International Journal of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Research. ISSN 2231-1238, Volume 4, Number 5 (2013), pp. 457-464 © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ ijbbr.htm

Studies on the Organogenesis of Atropa Belladonna in In-vitro Conditions

Asha Rani N.S1 and Prasad M.P2*

1PRIST University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India. 2Sangenomics Research Labs, Domlur layout, Bangalore, India.

Abstract

Atropa belladonna or Atropa bella-donna, commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. All parts of the plant contain tropane alkaloids, including the foliage and berries which are extremely toxic. The active agents in Belladonna, Atropine, hyoscine (scopolamine) and hyoscyamine , have anticholinergic properties and also cause a bizarre delirium and hallucinations. The drug atropine is also derived from the plant. It has a long history of use as a medicine, cosmetic and poison. In the present investigation direct and indirect organogenesis was noticed from explants of Atropa belladonna under maintained conditions. The explants, leaf midrib and petiole region showed organogenesis with MS media constituent with different hormone supplements. Under 26±2°C, 14hrs/day 200 lux light, explants with NAA showed direct organogenesis by differentiating into roots. Under the same conditions with kinetin, the samples exhibited indirect organogenesis. Explants first in 28 days differentiated into callus and after long expose in same media for 60 days, showed root initiation, but growth was slow compared to NAA supplemented root initiation.

Keywords: Atropa belladonna, Atropine, hyoscine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine, Callus.

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1. Introduction Atropa belladonna L. (commonly known as belladonna, deadly nightshade, divale, dwale, banewort, devil’s berries, naughty man’s cherries, beautiful death, great morel and dwayberry), a perennial herb hallowed by long traditional as one of the classic poisons of antiquity. The name Atropa set to be derived from Greek goddess Atropos; while, the name belladonna means ‘beautiful lady’ in Italian language. The plant species is native to Europe (Austria, Ukraine, and Albania), Northern Africa (Algeria, Morocco) and Western Asia (Iran, Turkey). It is cultivated in Europe, Northern and Southern America and in few parts of India and Pakistan. It belongs to Solanaceae family, Subfamily Solanoideae and tribe Hyoscyameae. The plant species is the source of alkaloid atropine (C₁₇H₂₃NO₃, d1-hyoscyamine) which has proven to be a cornerstone in the study of autonomic pharmacology. The active agents of belladonna are atropine, hyoscine (scopolamine) and hyoscyamine. A. belladonna is a perennial herb with purplish colored stem, thick roots, darkish color leaves with short petiole, purplish colored bell shaped flower and shining black color fruit berry with disperse seeds. The plant grows good in shady moist environment in cold zones with saline in soil. Belladonna is also used to dilate pupils of eye. It is used in traditional treatments for an assortment of conditions including headache, menstrual symptoms, pectic ulcer, histaminic reactions, inflammation and motion sickness. It is used to overcome bronchial spasms, whooping cough. It is used for Parkinson’s disease, antidote for snakebite, gastric agent. Investigational report: [1] Hartmann et al. found a total of 13 alkaloids from roots of A. belladonna following a high resolution GLC and GLC-MS. [2] Hedges and Herbert reported a natural plant constituent δ-N- Methylornithrine from Atropa belladonna as tropane alkaloid precursor. Kamada et al. reported the presence of atropine and scopolamine in hairy roots by TLC and HPLC. Mino et al. made complete amino acid sequence of ferredoxin from Atropa belladonna. [3] Khater developed many mutant lines of Atropa belladonna (M-11-1, M-11-2 and M-15-1) Many plant tissue culture experiments were carried out to get more promising results. [4] H. C. Chaturvedi, M. Sharma et al., reported Atropa belladonna with Schenk & Hildebrandt medium with BAP, auxin and TDZ developed root. Other combination of NAA, 2, 4 D developed shoot and also embryogenesis was reported. Root shoot callus were maintained on liquid media of MS with BA & Kinetin by [5] B.D. Benjamin, P.C. Raja et al. [6] E.Thomas and H E street reported Atropa belladonna cultured in Synthetic culture media contain 2mg/l NAA developed root. Root aggregated to embryo. MS media with Gamborg’s B5 vitamins, 50mg/l Kenamycin, 500mg/l carbenicillin and 0.1 mg/l NAA at 23˚c gave promising results of root development after 1-2 months.reported by [7] Ute Richter, Grit Rothe . [8] Dae-Jin Yun, Takashi hashimoto recorded Calli on B5 agar media+ 10µm NAA+10µm BA was transferred on hormone free media for shoot formation. Promising result was updated. Hormone free MS media for root production at 25˚c under 16h day light was recorded.by [9]

Studies on the Organogenesis of Atropa Belladonna in In-vitro Conditions 459

K.Yoshimatsu, M. Jaziri Japan et al. Different concentration of MS+BAP+IBA reported root and shoot bud formation by [10] Alka Narula, Sanjeev Kumar. Statically plant is permitted import with specific additional declarations under SI 2130 schedule VII by Plant Quarantine Information System. It permits trade of dry plant with additional tax duties. The plant is totally safe as medicine in AYUSH and MDD is fixed by The Medicinal and Healthcare products regulatory Agency (MHRA).

1.1 Materials and methods Plant material: Atropa Belladonna plants grown under green house used in the entire research. Atropa belladonna pure breed was collected from Kashmir horticulture department, Srinagar, Kashmir. Both plant and seed samples were certified from the Horticulture department, Bangalore. Media: MS media: MS major salt, MS minor salt, Iron EDTA, MS vitamins, Sucrose 3%, Agar-6.5- 8.0%, Growth regulators: Auxin - NAA, IBA, Cytokinin –Kinetin. Various concentration of the three hormone solutions were prepared and added to the best media culture. Napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), Indole butaric acid (IBA), Kinetin (KIN) were added at different concentration to culture media which was retained by factorials design. Explant: Leaf parts, lamellae (5mm length), Midrib (5-7mm length) and petiole (5mm length) are used as explants. Each piece planted on a solid agar medium in five replicates (jars) with frequency of 2 explants pre jar for callus induction.

1.2 Treatment of Material Atropa belladonna do well in a incubator set at 26±3˚c with 16hour light/8hour dark photoperiod. MS media (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) in organic components were used. Two concentrations of NAA and Kinetin, a IBA concentration were applied in the present study. (Table 1).

Table 1: MS media supplemented with different growth regulators at different concentrations used in the present research from leaf explants of Atropa belladonna.

No of Media MS Media components 1 MS(25.0g/l)+Sucrose(30g/l)+Agar(6.5g/l)+NAA(0.2mg/l)

2 MS(25.0g/l)+Sucrose(30g/l)+Agar(6.5g/l)+IBA(0.3mg/l)

3 MS(25.0g/l)+Sucrose(30g/l)+Agar(6.5g/l)+KI(0.4mg/l)

1.3 Dry matter content (%) The fresh weight (mg) of different calli was dried at 60˚c for 48 hours in hot air oven. Dry matter content was estimated by below equation Callus dry weight = Callus dry weight X 100 Callus fresh weight

460 Asha Rani N.S & Prasad M.P

Dry callus of different hormone concentration is stored for further analysis of phytochemical at 16˚c in airtight containers.

2. Result 2.1 Organogenesis Atropa belladonna fresh explants are surface sterilized and transferred into MS media supplement with definite hormonal concentration. Explants showed results exactly after 25-30 days of inoculation. 4 to 6 week after inoculation, Direct Organogenesis was observed. Roots appeared on inoculation site, where NAA was growth hormone. The same roots differentiated into callus with exposure for long time in same conditional media. The above callus used for dry weight. Root growth rate was observed in interval of time and changes in growth rate were recorded. (Table2) Even roots transferred into kinetin media also showed callus initiation.

Table 2: MS media supplemented with NAA hormone at different concentration showed altering results with different explants tabulated. Each culture jar: Having 2 explants on incubation day. No of replicates: 3

Hormone Hormone Explants Length of root Length of root concentration(mg/l) (Leaf parts) in 30days (cm) in 45days (cm) Lamellae 0.5 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.2 Midrib 0.4 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 NAA 0.2 Petiole NO Result Lamellae 0.7 ± 0.1 2.1 ± 0.2 Midrib 0.4 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 NAA 0.3 Petiole 0.3 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1

Indirect Organogenesis was observed with kinetin media. Explants first in 28 days differentiated into callus and after on prolong expose in same media for 15-20 days showed root initiation but growth of root was slow compared to NAA supplemented root initiation. The above callus is used for dry weight analysis. IBA with lamellae explants showed callogenesis, took prolong time for differentiation, with good growth rate. Further organogenesis was not observed. 5 week callus of NAA, KIN and IBA are used to calculate dry weight and comparison study was done and notified. (Table3).

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Table 3: Interactions between Atropa belladonna and different hormones concentrations of callus fresh weight and callus dry weight.

Hormone Concentration Callus fresh Callus dry (mg/l) weight (mg) weight (mg) NAA 0.2 1320.0 120.0 Kinetin 0.4 1460.0 160.0 IBA 0.3 3680.0 280.0

Figure 1: Direct Organogenesis. Root initiation.

Figure 2: Callus Formation: callus in 30 days and in 2 months.

Figure 3: Indirect organogenesis & dry weight comparison: Callus showing root formation.

462 Asha Rani N.S & Prasad M.P

3. Discussion and Conclusion Data from Table 2 conclude that NAA with 0.3 mg/l showed best root initiation compared to higher concentration. MS+0.3mg/l lamellae showed maximum root growth. Other concentration also showed promising results. By observation of callus dry weight, we can conclude that callus from IBA 0.3mg/l reported maximum callus growth.(Table 3). [11] WangXi Rong,Lu Yan successfully reported Rapid Atropa belladonna propagation from seedling was successfully reported with BA & NAA. 4.5mg/l BA+0.2mg/l NAA was reported adventitious bud initiation. Present experiment reported root initiation in lesser concentration of NAA. Bud formation was unnoticed. [12] H.S. Taha reported high growth of micropropagation was recorded with NAA+BA 1mg/l at 24˚c. Micropropagation was successfully recorded even at higher temperature of 27˚c much favorable for Indian temperature. [13]Ashok Ahuja, Manju Sambyal raised best root with Revised Tobacco Media. 2, 4 D combination with NAA and kinetin showed best shoot formation too. Here kinetin showed callus initiation and later differentiated into roots.2, 4 D had no effect on plant at carried temperature. [14] Dimitrova D showed MS+BAP+IAA were most suitable for Invitro propagation of Atropa belladonna. NAA proved the best for root initiation And hence for Micropropagation. Root and callus culture of Atropa belladonna were reported on hormone free media at 25˚c, 18hrs/ day light, 4000lux by[15](Hirish, kamada, Hormone free media did not show any organ differentiation at same and with higher temperature. Indirect organogenesis was observed in Kinetin media. And callus, root differentiation was successfully reported in higher temperature of 26±2˚c. IBA showed promising growth in the above mentioned temperature.

References

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[5] Benjamin, B.D., P.C. Roja, M.R. Heble and M.S. Chadha,. Multiple shoot cultures of Atropa belladonna: effect of physico-chemical factors on growth and alkaloid formation. J. Plant Physiol., 1987:129: 129-135. [6] E. Thomas, H.E. Street. Organogenesis in cell suspension culture of Atropa belladonna and Atropa belladonna cultivar Lutea Doll. 1972;36(2):239-47 [7] Ute Richter, Grit Rothe.. Over expression of tropinone reductases alters alkaloid composition in Atropa belladonna root cultures.(2004) J exp bot: 56(412);645-52 [8] Dae-Jin Yun, Takashi hashimoto. Metabolic engineering of medicinal plants: Transgenic Atropa belladonna with an improved alkaloid composition. (1992): Applied Biological Sciences:89; 11799-11803 [9] K. Yoshimatsu, M. Jaziri, H. Kamada and K. Shimomura Production of diploid and haploid transgenic Atropa belladonna plants: Morphological traits and tropan alkaloid production. (1997) Belg. J. Bot., 130 (1); 38-46.. [10] Wang Xi Rong, Qiang Wei, Lu Yan, Li Jin Di, Liao ZhiHua Establishment of high frequency regeneration system of Atropa belladonna L. & screening of kanamycin resistance. (2011). Agricultural Science & Technology - Hunan: 12(3):372-374 [11] H.S.Taha. Effect of biotic stress on the production and accumulation of total alkaloids in Atropa belladonna via tissue culture.(2003) International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Part II) [12] Dimitrova D, Warbanova K, Evstatieva L. Possibilities for invitro propagation of Atropa belladonna. Proceedings of the Second Balkan Scientific Conference, Sofia, Bulgaria, 3-5 June 1996. I385-388 [13] Abdel-Hady MS, Okasha EM, Soliman SSA. Effect of gamma radiation and gibberellic acid on germination and alkaloid production in Atropa belladonna. . (2008) Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2(3): 401-405. [14] Salonen M, Simola LK Effect of nitrate, ammonium and some aminoacids on growth and nitrate reductase activity in suspension culture of Atropa belladonna. (1989) Oxford Journals 30(8);1177-1181. [15] Kamada H, Okamura N, Satake M, Harada H, Shimomura K. Alkaloid production by hairy root cultures in Atropa belladonna. (1986):Plant cell Rep , 5(4) 239-242. [16] Mino Y, Yukita M, Hiratsuka N(2005). Amino acis sequences of Ferredoxins from Atropa belladonna and Hyoscyamus niger. Biol pharmaceut bull 2005, 28(8); 1535-8.

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