Ökologische Station in Der Jugendherberge Sorpesee Gewässerkundlicher Kurs

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Ökologische Station in Der Jugendherberge Sorpesee Gewässerkundlicher Kurs Ökologische Station in der Jugendherberge Sorpesee Gewässerkundlicher Kurs http://www.oeko-sorpe.de Herausgegeben von der Ökologischen Station in der Jugendherberge Sorpesee, 2. neu bearbeitete Auflage 2009 Download: www.phytoplankton.info/download/sorpeskript.pdf Anschrift: Am Sorpesee 7 59846 Sundern-Langscheid Tel. 02935/9669110 Tel. 02935/1776 (Anmeldung für Kurse) Fax 02935/7254 eMail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.oeko-sorpe.de Gesetzt mit pdfTEX Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Allgemeines 5 1.1 Die Sorpetalsperre . 5 1.2 Die Ökologie der Sorpetalsperre . 13 1.2.1 Abiotische Faktoren . 13 1.2.2 Biotische Faktoren . 19 1.2.3 Pflanzliches Plankton des Hauptbeckens . 19 2 Praktisches Arbeiten 27 2.1 Fang und Behandlung von Planktonproben . 27 2.2 Feldmessgeräte . 27 2.2.1 Sauerstoff- und Temperaturmessung . 27 2.2.2 Leitfähigkeitsmessung . 28 2.2.3 pH-Messung . 30 2.3 Analysen . 30 Literaturverzeichnis 31 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4 1 Allgemeines 1.1 Die Sorpetalsperre Die wasserwirtschaftliche Ausgangssituation Im an Bächen reichen Sauerland ließen sich vor dem Beginn der Industrialisierung bereits zahlreiche kleine Hammerwerke und Drahtziehereien nieder, die die Ener- gie zum Betrieb ihrer Anlagen aus der Wasserkraft zogen. Meist waren kleine Müh- lenteiche angelegt, die die für einen Tag benötigte Wassermenge speicherten (Abb. 1.1). Über Nacht wurde der Speicher wieder aufgefüllt. Während längerer Trocken- zeiten mussten die Betriebe tage- und sogar wochenlang geschlossen werden. Im 19. Jahrhundert wurden die im Ruhrgebiet angesiedelten Betriebe, die dank der Abbildung 1.1: Oberrödinghauser Hammer mit Hammerteich Energiequelle Kohle Tag und Nacht arbeiten konnten, konkurrenzstärker als die kleinen, auf Wasserkraft angewiesenen Firmen im südlich angrenzenden Sauer- land. Im Tal der Heilenbecke und der Fuelbecke wollten darauf hin einige der dort ansässigen Industriellen gemeinsam eine Talsperre bauen, um ohne Ausfallzeiten produzieren zu können. Jedoch erst nach einer Gesetzesänderung war die Finan- zierung dieses Projekts gesichert, da nun auch die bisher zögernden Firmen ver- pflichtet werden konnten, der Gemeinschaft beizutreten. 1896 wurden dann die beiden Talsperren als erste des Sauerlandes eingeweiht. Sie waren, im Vergleich zu modernen Talsperren, bescheiden in ihren Ausmaßen: nur 450 000 bzw. 700 000 m3 Wasser konnten sie fassen. Doch ihr Betrieb erwies sich als teurer als zuerst abge- schätzt. Der weitere Bau von Talsperren unterblieb deshalb zunächst [12, 14]. Gleichzeitig spitzte sich die wasserwirtschaftliche Situation an der Ruhr zu. Stei- gende Bevölkerungszahlen und Industrieleistung bedeuteten höherer Trinkwasser- 5 1 Allgemeines bedarf. Die Förderung konnte nicht mit dem Anspruch Schritt halten. Es galt der Grundsatz „Wer zuerst kommt, mahlt zuerst“. Das führte, besonders in trockenen Sommern, dazu, dass die Wasserführung der Ruhr zeitweise auf Null zurückging, bei gleichzeitiger erheblicher Verschmutzung des Flusses. 1899 wurde der Ruhrtal- sperrenverein (RTV) gegründet, basierend auf einem preußischen Sondergestz, das alle Wasserentnehmer der Ruhr verpflichtete, diesem Verein beizutreten. Als Folge wurden mehrere Talsperren in den Nebentälern der Ruhr gebaut. Das Ziel eines Stauraums von 30 Millionen m3 wurde jedoch noch nicht erreicht, sodass im Tro- ckenjahr 1911 wieder die alten Verhältnisse an der Ruhr auftraten. August THIENE- MANN, einer der „Väter“ der Limnologie in Deutschland, war zu dieser Zeit Leiter der Biologischen Abteilung der Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchsstation in Münster. In dieser Funktion untersuchte er den Lauf der Ruhr im trockenen Sommer 1911. In seinem Bericht [22] schrieb er z.B.: „. unterhalb Schloßbrücke Mülheim: ‚Die Ruhr selbst führt, weil für die Speisung des Thyssenschen Wasserwerks aufgestaut, fast kein Wasser. ... Viel schwarzer, stinkender Schlamm...‘. unterhalb Witten: ‚Wasser trübe, fast stagnierend. Ölhäute! Die Ruhr riecht stark nach Öl und Phenolverbindungen.‘“ In dieser Situation wurde es unumgänglich, die Talsperrenkapazität zu vergrö- ßern, um Wassermenge und -qualität zu verbessern. 1912 ging die Listertalsperre in Betrieb1, 1913 die Möhnetalsperre. Die Grafik zeigt, dass die Talsperren 1912 1,5 Abbildung 1.2: Leistungsfähigkeit der Talsperren und Entzug aus der Ruhr [13] m3/s zuschießen konnten, der Entzug aus der Ruhr aber bei etwa 8 m3/s lag. Bei extremer Niederschlagsarmut lief die Ruhr also immer noch Gefahr, trockenzufal- len. Die Möhne verbesserte dann die Situation; die Differenz lag im Schnitt nur noch bei etwa 3 m3/s. Schließlich wurde 1935 die Sorpetalsperre in Betrieb genom- men. Da der Wasserbedarf weiter stieg, brachte sie nur kurzzeitig Entlastung. Erst mit der Biggetalsperre (1965) konnten die Talsperren mehr liefern als entzogen wur- de, unterstützt auch durch sinkenden Verbrauch. Tab. 1.1 listet die Talsperren im Einzugsgebiet der Ruhr auf. 1Die Listertalsperre ging 1965 in der Biggetalsperre auf. Sie bildet heute eines ihrer Vorbecken. 6 1.1 Die Sorpetalsperre Talsperre Stauinhalt in 106 m3 Fertigstellung Bigge (mit Lister, 1912) 177,7 1965 Möhne 140,8 1913 Sorpe 70,8 1935 Henne 39,3 1955 Verse 33,6 1952 Ennepe 13,03 1905 Oester 3,1 1906 Glör 2,1 1904 Haspe 2,05 1904 Fürwigge (ehem. Verse) 1,67 1904 Jubach 1,05 1906 Fuelbecke 0,7 1896 Heilenbecke 0,45 1896 Summe 486,35 Tabelle 1.1: Talsperren im Ruhreinzugsgebiet Nur dank der vielen leistungsfähigen Talsperren kann ein kleiner Mittelgebirgs- fluss wie die 217 km lange Ruhr einen der weltgrößten Industrie- und Ballungsräu- me mit Trink- und Brauchwasser versorgen. Abbildung 1.3: Einzugsgebiet der Ruhr [13] Die Sorpetalsperre heute Die Abbildung 1.2 lässt erkennen, dass der Durst des Ruhrgebiets bis ca. 1960 ste- tig wuchs. Um etwa 1920 zeichnete sich ab, dass in absehbarer Zeit der durch die 1913 fertig gestellte Möhnetalsperre erfolgte Kapazitätszuwachs zumindest in nie- derschlagsarmen Zeiten nicht mehr reichen würde, wenn sich an der wasserwirt- schaftlichen Situation sich nichts änderte. Als geeignet für die Anlage einer wei- 7 1 Allgemeines teren Talsperre stellte sich das Tal der Sorpe zwischen Amecke und Langscheid westlich von Sundern heraus. Sie wurde im Jahre 1935 fertig gestellt. Die Sorpetalsperre liegt im sauerländischen Mittelgebirge zwischen Lennegebir- ge im Süden und dem Ruhrtal im Norden. Der höchste Punkt ihres knapp 100 km2 großen Einzugsgebiet ist der Schomberg (648 mNN) bei dem Wintersportort Wilde- wiese. Das Talsperrenbecken befindet sich in der Lüdenscheider Mulde. Sie besteht aus den flözleeren oberkarbonischen Arnsberger Schichten. Im Süden berührt das Becken den Kalk des Unterdevons. Das Talsperrenbecken bildet einen schwach gekrümmten, Süd bis Nordost aus- gerichteten, 6,2 km langen und am Nordende 700 m breiten Bogen. Die Oberflä- che der maximal gefüllten Talsperre beträgt 3,38 km2, die maximale 57 m und die mittlere Tiefe 21 m. Daraus resultiert ein Gesamtstauraum von 70,8 × 106 m3. Ür- sprünglich benötigten die Zuflüsse 2,3 Jahre, um den Speicher zu füllen. Im Zuge der durch die Kriegsschäden bedingten Reparaturarbeiten (1958) wurden weite- re Gewässersysteme (Settmecke, Bönkhauser Bach und Röhr) durch Stollen ange- zapft, so dass die theoretische Füllzeit jetzt nur noch 1,53 Jahre beträgt2. Das gesam- Abbildung 1.4: Die Einzugsgebiete der Sorpetalsperre und die Beileitungsstollen (aus Broschüre des Ruhrverbands) 2Diese Werte, die auch der theoretischen Erneuerungszeit der Wasserfüllung entsprechen, werden als in Prozent ausgedrückter Ausbaugrad bezeichnet: 230 % bzw. 153 % 8 1.1 Die Sorpetalsperre te Einzugsgebiet beläuft sich auf 99,5 km2 und ist zu 66,7 % bewaldet (1/4 Laub-, 3/4 Nadelwald), 10,3 % sind Acker- und 20,6 % Grünlandflächen. Die bebaute Flä- che beträgt nur 2,3 %. Im Einzugsgebiet wohnen 5900 Einwohner (Stand 1988)[7]. Die Karte der Preußischen Uraufnahme von 1840 (Abb. 1.5) lässt bereits die U- Form des Sorpetals erkennen, eine der wesentlichen Voraussetzungen für den wirt- schaftlichen Bau einer Talsperre. Die Gesamtanlage der Talsperre besteht (von Süden nach Norden) aus dem etwa 1 km langen Vorbecken, das im Süden die Zuflüsse Sorpe (bis 2005 mit Kläranlagenab- lauf des Ortsteils Amecke) und im Westen Hespe (mit aus der Landwirtschaft stam- mender Belastung) aufnimmt. Seine Tiefe beträgt etwa 8–9 m. Es ist als hocheu- troph einzustufen. Das Vorbecken ist durch einen festen Damm mit Überlauf gegen das Hauptbecken abgeschlossen. Die Straße Langscheid-Amecke führt über diesen Damm. Das 6 km lange Hauptbecken besitzt außer einigen kleinen Bächen nur den Settmeckestollen als Zulauf, ansonsten nimmt es das Wasser des Vorbeckens auf. Das Hauptbecken ist als oligotroph einzustufen. Seine Westseite wird durch eine Straße erschlossen, an der auch mehrere Freizeiteinrichtungen liegen (Zeltplätze, Schwimmbad, Segelhäfen, Kurpark und Jugendherberge). Auf der Ostseite reicht der Arnsberger Wald bis an das Wasser heran. Parallel zum Ostufer zieht sich ein asfaltierter Weg, der bei Radfahrern und Skatern beliebt ist. Das Sperrbauwerk ist als Erddamm ausgeführt (Abb. 1.6). Der Damm ist in seiner gesamten Länge durch einen Kontrollstollen begehbar (siehe Seite ??). Nördlich des Dammes liegt der Ausgleichsweiher (Abb. 1.7). Dorthinein fließt das Wasser der Tal- sperre, nachdem es die Kraftwerksturbinen passiert hat. Der Ablass befindet sich 12 m über dem Talsperrenboden, deswegen ist sein Wasser auch im Sommer äußerst kalt. Im Winter friert er nicht zu. Jeden Vormittag fließt Wasser aus der Sorpetal- sperre durch die Kraftwerksturbinen in den Ausgleichsweiher. Hier wird
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