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To the Memory of Lars Hörmander (1931–2012)

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To the Memory of Lars Hörmander (1931–2012) To the Memory of Lars Hörmander (1931–2012) Jan Boman and Ragnar Sigurdsson, Coordinating Editors The eminent mathematician Lars Lars entered Lund University in the fall of 1948 Valter Hörmander passed away on to study mathematics and physics. Marcel Riesz November 25, 2012. He was the (1886–1969) became his mentor. Lars studied most leading figure in the dramatic de- of the courses on his own, but followed the lectures velopment of the theory of linear on analysis given by Riesz during 1948–50. In the partial differential equations during early fall of 1949 he completed a bachelor’s degree the second half of the twentieth and a master’s degree in the spring of 1950, century, and his L2 estimates for the which could have allowed him to earn his living @¯ equation became a revolutionary as a secondary school teacher at the age of only tool in complex analysis of several nineteen. variables. He was awarded the Fields In October 1951 Lars completed the licentiate Medal in 1962, the Wolf Prize in degree with a thesis entitled “Applications of 1988, and the Leroy P. Steele Prize Helly’s theorem to estimates of Tchebycheff type”, for Mathematical Exposition in 2006. written under the supervision of Riesz. Shortly Lars Hörmander 1996. He published 121 research articles afterwards Riesz retired from his professorship and 9 books, which have had a and moved to the US to remain there during most profound impact on generations of analysts. of the coming ten years. We have often been asked who was the PhD thesis advisor of Lars Hörmander. Student in Lund The correct answer is no one and it needs a little Lars Hörmander was born on January 24, 1931, in bit of explanation. As a young man Marcel Riesz Mjällby in southern Sweden. His talents became worked mainly on complex and harmonic analysis, apparent very early. He skipped two years of but later in life he became interested in partial elementary school and moved to Lund in 1946 differential equations and mathematical physics, to enter secondary school (gymnasium). He was so partial differential equations were certainly one of the selected students who were offered studied in Lund in the early 1950s. Moreover, Lars the chance to cover three years’ material in two Gårding (1919–2014) and Åke Pleijel (1913–89) years by staying only three hours per day in school were appointed professors in mathematics in Lund and devoting the rest of the day to individual during this period. They had good international studies, a scheme he found ideal. His mathematics contacts, and the young Lars concluded that partial teacher, Nils Erik Fremberg (1908–52), was also differential equations would give him the best docent at Lund University and in charge of the opportunities in Lund. undergraduate program there. When graduating Lars defended his doctorate thesis, “On the from gymnasium in the spring of 1948 Lars had theory of general partial differential operators,” on already completed the first-semester university October 22, 1955, with Jacques-Louis Lions as op- courses in mathematics. ponent, and it was published in Acta Mathematica the same year. His work was highly independent. Jan Boman is professor emeritus of mathematics, Stockholm Lars chose his problems himself and solved them. University. His email address is [email protected]. Gårding was often mentioned as the thesis advisor Ragnar Sigurdsson is professor of mathematics, University of Hörmander, but the fact is that he was no more of Iceland. His email address is [email protected]. than a formal advisor, in the sense that he was an Unless otherwise noted, all photographs are from Lars Hör- important source of inspiration and that he served mander’s personal collection, courtesy of Sofia Broström as a chairman at Lars’s thesis defense. It is no (Hörmander). exaggeration to say that the thesis opened a new DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/noti1274 era of the subject of partial differential equations. 890 Notices of the AMS Volume 62, Number 8 Some of the most important results were quite This appears especially paradoxical, since his original and had not even been envisioned before. accomplishments during his period in Princeton were truly remarkable. Already in early 1966 he Professor in Stockholm, Stanford, and had made up his mind to return to an ordinary Princeton professorship in Sweden as soon as an opportunity Lars spent the year 1956 in the United States. In came up. January 1957 he became professor at Stockholm University. Since there was no activity in partial Back in Lund differential equations at Stockholm University at Lars left Princeton in the spring of this time, he had to start from the beginning and 1968 and became a professor in lecture on distribution theory, Fourier analysis, and Lund, a position he held until his functional analysis. In 1961–62 he lectured on the retirement in 1996. He always kept material that was to become his 1963 book, Linear good contact with IAS and other Partial Differential Operators. He quickly gathered universities in the US. In 1977–78 a large group of students around him. Among them Lars was in charge of a special pro- were Christer Kiselman and Vidar Thomée. One of gram on microlocal analysis at IAS. us (JB) had the privilege to be a member of that Among Lars’s prominent students group. Lars’s lectures were wonderful, and there in Lund were Johannes Sjöstrand, was excitement and enthusiasm around him. His Anders Melin, Nils Dencker, and vast knowledge, fast thinking, and overwhelming Hans Lindblad. by Nils Åslund capacity for work inspired all of us, but also During the years 1979–84 Lars sometimes scared his students. The clattering worked on the four volumes of from his typewriter, which was constantly heard The Analysis of Partial Differential Photograph through his door, is famous. Operators published in 1983 and Student in Lund Lars spent the summer of 1960 in Stanford and 1985. This was the time of study around 1950. the following academic year at the Institute for of the younger of us (RS) in Lund. Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton. The summer of Lars gave a wonderful lecture series on various 1960 was both pleasant and productive for Lars, parts of the manuscript. The students corrected and both he and the members of the department (rare) errors and in return got superb private in Stanford were interested in a continuation on lessons on the parts they did not understand. The a more permanent basis, but Lars was not ready four volumes, written in the well-known compact to leave Sweden at that time. An arrangement was Hörmander style, contain enough material to fill made so that he would be on leave from Stockholm eight volumes rather than four. The amount of for April and May and combine the position in work needed to complete the project was clearly Stockholm with a permanent professorship at formidable, and Lars later looked back at this Stanford, where he would work for the spring period as six years of slave labor. and summer quarters. In Stockholm 1962–63 he In the fall of 1984 Lars succeeded Lennart Carle- gave a lecture series on complex analysis which he son as director of the Institut Mittag-Leffler and developed further in Stanford, 1964 and published became the managing editor for Acta Mathematica. as An Introduction to Complex Analysis in Several He conducted a two-year program on nonlinear Variables in 1966. Revised editions were published partial differential equations. Back in Lund in the in 1973 and 1990. It is remarkable that this book fall of 1986 Lars started a series of lectures on has kept its position as one of the main references nonlinear problems. His notes from 1988 were on the subject for almost fifty years. widely circulated and finally published in revised At Stanford in the summer of 1963 Lars received form as the book Lectures on Nonlinear Hyperbolic a letter which would change his life. Robert Differential Equations in 1997. In 1991–92 Lars Oppenheimer, the director of the IAS, made him gave lectures which he later developed into the an offer to become a professor and a permanent book Notions of Convexity, published in 1994. In member of the institute. It took Lars some time this book he shows again the depth and breadth to make up his mind. Attempts were made by of his knowledge of analysis. Lennart Carleson (b. 1928), Otto Frostman (1907– Lars became emeritus on January 1, 1996. From 77), and Lars Gårding to arrange for a research the beginning of the 1990s his research was position in Lund, but when this was declined by not as focused on partial differential equations the Swedish government, Lars decided to accept as it had been before. He looked back on his the offer. He spent the summer of 1964 at Stanford career and took up the study of various problems and started his work at the institute in September. that he had dealt with and continued publishing He soon found that ongoing conflicts had created interesting papers. Lars was always interested in a bad climate at the institute. He also felt strong the Nordic cooperation of mathematicians. He pressure to produce a steady stream of high- published his first paper in the proceedings of quality research, and this he found paralyzing. the Scandinavian Congress of Mathematicians held September 2015 Notices of the AMS 891 differential equations, and Jean-Pierre Demailly on his work in complex analysis. Nicolas Lerner On Lars Hörmander’s Work on Partial Differential Equations The Beginning Lars Hörmander wrote a PhD thesis under the guidance of L.
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