de 14 h: 10 h (Luz: Oscuridad), mientras que los estadios inmaduros se criaron a 25 ± 2 ºC y luz na- tural. El ciclo desde los huevos hasta la emergencia de adultos duró 16,75 ± 2,9 días. El tiempo de desarrollo requerido para alcanzar el nuevo estado fue de: 2,0 ± 0,8, 6,75 ± 1,3 y 7,75 ± 1,7 días para huevos, larvas y pupas; respectivamente. Los adultos vivieron 16,5 ± 1,91 días. El período de preoviposición fue de 5,0 ± 0,8 días. La supervivencia de larvas y pupas fue de 93,28% y 70,25%, respectivamen- te. Estos resultados pueden ser usados como referencia por otras colonias que se establecieren en un futuro en el país. PALABRAS CLAVE. Mosca de los establos. Ciclo de vida. Estadios inmaduros. Colonia de Laboratorio. ABSTRACT. The stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), are blood-sucking insects that represent a serious problem not only because of their hematophagy and transmission of pathogens, but also because of their consider- able economic impact in animal production. No colony of these insects exists in Argentina. The objectives of this work were to establish the first Stomoxys calcitrans colony in this country, and to standardize and report the duration of each stage under controlled laboratory conditions. The adult flies were successfully reared in a growth chamber (28 ± 1 ºC and 47 ± 1 %RH, under a 14 h light: 10 h dark photo- period); whereas the immature stages were kept at 25 ± 2 ºC and natural light. The cycle from eggs to adult emergence lasted 16.75 ± 2.9 days. The development time required to reach a new stage was: 2.0 ± 0.8, 6.75 ± 1.3 and 7.75 ± 1.7 days for eggs, larvae and pupae, respectively. Adult flies lived 16.5 ± 1.91 days. The preovi- position period lasted 5 ± 0.8 days. The larval and pupal survivals were 93.28% and 70.25%, respectively. These results could be used as a reference for other colonies that may be established in the future. KEY WORDS. Stable fly. Life cycle. Immature stages. Laboratory colony. Recibido: 17-XII-2013; aceptado: 25-VIII-2014 131 Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 73 (3-4): 131-137, 2014 INTRODUCTION the first S. calcitrans colony in Argentina and to standardize and report the duration of each S. Stomoxys calcitrans (Linneaus) (Diptera: calcitrans immature stage under constant labo- Muscidae), also known as stable flies, are blood- ratory conditions. The establishment of such a sucking insects associated with livestock and colony will allow us to understand pest biology wildlife throughout the world. They represent a parameters and to perform entomopathogenic serious problem not only because of their painful fungi-host bioassays under controlled labora- bites, hematophagy, and transmission of patho- tory conditions. gens (Zumpt, 1973; D´Amico et al., 1996), but also because of their considerable economic im- MATERIALS AND METHODS pact (Campbell et al., 2001). A number of chemi- cals and application methods have been used to COLONY ESTABLISHMENT control stable and house flies while feeding upon For the establishment of the S. calcitrans col- host animals, most with limited success. Current- ony, approximately 3,000 pupae were donated ly, there are no effective control measures avail- from the S. calcitrans Laboratory Colony of the able for stable fly larvae or adults in pastured Agricultural Research Service, United States De- livestock situations (Foil & Hogsette, 1994; Broce partment of Agriculture (ARS-USDA), Gainesville, et al., 2005; Hogsette et al., 2008). Application of Florida, USA. It took us 6 generations to stabilize insecticides to pastured livestock is not practical the colony and to obtain significant production because residual activity is short lived and stable for bioassays. Temperature (ºC) and Relative Hu- flies spend the majority of their adult lives off the midity (%RH) were recorded twice a day. host (Farkas & Hogsette, 2000). REARING SYSTEM Biological control is an alternative for chemical Rearing and breeding guidelines for S. cal- control, being investigations intended for control citrans were created in order to organize and of livestock ectoparasites (Hogsette & Jacobs, establish the rearing system. A schedule was 1999), including S. calcitrans. Micoinsecticides set up at the beginning of every month with based on entomopathogenic fungi from the or- all the activities to be performed. All trays and der Entomophthorales (Zygomycota) and Hypo- cages had dates indicating the estimated creales (Ascomycota) may be formulated and dates of pupa formation and adult emergence, included in an Integrated Pest Management Pro- respectively. gram (IPMP) (Furlong & Pell, 2005). In this sense, Adults: Estimated Adult Emergence Day Singh & Moore (1985) have pointed out that pro- (EAED) was calculated for the approximately gress in entomological research and success of 3,000 imported pupae and all generations after IPMP depend on our ability to rear insects and them under our laboratory condition. For this establish colonies in the laboratory. purpose the following equation was developed: The purposes for which insects are reared EAED = Estimated Day of Pupa formation include education, personal collections, station- (EDP) + 7days, where 7 days was a constancy ary exhibits, insect zoos, butterfly houses, pets, obtained from Kunz et al. (1977) and Bailey et human and animal food, agricultural and medi- al. (1975). These authors had reared the stable cal research, pest management and pollination fly in similar conditions as we did in this work. (Leppla, 2002). Also, we previously calculated EDP because Although the stable fly is considered less this information helped us to separate on time amenable to laboratory rearing than the house the pre-pupa and mature larvae from the rearing fly (Schoof, 1964), it has been reared in labora- larval medium. This information is given in detail tory conditions in order to study its biology and in pupae paragraph. For this purpose, the fol- develop new methods of pest control (Berkebile lowing equation was developed: et al., 2009). However, to the best of our knowl- EDP = Day of egg cultivation in medium + 7 edge, no colony of S. calcitrans has been estab- days, where 7 days was a constancy obtained lished in Argentina, and in general little is known from Parr (1959). about stable fly biocontrol using entomopatho- The adults that emerged from the pupae pro- genic fungi (Moraes et al., 2008). vided by ARS were placed in adult cages. The The objectives of this work were to establish adults rearing facility consisted of a room 4.82 132 ANGULO LEWYLLE, M. & R. E. LECUONA. The first S. calcitrans colony in Argentina m long x 2.32 m wide x 2.5 m high maintained ml of water), so that a few drops of fluid could at a temperature of 28 ± 1 ºC and 47 ± 1 %RH, be squeezed from it. The trays were held for 14 under a 14 h : 10 h (Light : Dark) photoperiod. days until pupation was nearly complete. This Metallic screened shelves held the adult cages synchronization of the larval cycle eliminated which were 40 cm long x 40 cm wide x 40 cm the weekend work. high. The cages had an aluminum frame with a Pupae: Stable fly larvae remain in the larval solid aluminum floor and a plug to drain after medium to pupariate, but go through a wan- sanitation. The cages were covered with an alu- dering stage to select the best microhabitat for minum screen mesh, except for half of the front development of pupae. Mature stable fly larvae which was covered with a cloth sleeve to allow search for a dark habitat with approximately access to the inside of the cage. Adult feeding 68% RH. This allowed us to separate larvae methodology was based on studies carried out from the medium by benefiting from this behav- by Schoof (1964). Water and citrated bovine ior. About 24-48 hours before EDP, we removed blood were offered as food in cotton balls inside the cloth cover and exposure to light and the cups. A fresh cup was placed in each cage larvae moved downward. Three-quarters of the daily, except on Fridays, when two cups were ´upper´ larvae rearing medium were removed used to eliminate Saturday´s feeding. The blood using a trowel to concentrate the pre-pupa and was kindly provided by Campo Experimental de mature larvae. Larvae again moved downward Animales de Producción of Centro de Investi- and more media could be carefully removed. gación de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómi- This resulted in the formation of “larvae nests” cas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología and later of the puparia.
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