10 Reasons Why Homosexual “Marriage” Is Harmful and Must Be Opposed
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Sex Morals and the Law in Ancient Egypt and Babylon James Bronson Reynolds
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 5 | Issue 1 Article 4 1914 Sex Morals and the Law in Ancient Egypt and Babylon James Bronson Reynolds Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation James Bronson Reynolds, Sex Morals and the Law in Ancient Egypt and Babylon, 5 J. Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology 20 (May 1914 to March 1915) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. SEX MORALS AND THE LAW IN ANCIENT EGYPT AND BABYLON. JAMEs BuoNsoN REYNoLDS.' EGYPT. Present knowledge of the criminal law of ancient Egypt relating to sex morals is fragmentary and incomplete in spite of the fact that considerable light has been thrown upon the subject by recent excava- tions and scholarship. We have not yet, however, sufficient data to de- termine the character or moral value of Egyptian law, or of its in- fluence on the Medeterranean world. Egyptian law was, however, elaborately and carefully expanded during the flourishing period of the nation's history.2 Twenty thousand volumes are said to have been written on the Divine law of Hermes, the traditional law-giver of Egypt, whose position is similar to that of Manu in relation to the laws of India. And while it is impossible to trace the direct influence of Egyptian law on the laws of later nations, its indirect influence upon the founders of Grecian law is established beyond ques- tion. -
Lord Devlin and the Enforcement of Morals
LORD DEVLIN AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF MORALS RONALD DWORKIN* No doubt most Americans and Englishmen think that homosex- uality, prostitution, and the publication of pornography are immoral. What part should this fact play in the decision whether to make them criminal? This is a tangled question, full of issues with roots in philo- sophical and sociological controversy. It is a question lawyers must face, however, and two recent and controversial events-publication of the Wolfenden Report in England,' followed by a public debate on prostitution and homosexuality, and a trio of obscenity decisions in the United States Supreme Court--press it upon us. Several positions are available, each with its own set of difficulties. Shall we say that public condemnation is sufficient, in and of itself, to justify making an act a crime? This seems inconsistent with our tra- ditions of individual liberty, and our knowledge that the morals of even the largest mob cannot come warranted for truth. If public con- demnation is not sufficient, what more is needed? Must there be some demonstration of present harm to particular persons directly affected by the practice in question? Or is it sufficient to show some effect on social customs and institutions which alters the social environment, and thus affects all members of society indirectly? If the latter, must it also be demonstrated that these social changes threaten long-term harm of some standard sort, like an increase in crime or a decrease in productivity? Or would it be enough to show that the vast bulk of the present community would deplore the change? If so, does the requirement of harm add much to the bare requirement of public condemnation? In 1958 Lord Devlin delivered the second Maccabaean Lecture to the British Academy. -
LGBT History
LGBT History Just like any other marginalized group that has had to fight for acceptance and equal rights, the LGBT community has a history of events that have impacted the community. This is a collection of some of the major happenings in the LGBT community during the 20th century through today. It is broken up into three sections: Pre-Stonewall, Stonewall, and Post-Stonewall. This is because the move toward equality shifted dramatically after the Stonewall Riots. Please note this is not a comprehensive list. Pre-Stonewall 1913 Alfred Redl, head of Austrian Intelligence, committed suicide after being identified as a Russian double agent and a homosexual. His widely-published arrest gave birth to the notion that homosexuals are security risks. 1919 Magnus Hirschfeld founded the Institute for Sexology in Berlin. One of the primary focuses of this institute was civil rights for women and gay people. 1933 On January 30, Adolf Hitler banned the gay press in Germany. In that same year, Magnus Herschfeld’s Institute for Sexology was raided and over 12,000 books, periodicals, works of art and other materials were burned. Many of these items were completely irreplaceable. 1934 Gay people were beginning to be rounded up from German-occupied countries and sent to concentration camps. Just as Jews were made to wear the Star of David on the prison uniforms, gay people were required to wear a pink triangle. WWII Becomes a time of “great awakening” for queer people in the United States. The homosocial environments created by the military and number of women working outside the home provide greater opportunity for people to explore their sexuality. -
A MORAL ARGUMENT for the DECRIMINALIZATION of PROSTITUTION by DAVID A
University of Pennsylvania Law Review FOUNDED 1852 Formerly American Law Register VOLUME 127 MAY 1979 No. 5 COMMERCIAL SEX AND THE RIGHTS OF THE PERSON: A MORAL ARGUMENT FOR THE DECRIMINALIZATION OF PROSTITUTION by DAVID A. J. RiCaRDs t Contents I. PROSTITUTION: ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ..................................... 1203 II. TH ARGUMENTS FOR THE CRIMINALIZATION OF PROSTITUTION ..................................... 1215 A. Criminogenesis ................................. 1215 B. Venereal Disease ............................... 1217 C. M oral Arguments .............................. 1219 III. THE CONCEPTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE PUBLIC MORALITY UNDER CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY ........ 1222 A. The Rights Thesis .............................. 1222 B. Autonomy and Equality as the Values Underlying the Rights Thesis .................................. 1224 C. ContractarianTheory and Human Rights .......... 1228 D. The Concept of the Public Morality and the Criminal Law .......................................... 1231 0 Copyright @ David A.J. Richards 1979. f Professor of Law, New York University. A.B. 1966, Harvard University; D. Phil. 1970, Oxford University; J.D. 1971, Harvard University. Member, New York Bar. This essay profited from conversations with Donald Levy of the Brooklyn College Philosophy Department and with my colleagues Paul Chevigny, Lewis Kornhauser, Sylvia Law, and Laurence Tancredi. Research assistance was ably given by N.Y.U. law students Becky Palmer and Robert Freedman. (1195) 1196 UNIVERSITY OF -
Levels of Homophobia
Levels of Homophobia Negative Positive Repulsion Pity Tolerance Acceptance Support Admiration Appreciation Nurturance Negative Levels: Repulsion: Homosexuality is seen as “a crime against nature.” Homosexual people are sick, crazy, sinful, immoral, wicket, etc. Anything is justified to change them, it: prison, hospitalization, from behavior therapy to shock treatment. Pity: Heterosexual chauvinism. Heterosexuality is more mature and certainly to be preferred. Any possibility of being straight should be reinforced and those who seem to be “born that way” should be pitied. Tolerance: Homosexuality is just a phase of adolescent development that many people go through and ‘grow out of’. Thus lesbians, gays and bisexuals are less mature than heterosexual people and should not be put in positions of authority because they are still working on adolescent behaviors. Acceptance: Still implies that there is something that must be accepted. Characterized by such statements as ‘you’re not gay to me, you’re just a person’. Denies the social and legal realities, while ignoring the pain of invisibility and the stress of closeted behavior. Positive Levels: Support: Work to safeguard the rights of LGBT people. May be uncomfortable themselves, but are aware of the social climate and irrational unfairness. Admiration: Acknowledges that being LGBT in our society takes strength. Such people are willing to truly look at themselves and work on their own homophobic attitudes. Appreciation: Values the diversity of people and sees LGBT people as a valid part of diversity. These people are willing to combat homophobia in themselves and others. Nurturance: Assumes that LGBT people are indispensable to society. They view all homosexual people with genuine affection and delight and are willing to be open and public advocates. -
Iris+ Anglais 2006-06
LEGAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN AUDIOVISUAL OBSERVATORY Protection of Minors from Harmful Information in the Law of Post-Soviet States by Anna Belitskaya EDITORIAL What is pornography? Are not there limits to showing violence on television screens? What mass media content endangers morality? If it is already difficult to answer these questions for oneself, how much more of a challenge is it to answer them for and on behalf of our children? Obviously, finding the right yardstick for what to prohibit is crucial. Yet when it comes to measuring morals and values the phrase “different folks, different strokes” holds very true. That global mass media meet with a huge variety of cultural, religious, historical and political backgrounds makes what already varies within a homogenous environment even more diverse. Once the yardstick is found, the procedures for monitoring and enforcing the standards must be determined. It is necessary to decide who is responsible for the control envisaged, what media outlets are to be monitored and what control system is suitable for the different technologies in use. And this is still not the end of the story. The need to limit media content in order to protect minors arises only because information flow exists in the first place. And that it exists reflects the welcomed implementation, in principle, of the Human Right to receive and impart information. This very right, however, has to be balanced with conflicting interests such as the physical and moral well being of children. At the same time, the right to information has to be protected against unjustified curtailment, or – to put it more bluntly – against states exercising censorship under the pretext of the protection of youth. -
Marriage and Changing Moral Values in Contemporary Nigeria Dr
Journal of Sociology and Social Work March 2014, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 145-155 ISSN: 2333-5807 (Print), 2333-5815 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). 2014. All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development Marriage and Changing Moral Values in Contemporary Nigeria Dr. Onuche, Joseph Abstract One of the convergent set of behavior which all or at least, most Nigerians entertain and towards which their activities are directed is their moral view on marriage and its benefit to the community. Procreative marriage is valued highly and its extended family structure is more than just a structure made up of a set of people. it is ontological and a way of living together in harmony with all the forces of nature and sharing economic, social and spiritual responsibilities. We perceive intuitively that the natural sex partner of a human is another human, not an animal. The same reasoning applies to the case of homosexual behavior. The natural sex partner for a man is a woman, and the natural sex partner for a woman is a man. Any deviation from this is considered unnatural and unholy. This paper shall focus on the analysis of the moral value of marriage in tradition Nigeria viz a viz the present changes in moral value among Nigerians. Introduction Morality derives from the Latin word mores which means customs or people’s values and traditions, people’s heritage or ways of life and conduct in a given community. The term “morality can be used either descriptively to refer to a code of conduct put forward by a society or other group, such as a religion or accepted by an individual for his or her own behavior or normatively to refer to a code of conduct that given specific conditions would be put forward by all rational persons. -
Tunisia National Legislation (ICMEC)
International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children July 2018 Tunisia National Child Protection Legislation National Legislation . Age of Child – Under 18 years old Code for the Protection of Children Art. 3 A child, for the purposes of this Code, is any human person under the age of eighteen and who has not yet reached the age of majority by special provisions. Code of Personal Status Art. 153 Is considered prohibited for a minority, one who did not reach the majority of twenty years old. Age of Consent – 13 years old Art. 227 Penal Code Is punishable by death: 1. The crime of rape committed with violence, use or threat of the use of a weapon. 2. The crime of rape committed even without the use of the aforementioned means on a person less than 10 years of age. Is punished with life imprisonment, the crime of rape committed outside of previous cases. The consent is considered as non-existent when the age of the victim is below thirteen years. Age of Marriage – 18 years old Code of Personal Status Art. 5 The two future spouses must not be in one of the cases of impediments by the law. Moreover, each of the two future spouses who have not reached the age of eighteen cannot contract marriage. Below this age, marriage can only be contracted by virtue of a special authorization of the judge who will only grant it for serious reasons and when the two future spouses agree. Age of Criminal Responsibility – 13 years old Penal Code Art. 43 The criminal law is applicable to older offenders of more than thirteen years of age and less than eighteen years of age. -
International Human Rights Law and Sexual Orientation & Gender Identity
FACT SHEET International Human Rights Law and Sexual Orientation & Gender Identity What are human rights? implemented, and enforced at the local level. At the Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings. international level these mechanisms include treaty bodies, We are all equally entitled to our human rights without expert committees established by treaty and tasked with discrimination, whatever our nationality, place of residence, monitoring implementation of treaty obligations, and special sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or rapporteurs and other independent experts appointed by any other status, such as age, disability, health status, sexual the United Nations Human Rights Council to investigate orientation or gender identity. These rights, whether they and report on pressing human rights challenges. are civil and political rights (such as the right to life, equality before the law and freedom of expression) or economic, social Is it ever legal to discriminate against lesbian, gay, and cultural rights (such as the rights to work, social security bisexual, transgender or intersex people? and education) are indivisible, universal, interrelated and No. The right to equality and non-discrimination are core interdependent. principles of human rights, enshrined in the United Nations Human rights were developed and articulated in the Universal Charter, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) Declaration of Human Rights (1948) as a response to the and human rights treaties. The opening words of the atrocities of World War II. Universal human rights are often Universal Declaration of Human Rights are unequivocal: expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.” customary international law, general principles and other The equality and non-discrimination guarantee provided sources of international law. -
Countering the Dangers of Online Pornography
European Journal of Law and Technology, Vol 2, Issue 1, 2011 Countering the dangers of online pornography - Shrewd regulation of lewd content Julia Hornle [1] Cite as 'Hornle, J., 'Countering the dangers of online pornography - shrewd regulation of lewd content?' European Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2011 Abstract This Article will detail how the UK has responded to the greater risks posed by illegal online content by successively extending the reach of the substantive criminal laws and by taking preventative measures. It will focus on the example of laws on obscene content on the internet and associated online behaviour and in particular on the 'grooming' offences, the law on extreme pornography and virtual child abuse images. An assessment of these offences against the 'harm principle' is made and while the internet's role in facilitating such offences is acknowledged, the article argues that in some respect the legislation has overshot the mark. 1. Introduction This Article will detail how the UK has responded to the greater risks posed by illegal online content by successively extending the reach of the substantive criminal laws and by taking preventative measures. It will focus on the example of laws on obscene content on the internet and associated online behaviour. For this purpose the Article starts by pointing to the specific risks created by the information society. It will argue that the internet has not only created greater opportunities for the distribution of legal content it has also created new ways for illegal content to reach a wider audience. The Article will show that the UK has responded to these greater risks by extending the reach of the criminal law far beyond its pre-internet limits. -
5 Myths About the Teaching of the Catholic Church on Homosexuality
5 Myths about the Teaching of the Catholic Church on Homosexuality Rev. Philip Smith (Parochial Vicar, Most Blessed Sacrament Church and Corpus Christi University Parish, Toledo, OH --- Diocese of Toledo) Myth: The Catholic Church encourages a negative attitude towards people who identify as homosexual. Catholic Church Teaching: The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that persons with homosexual tendencies “must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity. Every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided” (CCC 2358). The Catholic Church continues Jesus’ mission in offering salvation to all people including those with same-sex attractions. The Catholic Church welcomes parishioners with same-sex attractions as God’s beloved sons and daughters and strives to share with them the joy of the Good News of God’s unconditional love. Myth: The Church condemns persons with same-sex attractions and believes that persons with same-sex attraction should just “pray the gay away”. Catholic Church Teaching: While the Catholic Church teaches that homosexual acts are morally unacceptable, the Church teaches that homosexual inclinations are not sinful in themselves. The Church recognizes that in a significant number of persons their homosexual desires are “deep- seated” and that these desires will accompany them throughout their life. The Catholic Church does not endorse an approach that requires all persons with same-sex attractions to become “straight” or heterosexual. The Catholic Church teaches that God calls all persons, including those with same-sex attractions, to live the virtue of chastity. For persons with same-sex attractions, living chastely includes not engaging in homosexual acts. -
LGBT Rights: Frequently Asked Questions
FACT SHEET LGBT Rights: Frequently Asked Questions What does “LGBT” mean? but were classified as males when they were born. LGBT stands for “lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender.” Transmen identify as men but were classified female While these terms have increasing global resonance, in when they were born. Some transgender people seek different cultures other terms may be used to describe surgery or take hormones to bring their body into people who form same-sex relationships and those who alignment with their gender identity; others do not. exhibit non-binary gender identities (such as hijra, meti, lala, skesana, motsoalle, mithli, kuchu, kawein, travesty, muxé, What is intersex? fa’afafine, fakaleiti, hamjensgara and Two-Spirit). In a human An intersex person is born with sexual anatomy, reproductive rights context, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender organs, and/or chromosome patterns that do not fit the people face both common and distinct challenges. Intersex typical definition of male or female. This may be apparent people (those born with atypical sex characteristics) suffer at birth or become so later in life. An intersex person may many of the same kinds of human rights violations as LGBT identify as male or female or as neither. Intersex status people, as indicated below. is not about sexual orientation or gender identity: intersex people experience the same range of sexual orientations What is “sexual orientation”? and gender identities as non-intersex people. Sexual orientation refers to a person’s physical, romantic and/or emotional attraction towards other people. Everyone What are homophobia and transphobia? has a sexual orientation, which is integral to a person’s Homophobia is an irrational fear of, hatred or aversion identity.