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Refrigerated Transportation of Food and Temperature Sensitive Cargo

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Refrigerated Transportation of Food and Temperature Sensitive Cargo REFRIGERATED TRANSPORTATION OF FOOD AND TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE CARGO JOSÉ A. BARREIRO Ing. Quim M. Sc., Ph. D. © Copyright | Copyright | Cargo Inspection Service SL | 2018 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND REFRIGERATED CARGO • It begins in the late eighteenth century with the transportation on sailing ships of snow and natural ice collected in the winter months from Boston to the southern states of the US and intermediate ports such as New York, Philadelphia and Charleston, extending the trade to the West Indies. Objective: icing of food and cold drinks. • There are reports that a similar trade took place between Alaska and India. It reached its peak in 1870 and then declined with the introduction of mechanical refrigeration systems. • In 1873 the first shipment of iced cooled meat from New York to London was done. • Mechanical refrigeration ships appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century to transport sheep, goat and cattle meat from North and South America, Australia and New Zealand to Europe. This gradually replaced the trade of live animals, canned, salted or smoked meats. • In 1860 Ferdinand Carré invented a cooling machine operated with ammonia. • In 1868 Charles Tellier installed a refrigeration machine operated with ammonia in the ship City of Rio de Janeiro. A test run with 300 kg of meat was carried out but the cargo must be consumed on the trip due to a cooling system failure. • The german Carl von Linde developed in 1874, the first vapor compression refrigeration machine operating with ammonia. • The first really successful maritime transport refrigeration was the SS Paraguay, equipped with the machine developed by Carré, which set sail from Buenos Aires in 1877 bound for Marseille with 5500 channels of frozen sheep. Due to technical difficulties, the trip lasted 7 months and must call on the island of Saint Vincent. Meat reached its destination in 1878 in good condition. •Tellier in 1875 made another attempt with the SS Elboe which was modified for transporting frozen meat in its three holds. The ship was renamed SS Le Frigorifique and in 1877 made a trip between Buenos Aires and Rouen. The product arrived in acceptable conditions, although not comparable with the product carried by the SS Paraguay. • The success in this transport made exporters of Australian beef to visit the SS Paraguay in the port of Le Havre and asked the British firm Glasgow Bell-Coleman, experienced in making ice, to design a machine operating with cold air. The machine was installed in the SS Strathleven, which sailed from Sydney and Melbourne to London in November of 1879 with a cargo of 40 tons of beef and sheep meat, arriving in excellent condition in February 1880. In 1881 the SS Protos arrived in London from Australia with a cargo of 4,600 sheep carcases and 100 tons of butter, which arrived in excellent condition. Wool was used as thermal insulation for holds, being sold at destination. In 1881 the British Orient Line (SS Cuzco, SS Garonne and SS Orient) started a line service between Australia and London. Significant amounts of frozen meat was transported in this route. • In 1882 the firm Shaw Savill & Albion Line of Glasgow was founded and was pioneer in refrigerated meat transportation. • Their first trip was done on the SS Dunedin, equipped with a Bell-Coleman cold air system. In 1882 carried the first shipment of frozen meat from Port Chalmers,New Zealand to London in a trip to took near three months. In 1890, she sank on the journey while participating in a tall ship race in his ninth trip. SS Dunedin in 1876. oil painting Frederick Tudgay (1841-1921), 47 cm by 77 cm. The original was owned ship captain John Whitson (From: Wikipedia). Later, other lines followed as the Aberdeen Line, P & O Line, Port Line and Federal Line. • The first refrigerated ship designed as such since its construction, was the SS Elderslie. It was launched in Jarrow, UK in 1884. In 1886, the SS Selembria, endowed with a cold air machine operated with the principle developed by Paul Giffard, transported 30,000 frozen goat channels from the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) to London. TWENTIETH CENTURY Cold air machines were replaced by machines operating in the vapor compression cycle using a refrigerant (ammonia and carbon dioxide) used for indirect cooling with a secondary refrigerant (brine). •In 1901, the first refrigerated shipment of bananas (23,000 clusters) took place in the SS Port Morant, from Jamaica to London. The vessel was equipped with a carbon dioxide cooling system. •Transportation of bananas boomed when it was implemented by the United Fruit Co. of the USA and the Compagnie Generale Trasatlantique, France. • By 1935 the UK imports of frozen meat, totaled more than one million tons; 500,000 tons of butter; and 20 million of banana bunches. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND REFRIGERATED CONTAINERS • In 1956 a breakthrough in trade and maritime transport of refrigerated and frozen products occured: the introduction by SeaLand of containerized cargo on the SS Ideal-X between the ports of Newark and Houston (USA). Sealand was founded by Malcom McLean • Malcom P. McLean (1913-2001) in Port Newark (Elizabeth, New Jersey), USA. Sealand founder and father of containerization In 1957, Sealand introduced the first ship fully dedicated to carry containerized cargo, the Gateway City for service between New York, Florida and Texas In 1960, Grace Line reconstructed the ship SS St. Eliana for the first international trip of a ship with containers between New York and Venezuela In 1960, Matson Navigation opened its first fully containerized vessel between San Francisco and Hawaii, the SS Hawaiian Citizen In 1966, the SS Fairland SeaLand made the first transatlantic voyage with containers between Elizabeth, New Jersey and Rotterdam, Netherlands Brief History of Maersk Line 1886: Chap. Peter Mærsk-Møller bought his first boat the SS Laura 1904. The Steamship Company Svendborg is founded by Peter Mærsk-Møller and Arnold Peter Møller, being their first ship SS Svendborg. Began operations from the house of A. P. Moller in Copenhagen, Denmark 1928. AP Møller established a maritime service between the US and the Far East under the name of Maersk Line 1973. The AP Møller group received their first exclusive container ship, the M / N Svendborg Maersk Maersk Line and Sea-Land began joint operations 1995. 1999. The two companies merged in Maersk Sealand 2005/2006. Maersk Sealand acquired P & O Nedlloyd to emerge as Maersk Line 2016-2017. Maersk Line acquires Hamburg Süd. they have a combined fleet of 4.15 million TEUs and 19.3% of the capacity of the global fleet of 773 vessels (owned and leased) M / N Svendborg Maersk, first containership received by Maersk Line in 1973 In 2014, estimations showed a total of 5115 ships capable of transporting refrigerated cargo containers and refrigerated containers counted 1,435,786 (16.8% of all existing containers) On 2017, more than 78% of all maritime refrigerated cargo was carried in refrigerated containers, and 22% on reefer vessels. The principal refrigerated products transported by sea in 2014 (in tons) were: Meats: 24.9% Bananas: 17.1 % Seafood and fish: 17.0% In 2017 enters into service the OOCL Hong Kong, the largest container ship in the world for 2017: 21,413 TEUs; TG 210 890; 399.9 m long, 58.8 m wide, 32.50 m (main deck to keel) and 16.0 m deep END OF THE PRESENTATION 1. 2 Historical Background © Copyright | Copyright | Cargo Inspection Service SL | 2018.
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