History of Computers Seminar 7/30/2007 Killer Applications

History of Computers Seminar Killer Applications What is a Killer App?  Household name Killer Applications  “The software to DIE for”  The next best thing since sliced bread  How did I ever manage to get by without it?  Affecting human lives

Alexander Bogomjakov  Commercial success

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Non-Software Time-Sharing Businesses  Paradigm shift  ADP Henry Taub  Radio Payrolls, etc.  Television Revenues (2006) – $7 billion  800-numbers  Tymshare  Laptop computers Networks (public, private)  Internet Banks, airlines, gov. agencies, etc.  Cell phones  Digital photography  BBN Technologies

 NIH – National Institutes of Health 1968 – 32 time-sharing service bureaus

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Word Processing Text Editing  1970s  The idea 1960s Programs to manipulate code

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Word Processing Machines Office Automation Systems  1970s  Late 1970s – early „80s  Dedicated computerized systems IBM MT/ST Wang 1200 WPS

IBM Selectric IBM Displaywriter System

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Killer Applications Killer Applications WordStar WordPerfect  1978  1982  CP/M

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Spreadsheets Batch Spreadsheets  1961 – "Budgeting Models and System Simulation" by Richard Mattessich

 1968 – Capex Corporation AutoPlan – on General Electric

AutoTab – on IBM mainframe

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Works Records System VisiCalc  1974  1979

Apple II

Dan Bricklin Bob Frankston

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Lotus 1-2-3 Excel  1983  1985

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Office Software AppleWorks  Word processor  1984  Spreadsheet  Apple II  Presentation software  Database  Graphics suite  Communication tools

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Microsoft Office OpenOffice.org  1990 – Office 1, Mac OS  2001  1992 – Office 3.0, Windows

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Google Docs & Spreadsheets Before WWW  2006  FTP BBS  Usenet (1979)  BBS (1979)  ENQUIRE (1980)  Gopher (1991)

Gopher

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Killer Applications Killer Applications WorldWideWeb Web Growth  1990 Number of web-sites Number of web-sites  Hypertext + Internet = WWW 650,000 8,712,000 8,443,000

7,128,000 Tim Berners-Lee

4,662,000

230,000 2,636,000

100,000

23,500

130 623 2,738 10,022

93 94 94 95 95 96 96

94 95 96

93 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

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Oct Oct Oct Oct

Jun Jun Jun Jun

Feb Feb Feb

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Web Growth Internet Usage

Number of web sites

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Killer Applications Killer Applications ViolaWWW Mosaic  1991  1993

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Netscape Network Hardware  1994 Company Revenues (2006)

CISCO $28.48 Billion

Marvell $1.67 Billion

Qualcomm $7.53 Billion

Alcatel-Lucent €18.3 Billion

 Chromatis Israeli startup (Orni Petruschka) Optical Networking Bought by Lucent – $4.8 Billion (stock)!

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Internet Search Early Search Engines  Archie – FTP search (1990)  1993  Gopher (1991) Wandex Veronica Aliweb Jughead  1994  WAIS WebCrawler Lycos InfoSeek  1995 AltaVista Excite

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Yahoo! Google  1994  1998 – launch  2001 – gained popularity

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Before Databases Data Models Charles  Serial storage  1960s W. Bachman Punched cards Magnetic tape  Turing award 1972 (#7) – Dijkstra 1973 (#8) – Bachman 1974 (#9) – Knuth Network 1981 (#16) – Codd

 Direct access storage devices Edgar F. Codd Hierarchical

Relational

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Killer Applications Killer Applications dBASE MySQL  1980  2006 Nokia – MySQL Cluster flickr – millions of photos and users. NetQOS – large networks

 2005

85 million dynamic page views/day 1.5 billion MySQL queries/day Wikipedia 200 million queries/day 1.2 million updates/day

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Killer Applications Killer Applications References References  Wikipedia  The Creator of the First Web Search Engine Works at  Accidental Empires Google  History - The 22nd Annual SIIA Codie Awards  Internet / Statistics - WebReference.com  Images: Games that win a spot in history | ZDNet  The Spreadsheet Page - Microsoft Excel Photo Gallery  94/210/1 Central processing unit, office information  Free Software's killer applications system, metal/plastic, Wang Laboratories, USA, 1978  History of Computer Graphics - Powerhouse Museum Collection  Internet history, design, web, email...  AppleWorks  World Internet Usage Statistics News and Population  Size and growth statistics [OCLC - Web Stats Characterization]  Internet Statistics: Web Growth, Internet Growth  Web Characterization [OCLC - Archived projects]

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Killer Applications Killer Applications References  Google Buys Its First Office  Internet Archive: Wayback Machine Killer Applications  Pew Internet & American Life Project  IEEE Xplore - Advanced Search  Internet Growth Statistics - Global Village Online

 Netcraft: Web Server Survey Archives Neer Roggel  WWW FAQs: How many web sites are there?  » The size of the World Wide Web  Pandia - on the number of websites in the world  Lucent to Close Chromatis  "Remembering the Office of the Future: Word Processing and Office Automation before the Personal Computer"

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Postal Service – A Definition  One way discrete message delivery  Preset or set source and destination  Many available transfer media Electronic Mail Homing pigeons Horses and carriages Mainframe computers Local area networks Satellite links The Internet

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Popular Uses PROFs and the Iran-Contra Affair  Personal communication  IBM‟s Professional Office System  Newsletters, magazines VM/CMS-based, 3270-type terminals, IBM‟s VNET  Scientific collaboration  White House scandal  Financial transactions Secret correspondence  Government, taxes  Workplace memos

 Many can be achieved electronically Some new uses: technical support

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Current Day Usage Statistics Webmail Usage Statistics  #1 reported online pursuit in the USA  Successful combination of universally available 91% of online users have done it (FEB-MAR07) remote access (via WWW) and 3rd party storage As opposed to 39% for instant messages (AUG06)  Top three: As opposed to 22% for chat rooms/discussions (SEP05) Yahoo Mail MySpace Mail  Worldwide volumes (OCT06) Hotmail 1.1 billion email users with 1.4 billion active accounts 183 billion emails sent each day in 2006

 At least once a day, often more 53% of surveyed people check every day

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Email Marketing Drawbacks – Viruses  Various advertisements and offers, including  Not entirely new: think Anthrax medications, education, computer fraud, electronic  Wide, easily accessible, victim base advertising services, real estate, computers and the internet, adult content, you name it…

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Additional Drawbacks  Denial of Service

 Impersonation Fake sender address Instant Messaging No plausible deniability

 Anonymity

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Instant Messaging – A Definition IRC – Internet Relay Chat  A real-time extension of email  Jarkko “WiZ” Oikarinen, 1988  A less communal form of chatrooms  Real-time discussions in BBSs  Used for productivity in workplaces  Numerous “channels” Integrated with existing office systems Akin to chatrooms  topics

 1990: 1 net, 12 users, 38 servers "If it is not logic, it's magic.  Open server debate led to a split If it is not magic, it is female logic." Open = nickname collisions, abuse

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Killer Applications Killer Applications IRC – Current Day ICQ – I Seek You  818 nets, with many users and channels  Yossi Vardi‟s Mirabilis, 1996  Largest ones: ~200K users, ~30 servers  Assigns each user a UIN  Combines user online status and real-time messaging

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Advanced Features Current Day Usage Statistics  Audio  Increasingly common  Video 42% of internet users in the USA (54 million)  Emoticons Of these, for 24%, IM use > email use, for 6%, IM = email. Younger users IM more frequently, and also multitask  File Transfer  Conferencing  At work (SEP04)  Games Used by 21% of American IM users (11 million)  Cellular IM 40% use IM with coworkers, 33% with friends and family

 At least once a day, often more (SEP04) 36% of surveyed people check every day 63% say they use IM at least several times a week.

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Social Networking – A Definition  A graph structure  Nodes are individuals or organizations  Edges indicate the ties between them Social Networking Shared interests, kinship, web links, trade, …

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Types of Social Networking Typical Features  Personal networking  Photo sharing School, college, work, military, family, dating, …  Video sharing  Web logging (= online journals)  Business networking  Talkbacks, comments, polls Colleagues, career options, resume publishing  Forums  Chat  Social bookmarking Gathering links, ascertaining popularity

 Special common interest Cars, sports, books, music, travel, games, …

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Web Log Statistics Web Log Users  In the top 10 global web ranks  57% male Windows Live, MySpace, Orkut  48% under 30  82% online for more than 6 years  7% have created a web log  39% have college or graduate degrees Used to be 3% (2002), then 5% (2004)  27% have read web logs Mostly those relating to current affairs  12% have posted response comments

 But, 62% of online Americans have never heard of it!

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Business is Business  MySpace sold for $580 million Became worth $1.5 billion in a year

 Data mining for advertising Computer and Video Games  Offering local social services  Stealing online dating business

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Interest Invocation Slide The Gaming Industry  [VID: Neer‟s fragmovie, 315Mb]  More money than the movie industry More money than box office sales, to be precise  A multitude of genres Puzzles, educational Adventure Sports Arcade Simulators Action Shooters Real time strategy Role playing games Card and board games

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Classic Platforms Japanese Arcades  Arcade machines  Multiple stories Video arcade phenomena  Well lit, colorful  Personal computers  Social hub XT, AT (ability to save state)

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Killer Applications Killer Applications American Arcades Platforms – Gaming Consoles  Ground floor or basement  Develop together with computers, side by side  Dimly lit atmosphere  Require less resources, used solely for gaming  Subcultural scene  Nintendo Entertainment System, N64, XBOX  Gameboy, PSP (portable)  Nintendo WII (novel MMI)

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Multiplayer Games Mass Online Multiplayer  Hotseat  Social aspects  Networked  Online marketing/payment models LAN parties Game items on eBay Online servers (WON, Blizzard, Yahoo) Peer ranking systems Second Life

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Current Day Usage Statistics Audio Development  Worldwide volumes  Sound Blaster 217 million gamers worldwide  Stereo versus mono Average of 9 visits per month  Synthesized versus recorded Yahoo! Games is largest (53 million unique users) Wavetable MIDI, CD music  3D surround  Women  Voice activated Age 40+ spend 9.1 hours per week (41% of online time) Compare with 7.4 hours for teens, 6.2 women age 40- Word & puzzle games (49%), casino (27%), arcade (16%) Used to relax during work and after putting kids to bed

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Graphics Development Graphics Development 3D  2D raster  Pseudo-3D Sprites Multilayered  2D vector Isometric views Polygons  3D Wireframes Shading/Lighting  Fractals

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Bibliography – Electronic Mail Bibliography – Instant Messaging  Email Systems, PROFs  IRC History B. Campbell. 3D MULTI-USER COLLABORATIVE WORLDS FOR THE INTERNET, 1997. J. Oikarinen. IRC History. C&A Division Rutherford Laboratory Annual Report 1983, 1983. Living Internet. IRC History. R. Bliss. Blown Away – The Emergence of GroupWise as a Market Leader. Novell Corporation, April 2005. D. Stenberg. History of IRC, Sep 2002. M. Kotadia. T. Blanton. National Security Archive/White House E-Mail, 1995. D. Nazareth. Managing ES9000 Terminal Sessions, 1997.  IM History A. Min. The story (and the protocols) behind instant messengers.  Usage Statistics Free Software Magazine, Issue 18, June 18, 2007. M. Brownlow. Email and webmail statistics. Email Marketing Reports, Dec 2006. R. Jiang. Instant Messaging and its Effects on Student Life, 2006 America‟s Online Pursuits. Pew-Internet & American Life Project, Dec 2003. MSN Messenger hit by double-whammy worm. B. Tancer. Google, Yahoo! and MSN: Property Size-up, May 2006. CNET News, February 3, 2005. Hitwise US - Top 20 Websites, Jun 2007. The ICQ Story. ICQ Incorporated. A Comparison of Live Hotmail, Gmail and Yahoo Mail, Feb 2007. J. Reimer. Yahoo Messenger and Windows Live Messenger get together. Ars technica, September 27, 2006.  History D. Crocker. Email History, How Email was Invented.  Usage Statistics History of the Internet, Wikipedia, accessed July 24, 2007. Lists of IRC Networks. R. Kling, A. J. Swygart-Hobaugh. The Internet and the Velocity of Scholarly Journal Publishing. Center for Social Informatics School of Library and Information Science Indiana University, 2002. IRC Networks – Top 100. How Americans use Instant Messaging. Pew-Internet & American Life Project, Sep 2004.  Email Marketing (Spam) Viruslist.com. Spam Report: April 2007. Kaspersky Labs. Email marketing, Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2007.

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Killer Applications Killer Applications Bibliography – Social Networking Bibliography – Computer Games

 Definitions  Statistics PieSpy – Inferring and Visualizing Social Network on IRC. Worldwide Online Gaming Community Reaches 217 Million. CNNMoney News, July Social Network. Wikipedia, accessed July 30, 2007. 10, 2007. R. Greenspan, ClickZ: Girl Gamers Grow Up. February 12, 2004.  Business O. Kharif. Was MySpace Sold on the Cheap?, October 6, 2006  Arcades Arcades in Japan, July 2004. B. Stone. Stone: Inside Japan‟s Addictive Arcades, July 2006. MSNBC News.  Statistics FILM Rotation: Industry War: Movies vs. Video Games, Round 1! Dec 2004. List of social networking websites. Wikipedia, accessed July 30, 2007 P. Kuittinen. History of Arcade Games, Dec 1997. The state of blogging. Pew-Internet & American Life Project, Jan 2005. Social Networking Websites and Teens: An Overview. Pew-Internet & American Life Project, Jan 2007.  Sound and Graphics Sound Blaster. Wikipedia, accessed July 30, 2007. My Soundcards Museum, Aug 2007. S. Collins. SIGGRAPH Newsletter: Game Graphics During the 8-bit Computer Era, May 1998.

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