DOCSLIB.ORG

The Struggle for Al-Aqsa and the Islamic Movement in Israel

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Struggle for Al-Aqsa and the Islamic Movement in Israel Beyond Sacred Space: The Struggle for al- Aqsa and the Islamic Movement in Israel Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Miller, Kristen Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 01:25:18 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/642095 BEYOND SACRED SPACE: THE STRUGGLE FOR AL-AQSA AND THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN ISRAEL by Kristen Miller ____________________________ Copyright © Kristen Miller 2020 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF MIDDLE EASTERN AND NORTH AFRICAN STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2020 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Master’s Committee, we certify that we have read the thesis prepared by Kristen Miller titled Beyond Sacred Space: The Struggle for al-Aqsa and The Islamic Movement in Israel and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation reQuirement for the Master’s Degree. Jul 14, 2020 _________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________ Maha Nassar Jul 14, 2020 _________________________________________________________________Scott C Lucas (Jul 14, 2020 21:57 PDT) Date: ____________ Scott Lucas Jul 15, 2020 _________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________ Yaseen Noorani Final approval and acceptance of this thesis is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the thesis to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this thesis prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the Master’s requirement. Jul 14, 2020 _________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________ Maha Nassar Master’s Thesis Committee Chair School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To begin, I would like to acknowledge and thank the wonderful professors at the University of Arizona for supporting me through the Master’s program. I would especially like to thank Dr. Yaseen Noorani and Dr. Scott Lucas for encouraging me in their courses and serving on my thesis committee. The opportunity to discuss my research with them was an invaluable experience. Most of all, I am grateful for Dr. Maha Nassar who provided greatly appreciated advice and support throughout the entire thesis process, without which this thesis would not be possible. I also would like to express my appreciation for all of my classmates who inspired me to explore new ideas and engage in meaningful discussions. I am especially thankful for Alainna Liloia who was always a willing sounding board and friend throughout my two years in Tucson. Finally, I would like to thank Alex Cheung and my parents, Dean and Lee Ann Miller, for their continuous support and proofreading skills. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 1: RETHINKING SACRED SPACE .....................................................................14 Religion and Embodiment ..........................................................................................................17 Religion and the Production of Space ........................................................................................24 Spatial Politics of Control ..........................................................................................................34 Secularizing Logics of Space .....................................................................................................39 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................46 CHAPTER 2: A GENEALOGY OF SPATIAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN PALESTINE ................................................................................................................................50 Palestinian Shrine Landscapes ...................................................................................................50 Islamic Transformations under the Late Ottoman Empire .........................................................55 The British Mandate, the Status Quo, and the Holy Places .......................................................60 Conflict and Transformation in Jerusalem .................................................................................65 The United Nations and the Creation of the Israeli State ...........................................................71 CHAPTER 3: AL-AQSA AND THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN ISRAEL ........................78 A Brief History and Overview of the Islamic Movement in Israel ............................................82 Al-Aqsa is in Danger ..................................................................................................................85 The Islamic Movement’s Spatial Resistance..............................................................................91 CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................................................103 REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................106 5 ABSTRACT The Temple Mount/al-Haram al-Sharif, also known as al-Aqsa, has been a site of continuous conflict between Palestinian Muslims and Israeli security forces in the past several decades. Violent flareups and tense relations have made it one of the most analyzed sites to understand conflict at religious space. Many studies have taken either the approach that religions are inherently destined to clash at sites of deep spiritual significance, or that religion has been commandeered by political and national agendas producing the conflict. This thesis looks past these opposing narratives and argues that the conflict produced at al-Haram al-Sharif results from the state’s attempts to de-spatialize Islam at the site. By this I mean that bodily practices in space are critical to Islam and the cultivation of Islamic piety. I argue that the spatial ordering of space, particularly religious space, is disciplined by the state with the express purpose of reducing its affective capacity and ability to shape the potentialities of subject formation. Therefore, modernizing and secularizing logics of the state produce religious space as a representation of a belief system or identity that can be semantically and cognitively translated. The reduction of religious space to a mental space divorced from embodied knowledge and practice reduces the threat of religious space to cultivate subjects with dispositions, ethics, and capacities that may not align with the state’s aims. The final chapter of this thesis turns to analyze the Islamic Movement in Israel. I conceptualize the Islamic Movement as a mode of resistance against the Israeli state’s spatial control, by re-establishing Islamic practices and asserting the primacy of Islamic authority rather than state authority. 6 INTRODUCTION The Temple Mount/al-Haram al-Sharif is one of the most fraught sites in the world. It is a space saturated with a plurality of truths and an overlay of histories. From all perspectives, the past seems to bear down on the space with great urgency and import. Yet, the space can only be experienced synchronically in the present. While the space is a location on the map that can be identified and physically circumscribed, it is also a mental and social space – a sacred space, a national space, a tourist space. It is a medium and method for knowledge and power. The Temple Mount/al-Haram al- Sharif is a palimpsest,1 a layered space of interlocking and competing narratives, pathways, and structures. The technical definition of a palimpsest is a writing material (e.g. paper, vellum) that has been written upon more than once. The original text is rubbed off or removed in some way to be replaced with a newer text. Although the underlying text is erased, remnants may exist that can still be deciphered underneath the overlying text.2 At the most basic level, the Temple Mount/al-Haram al-Sharif is an archaeological palimpsest; traces of a Jewish temple and Roman city remain but Muslim structures have been built on top and a modern Israeli city has been superimposed on the space. The palimpsest is a useful frame to deconstruct linear histories and narratives of evolution and progress. The palimpsest points to a series of oppressions and displacements that create its layers. Those layers are not independent of each other but become interwoven and constitutive of each other. The current status of the Temple Mount/al-Haram al-Sharif cannot be 1 Even the name I am using to denote the site (Temple Mount/al-Haram al-Sharif) is an example of the Palimpsest; it is a layering of multiple meanings and narratives of the site. 2 Sarah Dillon, “Reinscribing De Quincey’s Palimpsest: The Significance of the Palimpsest in Contemporary Literary and Cultural Studies,” Textual Practice 19, no. 3 (January 1, 2005), 244. 7 reduced to its Jewish history
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Where Did Solomon Build the Temple? by Dr
    Post Office Box 345, San Antonio, Texas 78292-0345 Kislev –Tevet– Shevat–Adar 5777 / December– January– February 2016–2017 A Publication of CJF Ministries and Messianic Perspectives Radio Network MessianicPerspectives ® God has not forgotten the Jewish people, and neither have we. e are living in tumultuous times. Many things that Historical Background Wwe’ve always taken for granted are being called into question. The people of Israel had three central places of worship in ancient times: the Tabernacle, the First Temple, and the One hotly-disputed question these days is, “Were the an- Second Temple. Around 538 BC, the Jewish captives were cient Temples really on the Temple Mount?” You’d think released by King Cyrus of Persia to return from exile to the fact that Mount Moriah (and the manmade plat- their Land. Zerubbabel and Joshua the priest led the ef- form around it) has been known for many centuries as fort to rebuild the Second Temple, and work commenced “the Temple Mount”1 would provide an important clue, around 536 BC on the site of the First Temple, which the wouldn’t you? Babylonians had destroyed. The new Temple was simpler and more modest than its impressive predecessor had It’s a bit like the facetious query about who’s buried in been.2 Centuries later, when Yeshua sat contemplatively Grant’s tomb. Who else would be in that tomb but Mr. on the Mount of Olives with His disciples (Matt. 24), they Grant and what else would have been on the Temple looked down on the Temple Mount as King Herod’s work- Mount but the Temple? ers were busily at work remodeling and expanding the But not everyone agrees.
    [Show full text]
  • Holy Land Itinerary December 16, 2008 - January 1, 2009
    Holy Land Itinerary December 16, 2008 - January 1, 2009 December 16: Depart Houston IAH Delta Airlines, 5:55 p.m. via Atlanta to Tel Aviv. December 17: O Wisdom, O Holy Word of God, you govern all creation with your strong yet tender care. Come and show your people the way to salvation. Arrive Tel Aviv 5:25 p.m. Depart by motor coach for Haifa. Mass/Dinner/Accommodations at Carmelite Guest House – Stella Maris. December 18: O Adonai, who showed yourself to Moses in the burning bush, who gave him the holy law on Sinai mountain: come, stretch out your mighty hand to set us free. Mass in Church of the Prophet Elijah’s cave on Mt. Carmel. Depart for Nazareth via Acre, site of Crusader city and castle (Richard the Lion-Hearted) – lunch stop; to Sepphoris to visit an archeological dig of city where Joseph and Jesus may probably have worked (4 miles from Nazareth) to help build one of Herod’s great cities; to Nazareth. Dinner/Accommodations at Sisters of Nazareth Guest House adjacent to the Basilica of the Annunciation and over the probable site of the tomb of St. Joseph. December 19: O Flower of Jesse’s stem, you have been raised up as a sign for all peoples; kings stand silent in your presence; the nations bow down in worship before you. Come, let nothing keep you from coming to our aid. Mass in ancient Grotto of the Annunciation (home of Joachim and Ann); visit Mary’s well, Church of the Nutrition over home of Holy Family, International Marian Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Tahoe Community Church
    Tahoe Community Church Notes, Announcements, Needs and Reminders February 2019 Worshiping Together, Making Disciples, Reaching our World Christmas Pictures Sunday Worship Schedule “Let the 9:00 a.m. Sunday Morning Study Classes little 9:30 a.m. Praise Team Warm Up children come to 10:10 a.m. Coffee/Fellowship Time me” 10:30 a.m. Worship Service (Nursery and Children’s Church Available) Matthew 19:14 5:00 p.m. Youth Group in the MPR Weekly Church Activities Wednesday 7:00 a.m. Men’s Bible Study Fellowship at Lakeside upstairs restaurant 8:30 a.m. Prayer Gathering 9:30 a.m. Knitting Group 5:00 p.m. Praise Team Practice Thursday 9:00 a.m. Women’s Morning Study 3:30 p.m. Awesome Kids 5:30 p.m. Women’s Evening Study 6:00 p.m. Men’s Bible Study A Shoebox Response Hello Pastor Mondo, Aliana A warm Christmas greetings and & prayful wishes! I am a Catholic Brooklyn Nun, Sister Anna Mao, from India. Just today we have received your beautiful Gift you sent our children. We cater to HIV patients’ children and orphans. Our children are trilled to receive your gift box filled with love. Thanks a lot for sharing this Christmas joy with our children. God bless you and your family a hundred fold in re- turn! Will remain indebted to you. With love and prayers, Sister Anna Christmas Eve children’s Note: These boxes contain God’s word and He says: “So is my word that goes out from my mouth: It will message not return to me empty but will accomplish what I desire and achieve the purpose I for which I sent it.” Isiah 55:10-11 145 Daggett Way — Stateline, Nevada 89449 — (775) 588-5860 — [email protected] — www.tahoecommunitychurch.org Office Telephone Extensions: Mondo 101, Ted-103, Sarah and Preschool-107.
    [Show full text]
  • Jerusalem Chronology 2015 January Jan. 1: the Israeli Supreme Court
    Jerusalem Chronology 2015 January Jan. 1: The Israeli Supreme Court rejects an appeal to prevent the demolition of the homes of four Palestinians from ​ East Jerusalem who attacked Israelis in West Jerusalem in recent months. - Marabouts at Al-Aqsa Mosque confront a group of settlers touring Al-Aqsa compound. ​ Jan. 3: Palestinian MK Ahmad Tibi joins hundreds of Palestinians marching toward the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City ​ of Jerusalem to mark the Prophet Muhammad's birthday. Jan. 5: Settlers tour Al-Aqsa Mosque compound while Israeli forces confiscate the IDs of Muslims trying to enter. ​ - Around 50 Israeli forces along with 18 settlers tour Al-Aqsa compound. Jan. 8: A Jewish Israeli man is stabbed and injured by an unknown assailant while walking near the Old City’s ​ Damascus Gate. Jan. 9: Israeli police detain at least seven Palestinians in a series of raids in the Old City over the stabbing a day earlier. ​ - Yedioth Ahronoth reports that the Israeli Intelligence (Shabak) frustrated an operation that was intended to blow the ​ ​ Dome of the Rock by an American immigrant. Jan. 11: Israeli police forces detain seven Palestinians from Silwan after a settler vehicle was torched in the area. ​ Jan. 12: A Jerusalem magistrate court has ruled that Israeli settlers who occupied Palestinian homes in East Jerusalem ​ may not make substantial changes to the properties. - Settlers tour Al-Aqsa Mosque compound. ​ Jan. 13: Israeli forces detained three 14-year old youth during a raid on Issawiyya and two women while leaving ​ Al-Aqsa Mosque. Jan. 14: Jewish extremists morning punctured the tires of 11 vehicles in Beit Safafa.
    [Show full text]
  • CGS Newsletter
    Preparing for Easter at Home as a Family Listening to God with Children during Holy Week As a family, we can prepare spiritually and physically by listening to and reflecting upon the Word of God together with our children. Most interestingly, without the sacraments - the bread and wine - we contemplate on the Word of God, discovering more earnestly how God comes to be with us through the Word. To enter more deeply into Easter preparation, we transport ourselves to the historical place and time of the Paschal Mystery, before bringing our focus on the Holy Triduum. Biblical Geography: The Land of Israel City of Jerusalem. The children in the Material at Home. Find a physical map from a Atrium are initiated into the geography of biblical atlas or a virtual map of Israel online. Israel, focusing on its principal cities. During Lent, we deep-dive into the city of The Holy Land Model of Jerusalem (official site) Jerusalem and important places that tell or see a video overview here. This is a 1:50 us about Jesus' final days on earth with three-dimensional scale model of the city of His disciples. Jerusalem in the Second Temple Period. City of Jerusalem Map You may print this for the children to colour in and refer to while reading scripture. After looking at how the city was laid out, with its walls and its grand Temple, we then name and look more closely at the places where Jesus walked, giving children only a brief description. We focus on the location of: (1) the Cenacle, (2) the house of Caiaphas, (3) the Antonia Tower, (4) the Garden of Olives, (5) Calvary and (6) the tomb of the resurrection (RPC1, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Homeland, Identity and Wellbeing Amongst the Beni-Amer in Eritrea-Sudan and Diasporas
    IM/MOBILITY: HOMELAND, IDENTITY AND WELLBEING AMONGST THE BENI-AMER IN ERITREA-SUDAN AND DIASPORAS Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester Saeid Hmmed BSc MSc (OU) Department of Geography University of Leicester September 2017 i Abstract This thesis focuses on how mobility, identity, conceptions of homeland and wellbeing have been transformed across time and space amongst the Beni-Amer. Beni-Amer pastoralist societies inhabit western Eritrea and eastern Sudan; their livelihoods are intimately connected to livestock. Their cultural identities, norms and values, and their indigenous knowledge, have revolved around pastoralism. Since the 1950s the Beni-Amer have undergone rapid and profound socio-political and geographic change. In the 1950s the tribe left most of their ancestral homeland and migrated to Sudan; many now live in diasporas in Western and Middle Eastern countries. Their mobility, and conceptions of homeland, identity and wellbeing are complex, mutually constitutive and cannot be easily untangled. The presence or absence, alteration or limitation of one of these concepts affects the others. Qualitatively designed and thematically analysed, this study focuses on the multiple temporalities and spatialities of Beni-Amer societies. The study subjected pastoral mobility to scrutiny beyond its contemporary theoretical and conceptual framework. It argues that pastoral mobility is currently understood primarily via its role as a survival system; as a strategy to exploit transient concentration of pasture and water across rangelands. The study stresses that such perspectives have contributed to the conceptualization of pastoral mobility as merely physical movement, a binary contrast to settlement; pastoral societies are therefore seen as either sedentary or mobile.
    [Show full text]
  • Temple in Jerusalem Coordinates: 31.77765, 35.23547 from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Log in / create account article discussion edit this page history Temple in Jerusalem Coordinates: 31.77765, 35.23547 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Bet HaMikdash ; "The Holy House"), refers to Part of a series of articles on ,שדקמה תיב :The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (Hebrew a series of structures located on the Temple Mount (Har HaBayit) in the old city of Jerusalem. Historically, two Jews and Judaism navigation temples were built at this location, and a future Temple features in Jewish eschatology. According to classical Main page Jewish belief, the Temple (or the Temple Mount) acts as the figurative "footstool" of God's presence (Heb. Contents "shechina") in the physical world. Featured content Current events The First Temple was built by King Solomon in seven years during the 10th century BCE, culminating in 960 [1] [2] Who is a Jew? ∙ Etymology ∙ Culture Random article BCE. It was the center of ancient Judaism. The Temple replaced the Tabernacle of Moses and the Tabernacles at Shiloh, Nov, and Givon as the central focus of Jewish faith. This First Temple was destroyed by Religion search the Babylonians in 587 BCE. Construction of a new temple was begun in 537 BCE; after a hiatus, work resumed Texts 520 BCE, with completion occurring in 516 BCE and dedication in 515. As described in the Book of Ezra, Ethnicities Go Search rebuilding of the Temple was authorized by Cyrus the Great and ratified by Darius the Great. Five centuries later, Population this Second Temple was renovated by Herod the Great in about 20 BCE.
    [Show full text]
  • Daf Ditty Pesachim 78: Korban Pesach Today (?)
    Daf Ditty Pesachim 78: Korban Pesach today (?) Three girls in Israel were detained by the Israeli Police (2018). The girls are activists of the “Return to the Mount” (Chozrim Lahar) movement. Why were they detained? They had posted Arabic signs in the Muslim Quarter calling upon Muslims to leave the Temple Mount area until Friday night, in order to allow Jews to bring the Korban Pesach. This is the fourth time that activists of the movement will come to the Old City on Erev Pesach with goats that they plan to bring as the Korban Pesach. There is also an organization called the Temple Institute that actively is trying to bring back the Korban Pesach. It is, of course, very controversial and the issues lie at the heart of one of the most fascinating halachic debates in the past two centuries. 1 The previous mishnah was concerned with the offering of the paschal lamb when the people who were to slaughter it and/or eat it were in a state of ritual impurity. Our present mishnah is concerned with a paschal lamb which itself becomes ritually impure. Such a lamb may not be eaten. (However, we learned incidentally in our study of 5:3 that the blood that gushed from the lamb's throat at the moment of slaughter was collected in a bowl by an attendant priest and passed down the line so that it could be sprinkled on the altar). Our mishnah states that if the carcass became ritually defiled, even if the internal organs that were to be burned on the altar were intact and usable the animal was an invalid sacrifice, it could not be served at the Seder and the blood should not be sprinkled.
    [Show full text]
  • Xbulletin-May 28 2017
    First Communion Class of 2017 St. Bernadette Catholic Church St. Bernadette Catholic Church May 28, 2017 350 NW California Boulevard, Port St. Lucie, FL 34986 Page 2 Dear Friends, Where the Lord has gone, we hope to follow. These words summarize today’s Solemnity of the MONDAY, MAY 29, 2017 Ascension of the Lord into Heaven. 8:00 am †Jean Martino, requested by loving son, Ric As much as the Disciples witnessing the event (and we too, for that matter) naturally lift our TUESDAY, MAY 30, 2017 heads to try to catch a glimpse of the Lord as He 8:00 am †Lillian Tulumello, requested by disappears into the clouds, we must spend our Mary Ann & Warren Evensen lives preparing to ascend to our God as well. As WEDNESDAY, MAY 31, 2017 Matthew Leonard once said, we are either 8:00 am †Miriam Foppe, requested by spending our lives going up or going down. Bob & Family Prayer, Eucharistic Adoration, practicing the THURSDAY, JUNE 1, 2017 Corporal and Spiritual Works of Mercy, in other 8:00 am †Betty Hartley, requested by words, being good stewards of God’s gifts, help us Richard & Barbara Jaworski do what we can to be lifted up and follow the Lord Jesus into His Kingdom, into the arms of our FRIDAY, JUNE 2, 2017 Heavenly Father. 8:00 am †Deceased members of the Benedict Family, requested by May today’s Ascension further deepen our Suresh & Angeline Desai prayer for the Holy Spirit to come upon us, next SATURDAY, JUNE 3, 2017 week on Pentecost and every day of our lives! 8:00 am †Mario Aday, requested by Martha Gil Have a wonderful week! 4:00 pm †Henry & Jeanne Archambault, Father Victor Ulto, Pastor requested by Ken & Jeannine Anderson SUNDAY, JUNE 4, 2017 7:30 am †Mary & Martin Healy, requested by granddaughter, Kathy 9:00 am For the People of the Parish 10:45 am †Dionisio & Zoila Suarez, requested by their son Today, Sunday, May 28 is the last weekend for the 12:15 pm Mass.
    [Show full text]
  • Torah from JTS in Liturgy and Worship, JTS
    Exploring Prayer :(עבודת הלב) Service of the Heart This week’s column was written by Rabbi Samuel Barth, Senior Lecturer Torah from JTS in Liturgy and Worship, JTS. Approaching Pesah, Part 1: “Turning the Heart” Two seemingly disconnected texts offer an insight into the experience of Pesah. On Parashat Va-yikra 5773 Shabbat Hagadol (the Shabbat before Pesah, this year on March 23), the haftarah from Malachi ends with the powerful words, “before the coming of the great and awesome day of God I will send you the prophet Elijah; he will turn the hearts of parents to [their] children, and the hearts of children to parents” (Mal. 3:23). The gulf between the generations is no more and no less filled with angst and anguish in Parashah Commentary modernity than in ancient times. If finding love and understanding between parents and This week’s commentary was written by Rabbi Charlie Schwartz, Director of children were easy, we would not need the prophet Elijah to bring it about. Among my Digital Engagement and Learning, JTS. own memories of seder are no small number of bitter family fights, and I hear many similar reflections from friends and students all over the world. So each year, this Animal Sacrifice on an iPad: Finding Meaning in Va-yikra haftarah invites us to at least reflect on what it might take to turn the hearts of the The calf flies up in the air as if catapulted by an unseen trampoline, followed in quick generations toward each other. succession by a pair of doves, a cruse of oil, and a surprised-looking goat.
    [Show full text]
  • Title: Location: Date: Artist: Period/Style: Patron
    TITLE:Buddha LOCATION:Bamiyan, Afghanistan DATE: C. 400-800 C.E. ARTIST: PERIOD/STYLE: Gandharan PATRON: MATERIAL/TECHNIQUE:Cut sandstone with plaster and polychrome paint. FORM: Details such as facial features and hands were modeled using mud mixed with straw and then coated with stucco and painted bright colors. Stucco is a kind of plaster that is sometimes put on the exterior of houses as a protective coating against the elements. The stucco wore off long ago, but we do know that the larger Buddha figure was painted a deep red and the smaller Buddha was multi-colored with both jewels and copper. The legs were carved in the round which allowed for circumambulation. FUNCTION: The Silk Road comprosed an overland network of trade routes linking China and Central Asia with India and ultimately the Medi- terranean Sea. The Bamiyan Valley’s fertile fields attracted merchants and Buddhist missionaries. Thus between 500 and 750, the region served as both a commercial hub and an important Buddhist spiritual center. CONTENT: The Bamiyan Buddhas served as centerpieces of a flourishing Buddhist community. Both statues manifested the power and piety of their royal benefactors. Visible for miles, they provided pilgrims and merchants with a dramatic reminder to follow Buddhist practices, The two timeless images also marked a momentous development in Buddhist art. The gigantic Bamiyan statues represented Buddha as more than a gifted teacher; he was now presented as a guiding, enduring, and universal spiritual presence. CONTEXT: Bamiyan was situated right on the Silk Route as it went through the Hindu Kush mountain region in the Bamiyan valley of Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Islamic Movement in Israel: Ideology Vs
    Center for Open Access in Science ▪ https://www.centerprode.com/ojsh.html Open Journal for Studies in History, 2021, 4(1), 11-24. ISSN (Online) 2620-066X ▪ https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsh.0401.02011s _________________________________________________________________________ The Islamic Movement in Israel: Ideology vs. Pragmatism David Schwartz Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, ISRAEL Department of Political Science Daniel Galily South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Blagoevgrad, BULGARIA Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Philosophical and Political Sciences Received: 24 February 2021 ▪ Accepted: 28 April 2021 ▪ Published Online: 2 May 2021 Abstract This study aims to present the Islamic Movement in Israel, its ideology and pragmatism. With progress and modernization, the Islamic movements in the Middle East realized that they could not deny progress, so they decided to join the mainstream and take advantage of technological progress in their favor. The movement maintains at least one website in which it publishes its way, and guides the audience. Although these movements seem to maintain a rigid ideology, they adapt themselves to reality with the help of many tools, because they have realized that reality is stronger than they are. The main points in the article are: The Status of Religion in Israel; The Legal Status of Muslim Sharia in Israel; Personal status according to Israeli law; The establishment of the Islamic Movement in Israel – Historical Background; The crystallization of movement; Theoretical Background – The Theory of Pragmatism; Ideology and goals of the Islamic Movement in Israel; The background to the split in the movement – the opposition to pragmatism; How the ideology of the movement is expressed in its activity? The movement’s attitudes toward the Israeli elections, the Oslo Accords and the armed struggle against Israel; How does pragmatism manifest itself in the movement’s activities? Keywords: Islamic Movement, Israel, ideology, pragmatism.
    [Show full text]