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Sensorimotor!Integration!Processes!Prior! To!And!During!Movements!To!Somatosensory!Targets!

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Sensorimotor!Integration!Processes!Prior! To!And!During!Movements!To!Somatosensory!Targets! !Examining!the!Sensorimotor!Integration!Processes!Prior! to!and!During!Movements!to!Somatosensory!Targets! ! by! ! Gerome!Aleandro!Manson! A!thesis!submitted!in!conformity!with!the!requirements! for!the!degree!of!Doctor!of!Philosophy! Graduate!Department!of!Exercise!Science! University!of!Toronto! Joint!with! École!Doctorale!des!Sciences!de!la!Vie!et!de!la!Santé! AixGMarseille!Université! ©!Copyright!by!Gerome!Aleandro!Manson!2019! Examining!the!Sensorimotor!Integration!Processes!Prior!to!and! During!Movements!to!Somatosensory!Targets! Gerome Aleandro Manson Doctor of Philosophy University!of!Toronto! AixGMarseille!Université!! 2019 Abstract! Previous research on multisensory integration for movement planning and control has focused on movements to targets external to the body. In this dissertation, three experiments were conducted to examine the sensorimotor transformation processes underlying goal-directed actions to targets defined by body positions (i.e., somatosensory targets). The goal of the first experiment was to investigate if the modality of the cue used to indicate the location of a somatosensory target affects the body representation used to encode the target’s position during movement planning. The results showed that auditory cues prompted the use of an exteroceptive body representation for the encoding of movements to a somatosensory target in visual coordinates. The goal of the second experiment was to examine the neural processes associated with the visual remapping of an auditory-cued somatosensory target. It was found that the sensorimotor transformation processes responsible for the conversion of a somatosensory target position into visual coordinates engages visuomotor cortical networks to a greater extent than movements to external visual targets. The goal of the third experiment was to examine the sensorimotor transformation processes employed for the online control of movements to a somatosensory target. The results of this experiment revealed that the remapping of a somatosensory target into visual coordinates may not occur prior to online corrections. Altogether the findings of this thesis reveal that sensory cues can facilitate the remapping of a somatosensory target prior to goal-directed actions. However, these remapping processes may be too costly for use during online control when there is no vision of the reaching limb. ii Acknowledgements! Reflecting on the many people who helped me through this time made me feel extremely grateful. The list of people acknowledged here is not exhaustive but just a few of the individuals who came to mind. There were many more. Je vais commencer en français. Merci beaucoup à tous mes collègues et mes amis à Marseille. Particulièrement : Caroline, Julien, Marie C, Eva (et Téo), Stefania F, Christina, Sarah, Myelene, Joanna, Svetlana, Kyle, Rory, Shu, Kevin, Raphael, Thibault, Stefania, Sebastian, Luisa, et Ana. Nous avons passé des bons moments ensemble et vous me manquez. Merci aussi aux membres de l’équipe : Merci à Didier Louber (l’ami des caraïbes), Laurence Mouchnino, Marie Fabre, et Alain Guillaume. C’était vraiment un plaisir de travailler avec vous. Merci à Olivia Lhomond pour toute ton aide et pour « English Day » chaque semaine. Merci à Anahid Saradjian pour tout ce que tu m’as donné et pour notre rituel de donner un manger aux chats. Merci infiniment à mes deux frères : Romain Chaumillion (le #1 fan de Raptors) et Nicolas Lebar (« le mec ») simplement pour tous. Merci énormément à Mme Aurélie Aufray pour tout votre travail administratif avec la co-tutelle. Merci aux membres de comité de thèse : Merci à Franck Vidal pour les discussions et l’aide avec le développement du document. Un grand merci aussi à mon superviseur Jean Blouin pour tout votre travail avec la thèse et les connaissances scientifique que vous m’avez apporté. Now to switch back to English. To the external examiners who took time to evaluate my work: Dr. Denise Henriques and Dr. Jennifer Campos. Thank you for all of your insightful questions, critiques, and the many discussions we had over the years. I would like to also acknowledge the mentorship and guidance I received from Dr. Timothy Welsh. Tim, thank you for helping me develop both as a scientist and as a person. Thank you also for your expertise in statistics. Thank you also to all of the students and staff members, both past and present, of the Perceptual Motor Behaviour Lab, the Action and Attention Lab, and the Department of Exercise Sciences who made this thesis possible. Thank you for creating a supportive environment through both the fun times and the hard times. In particular, I would like to thank Valentic Crainic, Damian iii Manzone, Animesh Kumawat, John DeGrosbois, and Intishar Kazi for their help with numerous aspects of each project. To all the present and former members of Team G: Sads, Taff, Lok, and Dov, for taking a big risk by working with me, and then for becoming some of my best friends. I learned so much from you all. To my mentors both official and unofficial: Danielle, Tanya, Darian Cheng, Heather, and Matt Ray. Thank you for the words of advice and guidance. Thank you also to D-Millz, Jonah, Sam, Nat, Steph, and Mo for friendship, lively discussions, and research support over the years. Thank you to team bolt: Sharaf, Rach, Sharifa and Jo (also Jess). In addition to being great friends, you all are my inspirations. A very special thank you to Cindy, Debra, and Rachel “getting buckets” Goodman for your love, kindness, and support. Thank you to the Generals of the Heavens: Kwasi, Gabriel, and Danny. You all provided me with the support and motivation to keep going. Also, very special thank thanks to Kwasi and Steph for being my late-night study partners in the ring and for your love and support over the years to me and my family during some of the hardest times. Thank you to my new lab and family at Houston Methodist. Thank you Dr. Dimitry Sayenko, Rachel Markley, and Jonathan Calvert for your support during the past few months. Thank you also to Masha, Sasha, Liza, and Misha for being part of my Texas Family. To Dr. Luc Tremblay, I cannot express in words the gratitude I have for everything you have done for me. You have been a colleague, mentor, and friend of the highest caliber. You believed in me and pushed me to take risks, fail, and comeback better. Thank you also for all the lessons both in science and in life. I will continue to pay it forward. To my dear family Dolores (Mom), Richard (Dad) and Niclas (Brother). From pilot testing my experiments both in Canada and France to planning surprise parties for everyone around, you all have been with me every step of the way. Thank you all so much, for everything. Lastly, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my late grandmother (Violet) and my late aunty (Joanne). Thank you both for all the love and support and for helping me keep things in perspective. Life is both long and short, I will do my best to make these days count. iv !"#$%&'(&)'*+%*+,& ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ III TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................. IX LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ X LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ XI PREAMBLE ........................................................................................................................................ 19 ........................................................................................................................................ 21 RÉSUMÉ ..................................................................................................................................... 21 GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW................................. 22 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 22 PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND MODELS OF GOAL-DIRECTED ACTION .................................. 23 THE VISUAL SYSTEM ............................................................................................................ 23 Visual System Neuroanatomy in Brief ............................................................................... 23 Construction of the Visual World ...................................................................................... 26 Two Visual Streams .......................................................................................................... 26 Vision for Goal-directed Action Planning and Control: Multiple-Processes Model............ 29 The Multiple-Processes Model .......................................................................................... 31 THE SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM ............................................................................................ 33 Somatosensory Sensory Receptors .................................................................................... 33 Somatosensory Information Processing: From Spinal Cord to the Cortex.......................... 35 Somatosensory Representations During Action – Vector Integration to
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