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Neuroesthetic: Brain and Art NeuroQuantology | January 2019| Volume 17 | Issue 01 | Page 09-14| doi: 10.14704/nq.2019.17.03.1941 Yaman H., Neuroesthetic: Brain and Art Neuroesthetic: Brain and Art Hakan Yaman1* and Aylin Yaman2 ABSTRACT Neuroesthetics is a field of science that examines the beauty and art of individuals in their brains. It is a branch of ofscience art and called perception empirical of aesthetics.art is also the The subject formal of definition aesthetic was research, made infor 2002 which, and the its radiodiagnostic scientific foundations methods are and based other on knownneuroscience. techniques Investigates are used. the The transmission relationship and between processing the structure of five senses and functionalto the brain. anatomy For the inlast the 20 brain years, is the examined. subject understandScientific evidence perceptual suggests aesthetic that experiences. art is an objective field. Developments in the neuroesthetic science increase our knowledge of the visual perception of artworks and other qualifications. New information on senses will allow us to Key Words: Art, Aesthetics, Beauty, Neurology DOI Number: 10.14704/nq.2019.17.03.1941 NeuroQuantology 2019; 17(03):09-14 how people operate mentally beauty (Chatterjee, functional magnetic imaging, psychology, and Neuroesthetics is a scientific field about with other different fields and methods such as evolutionary biology, to examine the relationship 9 thinking about the effect of the brain on the cultural between the functional anatomy of the brain and environment2014). It can be(Neidich, defined as2018). critical Neuroesthetic and constructive is human art perception within the framework of a sub-branch of empirical aesthetics and is an human development (Kephart, 2018). In other artistic approach to art and music (Marin, 2015). words, art is an issue that we enjoy and to a certain extent is subjective. However, it is understood that The neuroesthetic formal definition was obtained proof of neuroesthetics. Neuroesthetics examines within 2002 the andtransmission its. scientific and processingfoundations of is senses based and on theart isintersections not as subjective of neuroscience as we think and of aestheticsscientific neural fields (Nalbantian, 2008). That is, it deals (Kephart, 2018). are also related to past and present experiences. The The light entering our eyes is separated and perceptions through the five senses to the brain, which processed in different visual centers in our brain, Colors, shapes and perceived movement interact which is perceived in different qualities such as light, withresponse our mind we give and to provide different a sense stimuli of definesfeeling aboutthe art. it color, and movement (Chatterjee, 2014; Chatterjee (Kephart, 2018). and Vartanian, 2016). It is argued that visual For the last 20 years, neuroesthetics examines aesthetics, that is, the assessment of certain objects, whether the art has been subject to certain rules or where the feeling comes from or whether something characteristic belonging to human being (Cela et al., 2004;colors Leder,or movements 2013) in specific beauty criteria is a is art. This study field of aesthetics combines Corresponding author: Hakan Yaman* Address: 1Hacettepe University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Division of Recreation, Department of Physical Activity and Health, Ankara, Turkey; 2Aylin Yaman, Antalya Teaching and Research Hospital, Neurology Clinic, Antalya, Turkey e-mail [email protected] Relevant conflicts of interest/financial disclosures: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or Received: 21 December 2018; Accepted: 07 January 2019 financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com NeuroQuantology | January 2019| Volume 17 | Issue 01 | Page 09-14| doi: 10.14704/nq.2019.17.03.1941 Yaman H., Neuroesthetic: Brain and Art The brain has a direct effect on how we perceive past experiences. The various regions in the brain and create art. It examines the extent to which (prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), different parts of the brain are active or watching frontal lobe, bilateral occipital gyrus, prefrontal art. Another interesting area is the extent to which dorsolateral cortex (PFC) and other regions process thoughts play a role in the artistic act (Kephart, 2018). the information in a proper manner and affect our Different models have been suggested to explain perception and sense of an art piece. The prefrontal the appreciation of art by people. The physiological cortex, which allows us to detect colored objects, is psychological model explains this by the arousal of the particularly responsible for these functions, which person in front of the art work. Psychologists dealing will have an impact on the perception of the aesthetic with aesthetics have tried to explain these mechanisms stimuli that are constantly coming, because the through psychoanalysis, gestalt or behavioral processes related to memory and color perception theories (Xue 2018). There have also been different are intersected in this region, and our decisions views among the schools, which consider the on art determine the combination of memory and aesthetic perception philosophically. One approach visual impact (Kephart, 2018). It is known that PFC undermines the importance of rationalization and is related to the perception of color objects, decision considers art works like a natural phenomena; the making, and memory, and the aesthetic experience other one believes that images exist in the mind and of conscious aesthetics happens during the aesthetic are attributed to the images during visualization. tasks related to the visual stimulus. Visio-spatial Therefore objects might be differently perceived memory is needed to make decisions about this by different individuals (Song, 2018). The aesthetic issue. It is well known, that OFC is important in the experience, however, depends on the interaction perception of beauty, in the case of a very beautiful between the optional downward orientation and the image this region is activated, but there is no activity creation of a visual perception that operates from the in any region in an ugly image. The medial part of bottom up. When novice viewers automatically refer the OFC responds to the text and especially to the subtitles. It is believed that OFC is related to all the bottom to top, there must be a process for reducing stimuli (taste, odor and visual) that are actually 10 thisto the behavior object fromdefinition top to process bottom thatso that operates an aesthetic from coming (Kawabata and Zeki, 2004; Kirk et al., 2009). An perception can occur. This shows that the artists aesthetically perceived work of art creates a meaningful have different levels of brain activity (Cupchik et al., 2009). art, activation takes place in this region. This activity can beactivity associated in OFC. with If a the definition reward is system made ofin thethe brain.context This of The stimulation of the visual system is system responds to both visual and semantic stimuli perceived in a contralateral way and the image is (Kephart, 2018) (Fig. 1). processed in both halves by the visual cortex. If the image perceived from each cortex half differently, this discrepancy is detected in the brain which causes different sensations at the level of consciousness (Zhu, 2018). In addition, artists perceive the mental representation of an object not as an original but as a depiction. Their transfers may not necessarily look like a real one. Our brains may ignore the actual light, shade and color characteristics found in nature. Therefore, artistic images that do not conform to the original are not seen by our eyes (Chatterjee, 2014). The aesthetic orientation in the individual causes more interaction in the prefrontal brain regions. This Figure 1. Prefrontal Cortex shows that this orientation is subject to cognitive While the PDC activates only when the control. The pragmatic orientation involves more beautiful stimulus arrives, the prefrontal region does perceptual processes and occurs in the occipital not distinguish between pleasant and seedy stimuli. regions of the brain (Marcos and Martin, 2015). Prefrontal cortex guides the cognitive and perceptual The brain is actually like a processor. It mechanisms of aesthetic perception towards handles all the sensory data gathered in it with its individuals who are novices. In fact, it is about the eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com NeuroQuantology | January 2019| Volume 17 | Issue 01 | Page 09-14| doi: 10.14704/nq.2019.17.03.1941 Yaman H., Neuroesthetic: Brain and Art top-down process and aesthetic perception. The are activated. This response is linked to the elongated lateral prefrontal cortex is the area related to high- mirror neuron system. The mirror neuron system level internal computing. The right lateral PFC (area plays a role in the movement and its detection. The 10 of Brodmann) leads to the implementation of pleasure from beauty is related to the reward center internally prepared targets (Cela et al., 2004; Cupchik of the brain. Attractive looking faces are related to the et al., 2009). face processing center of the brain and the ventral striatum activates the ventromedial prefrontal Aesthetic perception occurs in the vision cortex, insula, and OFC. Insulin is associated with centers of the brain (V1 cortex). However, signals the autonomic nervous system, while others play from V1 spread to different
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