Ie

Contents

The Three LanguagesTheory in Information Retrieval

Part-controlled Vocabulary for Literature Studies

UDC: International Medium Edition - English Text

Class Number Searching in an Experimental Online Catalog UDC 168 + International Classification Vol. 13 (1986) Nr. 3 025.4 + 001.4 (05)

INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION Devoted to Concept Theory, Systematic Ter­ minology and Organization of Knowledge

Editors Dr. phil. Ingetraut Dahlberg, 0-6000 Frank­ furt 50, Woogstr. 36a, Editor-in-chief

Prof. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Alwin Diemer, Philo­ sophisches Institut der Universitat Dusseldorf, D-4000 Dusseldorf 1, Universitatsstr. 1, FRG.

Prof. Jean M. Perreault, University Library, University of Alabama, P. O. B. 2600 Hunts­ Contents ville, Alabama 35807, USA Prof. Arashanipalai Neelameghan, clo Unes­ Editorial co PGI. 7, Place de Fontenoy, F-75700 Paris New Uses for Old Schemes 125 co-sponsored by - FID/CR (Federation Internationale de Do­ Articles cumentation, Committee on Classification Re­ G.Deschatelets: The three languages theory in information retrieval. 126 search, address see Dr. I. Dahlberg K.Harris: Part-controlled vocabulary for literature studies ...... 133 A.Chatterjee, G.G.Choudhury: UDC: International Medium Edition - Consulting Editors Mrs. Jean Aitchison, 12, Sollershott West, English text ...... ,...... 137 K.Markey: Class number searching in an experimental online catalog 142 Letchworth, Herts., SG6 3PX, England Prof. Asterio T. Campos, Departamento de Bi­ Reports and Communications ...... 151 blioteconomia, Universidade de Brasilia, Bra­ CSNA Annual Meeting 1986 - COMPSTAT 1986 - Fall Meeting of SEK DA-NK, silia OF, Brazil Gesellschaft flir Klassifikation - Stability in Classification - Dr. A.1. Cernyj, VINITI, Moscow A-219 Bal­ Standardization in Computerized Lexicography - Going for Gold - tijskaja u1. 14, USSR 8th International Conference on Computers and the Humanities - 25th Annual Meeting of ACL, Stanford, July 1987 - ACL European Chapter Dipl. Math. Hermann Fangmeyer, Euratom 1987, 3rd Conference - Communication and Cognition: Applied CCR C.E.T.I.S. (European Scientific Informa­ . Epistemology . 152 tion Processing Centre), 1-21020 Ispra (Varese) Italy

FID/CR News 18 ...... 153 Dip!. Volksw. Otto Gekeler, Burgunderweg 9, T.C.Craven: Classification, Indexing, and New Technology: Report on D-7900Ulm 3rd Regional FIDICR Conference - H.Borko: Panel Remarks on Expert Prof. Eric de Grolier, Conseil International des Systems Applied to Library Cataloging (154) - K.Markey : Panel Remarks: Overview of Dewey Decimal Classification (nDC) Online Project (154) ­ Sciences, I, rue Miollis, F�75 Paris 15e, France FlO Secret!: Organization of Information: Report on Session 7 of the FID Yukio Nakamura, Authorized Consulting Engi­ Congress (156) - Certificate of Merit (Prof.P.A. Cocluane) (156) - neer, 14-8 Nisikata-l Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113, IFLA Section on Classification and Indexing. Report on Meeting during Japan the Tokyo IFLA Conference 1986 (157) - F.R.Germany: Call for Papers, 11 th Prof. Dr. Phyllis Richmond, School of Library Annual Conference (157) - India (157) - Nigeria (158) - U.K.CRG 258 (158) Science, Case Western ReserveUniversity, Cle­ - U.S.A.: ASIS SIG/CR (158) - U.S.A.: Further Education in Classification veland, Ohio, 44106, USA (159) - Brasil: Further Education in Indexing Languages and Indexing (159) ­ Addresses of Contributors (159) Prof. Dr. F.W. Riggs , Department of Political Science, Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Classification and Indexing Research. Current Bibliography of Projects 159 HI. 96822, USA Dr. Eugen Scibor, Institut Informaciji Nauko­ Infoterm News . 161 weij. Technicznej i Ekonomicznej (lINTE), AI. Meet the old and new Infoterm crew - Presentation of the Association for Niepodleglosci 188, Warzszawa , Poland Terminology and Knowledge Transfer - Workshop "Concept Analysis", Darmstadt, Prof. Alfredo Serrai, Universita degli Studi, via FRG, Jan.17-19, 1986 - Colloque "Industries de la langue", Tours, Feb.28- Stazione S. Pietro 22, Roma, Italy March 1, 1986 - Meeting of the Infoterm Advisory Committee, Vienna, April 21-22, 1986 - Meeting on the Helsinki Act (1975) : Security and Prof. Dr. Dagobert Soergel, School of Library Co-operation in Europe, Triest, May 9-11, 1986 - Conference on Arab and Information Services, University of Mary­ Co-operation in Terminology, Tunis, July 7-10, 1986 (162) - Projects - land, College Park, MD., 20742, USA Meetings (162) - News on Infoterm Holdings: Books, New Journals (163) - Prof. Dr. Robert R. Sokal, State University of Hidden Glossaries ...... 163 New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA Forschungsabteilung Information und Doku� COCTANews mentation des Philosophischen Instituts der F.W.Riggs: INTERCOCT A activities during the ISA Congress in Delhi ...... 165 Universitat Dusseldorf, D-4000 Dusseldorf, Universitatsstr. l,FRG, Prof. Dr. phil. Norbert Book Reviews Henrichs K.Harris: The Dickens House Classification (H.SchneIling) ...... 166 Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikatione. V. represented L.M.Chan, Ph.Richmond, E.Svenonius: Theory of Subject Analysis by Dr. R. Fugmann, Hoechst AG, Wissen� A Source Book (M.P.Satija) .•...... 166 schaftliche Dokumentation, D-6230 Frank­ P.A.Cochrane: Redesign of Catalogs and Indexes for Improved Online Subject Access: Selected Papers (G.Riesthuis) 168 lurt80. FRG Infoterm, clooster. Normungsinstitut, Postfach

Classification Literature 13(1986)No.3 ...... 170 130, A� 1021 Wien, Prof. H. Felber UDC 025.4 + 168 + 001.4 (05) INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION Devoted to Concept Theory, Systematic Terminology and Organization of Knowledge

Editors: Dr. I. Dahlberg, Frankfurt; Prof. Dr. Dr. A. Diemer, Di.isseldorf; Prof. A. Neelamgehan, UnesQ, Paris; Prof. J.M. Perreault, Huntsville, Ala., USA; co-sponsored by FIDleR Editorial Office: c/o Dr. I. Dahlberg, Woogstr. 36a, 0-6000 Frankfurt 50, Tel. 0611/523690 Issue frequency: 3x/ann. Annual subscription rates: Institution per volume OM 84,-; Individuals per volume DM 67,20; Single Issues: OM 28, -, Back issues, hard copy, per issue DM 18,-, microfiche, per issue OM 6,- (1974-1977). Institutions will be billed. Individuals must prepay. For Air Mail delivery an additional OM 4, - per issue. Postage and Mwst (domestiC only) is not included. Advertising rates: Advertising rate card No.1. Advertising fact sheet with details of mechanical requirements and closing dates available upon request. . Publisher:INDEKS Verlag, Woogstr. 36a, 0·6000 Frankfurt 50, Tel. 0611/523690 Bank Account Nos.: INDEKS GmbH, Postscheck-Konto Frankfurt, No. 151208-608; Frankfurter Sparkasse von 1822, No. 852082 (BU 50050201) All rights reserved. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany 1986 by Druckerei H. Guntrum II KG, Postfach 180, D-6407 Schlitz

Contents page I.e. Vol. 13 (1986) No.3

Deschatelets, G.: The three languages theory in information re­ Chatterjee, A., Choudhury, G.G.: UDC: InternationalMedium trieval. Edition - English text. A critical appraisal Int.Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3, p. 126-132, 15 refs. Int. Classil. 13 (1986) No. 3, p. 137-141 , 4 rels.

To an overwhelming extent, storage and retrieval systems were de­ UDCInternational Medium Edition - English Text brought out24 signed for information intermediaries who were specialists in years after the publication ofUDC, 3rd Abridged English Edition, formal, controlled documentation languages (e.g. classification has introduced many changes both in physical. presentation and the systems, indexing languages) and who were then trained to utilize principles followed. These changes have been reviewed here citing the query language of each retrieval system. However, with the ad­ suitable illustrations. The significant features added in this edition vent of the microcomputer, there now exists, in the information re­ and the shortcomings which still continue, have been mentioned. It trieval industry, an obvious will to tackle both the professional and has been pointed out that the new edition will necessitate large­ the personal information markets, as evidences by their more so­ scale reclassification, but will enable the classifier to provide more phisticated yet more user-friendly systems and by the design and precise and coextensive class numbers. (Authors) marketing of all sorts of interface software (front-end, gateway, intermediary). In order to take full advantage of these systems, the user must be able to master three different languages: the natural language of the discipline, the indexing language, and the system's query language. The author defines and characterizes each of these languages and identifies their issues and trends in the IR cycle and specifically in public online search services. Finally he proposes a theoretical model for the analysis of IR languages and suggests a few research avenues. (Author)

Harris, K. : Part-controlled vocabulary for literature studies. Markey, K.: Class number searching in an experimental online Int. Classil. 13 (1986) No. 3, p. 133-136, 18 rels. catalog. Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No.3, p. 142-150, 7 refs. Part-controlled vocabulary involves the supplementation of a lim­ ited controlled vocabulary with freely chosen index terms which In the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) Online Project, the are not subject to any authority procedures. Such an indexing de­ texts of the DDC Schedules and Relative Index were incorporated vice is probably widely used in various kinds of information ser­ into the searchable indexes and browsing capabilities of an experi­ vice, but has not been formally recognized as a design option for mental online catalog. The effectiveness of this online catalog en­ librarians. The concept and its implications are explored, and its hanced with the DDC was tested in online retrieval experiments at potential for literature studies, where it appears to be highly suita­ four participating libraries. In this paper, subject searchers' use of ble, is considered. (Author) the class number search capability is featured. Failure analyses of class number searches demonstrated the ability of this search to re­ trieve items relevant to searchers' topics of interest. Searchers' BeUllgenhinweis: post-search interview comments highlight their experiences and their satisfaction with the results of this type of search. Based on Einigen Ausgaben liegt der Call for Papers the failure analyses and searchers' interview comments, recom­ der l1.Jahre stagung der Gesellschaft flir mendations are provided for the improvement of class number Klassifikation und der 1.lnternationalen Kon­ searching in online catalogs, particularly the incorporation of a li­ ferenz der IFC S bei brary classification schedule into the online catalog. (Author)

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The more scientific data are generated in the impetuous Thus, INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION is meant to be a pro­ present times. the more ordering energy needs to be ex· gramme for the improvement of classification methods and pended to control these data m a retrievable fashion. With processes. a forum for discussion for all those interested the abundal\ce of knowledge nOW available the questions of in the organization of knowledge on a universal or a new solutions to the ordering problem and thus of im­ subject-field scale, using concept analytical and/or con­ proved classification s stems. methods and procedures hm cept-synthetical approaches as \�el1 as numerical proce­ acquired unforeseen sf gnfflcance; for many years now thel­ dures and comprising also the intellectual and automatic have been in the focus of interest of information scien­ compilation and use of classification systems and thesauri tists the world over. in all fields of knowledge, with special attention being .Until recently, the special lit erature relevant to classifica­ given to the problems of terminology. tion was published in piecemeal fashion. scattered over the numerous technical journals serving the experts of the INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION publishes original articles, various fi elds. such as reports on conferences and simi lar communi cations. the phflosophy dnd science of science News letters of FID/CR (Committee on Classification Re­ science poltcy dnd science organization search of the International Federation for Documentation), mathematics. statistics, and computer scie nce and CO CTA (Commi ttee on Conceptual and Termi n01 ogica 1 library and information scie nce Ana lysis), book reviews, letters to the editor, and an arch1vlstics ilnd museology extensive annotated bib liography of recent classification journalism and communication science and indexing 1 iterature, covering between 400 and 500 industrial and commodity classification i terns ;n each ; ssue. terminology. lexicography. ling uistics Beginning 1974 IN TERNA TlO NAl ClASSIFICA TlON has INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION should therefore be available been serving as a common platform for the discussion of at every university and research library of every country, both theoretical background questions and practical applf� at every infonnation center. at col leges and schools of cation problems in many areas of concern. In each issue library and information science, in the hands of everybody experts from many countries comment on questions of an interested ;n the fields mentioned above and thus also at adequate structuring and construction of ordering systems every office for updating information on any topic related and on the problems of their use. in opening the informa� to the problems of order in our infonnation-flooded times. tion contents of new literature, of data collections and sur� veys, of tabular works and of other objects of scientific INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION was founded in 1973 by an in­ interest. Their contributions have been concerned with ternational group of scholars with a consulting board of (1) clarifying the theoretical foundations (general order� editors representing the world1s regions, the special lng theory, sc1ence�theoret1cal bases of classification. classification fields and the subject areas involved. From data analyses and reduction) 1974-1980 IC was pub lished by K.G.Saur Verlag, MUnchen. (2) describing practical operations connected with numeri� Back issues of 1978-1985 are available from INO EKS Verlag, cal taxonomy/classif ication. as well as applfc.atfons of too. (The 7 volumes of 1978-1984 are offered now at the classification systems and thesauri. manual and machine highly reduced price of OM 250.-.) indexing (3) tr�cing the history of classification knowledge and me� Rates: For 3 issues/ann. (including indexes every three thOdology years): Institutions DM 84.-, Individuals f20%), members (4) discussing questions of education and training in c1as� of classification societies & groups (-30X), members of siffcatfon Gesel lschaft fUr Klassifikation (-40%) + postage. For air­ (5) concerning themselves with the problems of terminolo­ mail delivery add DM 4.- per issue. gy in general and with respect to special fields. INO EKS Verlag, Woogstr. 36a, 0-6000 Frankfurt 50.

IN STR UCTIO NS TO AUTHOR,S Journal References should contain the names and initials of all authors. fun title of the publtcation, abbreviation of Manuscr ts may be submitted in either Englis h. German or the journal according to the ISO Standard No.4. volume French � the editor-in-chief in two sets (the original and number. year of publication tn brackets, issue number and one copy) typed in double space, comprising between 1500 first and last pa·ge numbers. Mon09ra h References s"hould to 3000 words. They should be accompanied by an English give .the name(s) of the author(s). fui� title. edft1on. pl/l:ce indicative abstract of 100-200 words. of publication, publisher.year and number of pages. Crfteria for acceptance will be appro riateness to the field Examples: of the journal {See Scope and Aims r, taking into account Fugmann, R.: The glamour and the misery of the thesau­ the merit of the content and presentation. Papers are ac­ rus approach. In: Int.Classff. l(1974)No.2, p.76wS'6, 20 cepted with the understanding that they have not been refs. published. sub mitted or accepted for publication elsewhere Sartori, G., Riggs, F.W., Teune. H.: Tower ot Babel. On and that. if the work received official sponsorship, it has the definition and analysis of concepts in the soctal sci­ been duly released for publication. Authors wflT usually be ences. P1ttsburgh, Pa.: Int.Studies Assoc.1975. 107 p. " notified wlth1n 6 to 10 weeks. Unless specifically request­ Int.Studies Occ.Paper No.6. ed, mahuscripts or illustrations w11l not be returned. I11ustrations should be restricted to necessary minimum. The text of the papers should be structured by subhead­ Graphs and Diagrams should be supplied as black 'and Ingsj-rr- should contain (a) an Introduction, stating the white drawings suitable to reproduction, Half-tone fl ustra­ purpose, (b) a description of mateMals and methods In suf� tlons should be sharp, well-contrasted glossy prinl s. h­ ficient detafl, (c) information on results or systems devel­ lustratlons should be numbered l1ghtly with soft pencfl on oped and (d) a conclusion with a discussion and/or summa­ the back. Numbered legends should be atbehed on a sepa­ rization. rate sheet. References should be listed at the end of the paper with Tables should be typed doubl.e-spaced on a separate sheet, the numbers 1n brackets referring. to such numbers in contain a number and a title at the top and be cited in the brackets within the text part. text. Each column should have a heading. Additional notes should be indicated in the text by lifted Authors shan receive 25 reprints of their papers free of single numbers (e.g. text ) and equally collected with charge. Addtional reprints may be ordered. their texts at the end of the paper under the heading Corrections 1n galley proof exceeding 10l of the typeset­ �. ting costs wil l be charged to the author. Editorial

New Uses for Old Schemes It can also be expected that the younger daughter of the DDC, the UDC, although already an old lady of Whoever predicted 15 years ago that the old classifi· almost 90, kept alive and dynamic by intensive revision cation schemes like the UDC or the DDC would soon be work, will equally be prepared for such an online utiliza· dead, was wrong. The development of computer techno· tion in the near future, since the new English Medium logy has now opened up new possibilities for the accessi· Edition has also been put on tape and has been printed bility of information through online facilities by which by computer typesetting procedures. Our Indian col· such old schemes can be implemented very effectively in leagues, Amitabha CHATTERJEE and Gobinda modern information systems as, in fact, any classifica· G.CHOUDHURY, have carefully studied this new tion system can support a search immensely a) whenever International Medium Edition (BSIOOOM) in its printed information in books or other documents has been form and report on their findings in this issue. Formerly classed correctly by such systems and b) if such systems they had only known and used the abridged edition can be computerized to the full extent of their possibili· (BSIOOOA) which had remained unchanged for the past ties. twenty years. Quite naturally they are concerned about It was already possible in the last issue of this journal some new features found, forgetting that the revision of to conclude from the article by Otto OBERHAUSER the UDC is a continuous process controlled by FID, with ("Classification in Online Information Systems") that the results published annually in "Extensions and classification does indeed play a very helpful role in Corrections to the UDC". For some time now changes online systems. In K.MARKEY's contributions in this have gradually been brought about in the many published issue we learn about her research in which she compares fascicules of the English Full Edition so that the English the effectiveness of a search in an online catalogue speaking UDC world ought to have been familiar with containing DDC·numbers with one that had subject most of them. Nevertheless the article still seemed a headings. This research was possible because already valuable contribution, especially for every non·UDC some parts of the DDC had been computerized for specialist, and shows again the great versatility of this the purpose of printing the 20th edition. Thus the old scheme and its superiority over any other universal entries on the tapes had only to be extended by a classification system a) because of its ability to provide formatting of classes and any additional information classes for concepts much more detailed than the book about their syndetics into fields for computer input in level as it had been enlarged since 1896 in order to serve order to become the tool which could be used in sub· the documentation of scientific articles and reports, and sequent searches of catalogued material classed by DDC b) because of its structure which allows the expression and assigned with subject headings such as the MARC of most complex subjects in a very succinct, easily tapes. Although the experiments could only be conducted discernible and computer reproducible way. in a few selected areas, it can be expected that these We are very happy that somebody who, as early as studies will have paved the way for a full implementa· 1967/68 tested the usefulness of the UDC in online tion of such search tools in the near future. (We would searches, viz. Pauline Atherton COCHRANE together like to advise our readers to consider KMarkey's state· with Robert FREEMAN, in a project called AUDA· ment during the FID/CR panel discussion (see p.154) CIOUS, received the Ranganathan Award of 1986 . see before reading her article, as the latter describes only a the citation in this issue (p.156) . not just for this specific problem of the whole research project.) project which was not only "audacious' , but also very Dewey's idea to let the class numbers of his system clever and showing great foresight · but for her recent depict hierarchical relationships, or, in other words, to book on "Redesign of Catalogs and Indexes for 1m· use an expressive notation allowing the user to move proved Online Subject Access" which is reviewed in this upwards and downwards along the chain of classes in a issue by our Dutch colleague, Gerhard RIESTHUIS search, shows again convincingly the "power of the (p.168). decimal notation" and its ease of use as compared with May our future work · as far as it still depends on the an enumerative notation of the kind utilized in the success which Dewey brought to our field with his Library of Congress Classification with a notation classification system · prosper as we gratefully accept the composed of letters and blocks of numbers where each constructive work of those many colleagues who have number has only the meaning which is given by its striven to improve its contents and structure, and as we correlation to its verbal description. Admittedly, how· try to utilize its versions in searching for requested ever, we must sometimes also turn a blind eye when information and displaying the knowledge manifested in some DDC hierarchies are somewhat beyond the possi· them. bilities of true hierarchical relationships. Ingetraut Dahlberg

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Editorial 125 directly online copies of the documents which he will be sent through the mail (and I will again avoid any unplea­ sant remarks about that process) a few weeks later and Gilles Deschatelets for which he will be grossly overcharged, only to find out Universite de Montreal. Ecole de Bibliotheconomie et that the documents do not contain the data or piece of des Sciences de l'Information information he was looking for! All this, on a well­ designed, ergonomic keyboard ...probably using one or two fingers'. Surely, there must be easier ways of finding textual The Three Languages Theory information. But things are getting even worse because in Information Retrieval* now, we have just entered the "Era of the End-user", the "ultimate" user, and there is a whole information in­ dustry being built around this "person", complete with front-ends, gateways, intermediary software, down­ loading and post processing facilities and other user­ Deschatelets, G.: The three languages theory in infonnation re� tneval. friendly, cordial, convivial devices ...which, of course, Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3, p. 126-132, 15 refs. we have to pay for. In all honesty, the online industry To an overwhelming extent, storage and retrieval systems were de­ has indeed recognized that the whole search process is a signed for information intermediaries who were specialists in mess, that it looks like a S.OOO-pieces puzzle for which formal, controlled documentation languages (e.g. classification you would have lost the box and the model picture. U n­ systems, indexing languages) and who were then trained to utilize fortunately, its solutions, so far, have only been to in­ the query language of each retrieval system. However, with the ad­ vent of the microcomputer, there now exists, in the information re­ crease the number of pieces in the puzzle . trieval industry, an obvious will to tackle both the professional and the personal information markets, as evidences by their more so­ 2. The online Search Process phisticated yet more user-friendly systems and by the design and marketing of all sorts of interface software (front-end, gateway, Basically, an online search aims at providing a "user", intermediary). In order to take full advantage of these systems, the i.e. a person with an information problem, with docu­ user must be able to master three different languages: the natural ments or references to documents that contain an language of the discipline, the indexing language, and the system's query language. The author defines and characterizes each of these answer to his question or a solution to his problem. Ob­ languages and identifies their issues and trends in the IR cycle and viously, the user knows or expects the solution to his specifically in public online search services. Finally he proposes a problem to be found in a document, otherwise he will theoretical model for the analysis of IR languages and suggests a enquire elsewhere for an answer (colleague, profes­ few research avenues. (Author) sional). The search is performed on local terminals or microcomputers connected to a host system computer 1. Introduction through one or more communication networks. Docu­ This paper deals with languages, linguistics, classifica­ ments or references to documents (citations) are stored tion and indexing from a retrieval perspective. That is, in databases which, in turn, are stored on the host from the point of view of the user, the "end-user", who system computer. The search can be done by the user - if predictions materialize - will soon be or is already himself or by a search intermediary, an expert searcher sitting in front of his micro, in his home or his office, try­ acting with or on behalf of the user. Whatever method is ing to understand its operating system, its modem and chosen, an online search usually consists of a series of communication software; dialing to a host system, that is steps, decisions and actions (Fig. 1). a "supermarket" of databases; struggling with a rigid and totally esoteric logon protocol; asking for databases 3, Problems of Online Searching which he knows only from a three-line description in a A person going online to find a set of documents in catalog; using "unnatural" commands and mnemonics, answer to a problem (whether a user or an intermediary syntactic relationships expressed in terms of boolean searching on behalf of a user) is faced with many potent­ logic; using words or phrases which are considered by ial ambushes: the system as keywords, descriptors or identifiers in a straightforward character matching process, all the problems with equipment and software (operating system, modem, communications, printer) while thinking in more than one dimension, in terms of - problems with connection (selection of network, dialing, logg­ concepts or ideas; retrieving - if any - one or a few rele­ ing in) vant citations and being convinced that they represent problems with the selection of appropriate databases 100% recall; having to use still rather strange commands problems with the host system commands, messages and proce­ dures (query language) to see or print or display or type or visualize them, to problems with mapping of the search strategy (concepts, de­ realize that the database only has citations and not the scriptors, keywords, access points, logic, limitations) full text of the documents; then either having to go to his - problems with the structure and indexing policy of each databa­ library to obtain those documents (and I will avoid any ses; problems with the vocabulary and syntax of each database (indexing language) unpleasant remark about that process) or ordering problems with the terminology of the domain (jargon) problems with the ordering of documents or accessing the full­ , Based on a paper presented at the 3rd Regional Conference of text of documents FIDICR, Montreal , Canada, Sept. 13, 1986. problems with the creation of personal files.

126 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Deschatelets - Three languages theory in IR USER -----> QUESTI ON the natural language of the document; j � the indexing language of the database; and SEARCH STRATEGY 1 ONCEPTS the query language of the host system. TER�\S + LOG! C ., SEARCH EXPRESS IONS 1 Uli!TATIONS According to Webster, a language is "a system of SELECTION OF DATABASECS) communication between humans through written and vocal symbols". Most of our information and documen­ j SEARCH STRATEGY 2 EARCH STRATEGY 1 APPLIED TO EACH tation systems at present are based on written langua­ INDEXING LANGUAGE ges. However, this is likely to change in the near future TER�\S > FREE TEXT IESCRIPTIORS t CONTROLLED VOCAi\UlARY AND LOGIC with the rapid evolution of audio and video storage and APPLICABLE retrieval devices (CD-ROMs, videodiscs). Neverthe­ 1 �LH-llTATlo.'lS less, the present discussion is based on written or textual SELECTION OF HOST SYST[I',(S) languages. • SEARCH STRATEGY 3 SEARCH STRATEGY 2 APPLIED TO EACH HOST SYSTEt1 QUERY LANGUAGE ! NL USER QUESTIrn COMMUNICATIONS & LOGON PROCEOURE j � NL SEARCH STRATEGY (NATURAL LANGUAGE) SEARCH: START l'I1TH SEARCH STRATEGY 3 1 REACT TO SYSTE�\ RESPONSES I EXPAND, SEARCH, CO/iEINE, LIMIT, DISPLAY, /

OOCUIIENT ORDERING POST SEARCH PROCESSING � QL CO'ffiNlCATIONS AND LOOJN PROCEOORES �ONLINE ORDERING , LOCAL DATABASE(PERSONAL FILES) FULL-TEXTj DOCUMENTS REFORMATTING, liANIPULATlNG LIBRARY OR ILL REPORT GENERATION. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS QL & IL SEARCH

PRINT SEARCH RESULTS Fig. 1: Online Search Process QL

QL JXlC\1'1OO ORDERI� POST-SEARCH PROCESSING Most of these problems can be easily overcome by train­ (OTHER MACHINE LANGUAGE) ing and experience. However, they are also greatly am­ plified considering that: Fig. 2: Online Search Languages there are numerous types of equipment and software; criteria NL Natural Language for selecting the best equipment for online searching are not necessarily those of other applications (e.g. word processing, IL Indexing Language file creation); QL Query Language there are many communications networks and each host system has one or more addresses on one or more of these networks (Datapac, Telenet, Tymnet); these networks are intercon­ 4.1 Natural language nected from one country to another; as of July 1986, there were 3169 different databases (Cuadra, The natural language (Fig. 3), in the present context, is 1986) commercialty accessible on host systems; created by 1494 "the language we find in documents, without any modi­ different producers, these databases are either bibliographic, fication" (Sharp, p. 193). In the online search process, referral, factual, encyclopedic, numeric or full-text; each data­ base covers one or more domains (chemistry, history, horses, the natural language is that of the authors of documents welding), certain types of documents (periodical articles, and that of the users of the systems. It is generally as­ monographs, reports, theses, conference proceedings); they go sumed that those are identical or at least compatible. In back in time to various dates; each database has a unique index­ other words, we assume that the user will "understand" ing policy and indexing language (indexing terms controlled to the language of the author of the document. However, various degrees) which not only vary from one database to another but which can also vary in each database over time; there exist numerous linguistic systems (popular langu­ as of July 1986, there were 486 different host systems commer­ age, scholarly language, technical language, expert or cially accessible over the world (Cuadra, 1986); each system has specialized language (jargon) and so on). When used to its own unique commands, procedures and search facilities record information in documents, these are all referred (query language); again, these can vary considerably from one system to another and they can vary in each system over time to as "natural languages". But this can be very deceiv­ (e.g. Dialog 2, Questel Plus); - "natural language" ,especially ing. Think of the word "information" and its different technical or domain-related jargons, can sometimes be far from meanings to a journalist, a politician, a mathematician, natural and difficultto understand, even for the specialist. a military, a secret agent, a computer specialist, a libra­ rian, an archivist, a linguist or a layman. 4. The Three Langnages in Online Searching One important characteristic of a written or textual lan­ Any online search, with the present generation of re­ guage is that it is "information rich". It carries carved trieval systems, necessarily makes use of at least three and encapsulated messages. It is condensed, compact different languages (Fig. 2): and generally non redundant. It conveys maximum in-

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Deschatelets - Three languages theory in IR 127 searching where all significant words in a stored docu­ NAlUlW. l!\'nWiE INDtXII'Kl I..Il1({JAGE (!JERY lJiNl.V\GE ment or citation (record) may be used as retrieval key­

lA!\\3UAGE OF AUT1-IJRS LM'GUAGE OF DATA- lANGU\GE OF HOST SYSTEHS words. AND USERS BASES (INDEXERS) FOR FOR S£MOl flPPLl CATIONS One very important remark must be made about DESCRIBING mE (ACCESSING DATABASES)

CONTENT Of rxx:U"iENTS natural language indexing and searching. However "na­

LANGUAGE OF PROCEDURAL lANGUAGE tural", i.e. close to the document's language, an index­ OOClNENTS mRPllJlllilC ing language may be, there remain two fundamental dis­ (n�_I'J\SED FREE VOCABULARY Nl1''iEROUS L1NGU1 $- tinctions between the two. First, their basic objectives mRPHOLOGIC KEYI-.'ORDS TIC SYSW1S: (IDENTIFIERS) PROCEIXJRES are different: while the objective of the author's natural POPULM LM'GUAGE NA1URAL LANGUAGE CW·WIDS communicate SCHOLAALY LANGUAGE language is to ideas to colleagues or SERVICE CONTROU£D VOCABULARY TEOlN1CAL I...ANGlVIGE SEAROr potential readers, that of the natural indexing language SUBJECT HEADINGS SEAROf ASSISTANCE 00"1II1N-RELATED I ED!TlON is to store and retrieve documents. Second, the basic at­ lANGUAGE (AUTl-IJRlTY FILES) ASS]STMCE ll-IESAURUS tributes of natural language are severely limited by the WRITIEN l.N\'GUAGE KEYWlRDS (SPECIAL FUNCTiONS) IS INFOIlJ.1ATlON- present machine storage and retrieval techniques. For �'fSSAGES RICH SYNTACTIC ANSWER example, machines cannot recognize other linguistic NAWRAe ERROR LEVELS: forms than strings of characters separated by blanks or ARTIFICIAL ASSISTANCE PI-KlNOLOGCAL I BOOlfJ\N L03IC special codes. The retrieval process then consists in the mRPKlLOGICAL SYNTACTIC RELATIONAL matching of significant elements in the search question LEXICAL SEPARATORS TREE STRUCTURE SYNTACTIC FUNCTlON CHARACTERS with those already stored in the system. But in this pro­ r·',uLTICRITERIA SEt-WrrrC \'iRITING RULES ELAIlORATE STRUCTURE cess, natural language looses its multidimensionality, its PRAG'V'lTrC OUERY-P.ASED (�'ENUS, TREES, substance and becomes unidimensional, linear and sta­ SCRIPTS, GRAPHICS, QAS) tic. It simply becomes a storage support instead of a M:lRPf-OLOGIC communication tool. It becomes artificial as all indexing PROCEDURES languages. PRCf·1PTS SCRIPTS, r-\llCROS Co ntrolled indexing vocabulary is a standardized list QUESTIONS \11NWfIS of subject terms (descriptors) used in indexing docu­ TAGS

�\ESSAGES ments. Because of the simple matching process, ob­ ANSWER, ERROR, ASSISTANCE viously the same descriptors. must also be used for re­ Sl7'lTACTlC trieval. These lists of controlled subject terms are some­ Fig. 3: Languages in Online Searching times called authority files or thesauri. Thesauri go beyond the simple listing of preferred terms and include formation in a minimum of words. Compare, for in­ a rudimentary form of syntactic relationships between stance, 500 words from an ordinary conversation with terms (hierarchy, relatedness, synonymy). Retrieval 500 words in a journal or newspaper article. This charac­ with controlled vocabulary requires the user to know the teristic is carried over in indexing languages where sub­ language, i.e. the appropriate descriptors, their form ject fields and subfields can be graded from most to less and the structure of their relationship. Hence he has to condensed, most to less "information rich": learn another language or use vocabulary aids (dictio­ naries, thesauri, lists of subject headings). However, a controlled descriptor or subject heading good controlled vocabulary will establish a network of uncontrolled keyword or identifier level of title word cross-references from natural language terms to pre­ information abstract word ferred descriptors. "richness" I full text word As any language, indexing and retrieval languages For instance, the word "library" used as a descriptor of a should include two basic components: a morphological document is more likely to be "descriptive" (or semanti­ component (vocabulary) and a syntactical component cally rich) of the content of the document than the same (structure). Both could be natural or artificial, i.e. con­ word used in the title, the abstract or somewhere in the trolled (Sharp, pp. 192-193). For retrieval purposes, text of the document. "If we try to match the vocabulary and the structure of natural lan� guage by free�text searching of full texts, then in the nature of 4.2 Indexing language things we must know what the document says before we retrieve it. What purpose then in retrieving it?" (Sharp, p. 193) The indexing language is the language used to describe the content of a document for classification and retrieval Considering these two components of language, vocab­ purposes. Indexing can range from the use of a few key­ ulary and structure, we can propose the following cate­ words to all significant words of the title; the abstract or gories of indexing languages: even the complete text of the document. The indexing 1. Combinatory or multicriteria languages in which the language can be "natural" or it can be controlled. Na­ structure or syntax is completely independent of, and tural language indexing simply consists of listing all sig­ external to the vocabulary; for example, systems with nificant words (free vocabulary), as they appear in a inverted indexes and boolean logic; document or citation (record), in an online dictionary 2. Hierarchical or tree-structures languages in which the with pointers to the source record (inverted index). This vocabulary is preorganized or structured in hierarch­ process can be easily automated. Natural language re­ ies or decision trees; examples are thesauri and classi­ trieval or "free-text" searching, thus, refers to a mode of fications;

128 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Deschatelets - Three languages theory in IR 3. Elaborate languages which include more detailed guages show no syntactical rules and their learning and syntactical relationships in the structure of their vo­ mastering is very difficult, even for the trained searcher. cabulary; examples are Syntol, Semantic Code, Pre­ Furthermore, the query language closely complements cis, Farradane's relational system and NEPHIS. the indexing language in the search and retrieval process However, "most information retrieval systems now are with additional facilities such as boolean logic, word ad­ based on keywords which alone are not sufficient to ex­ jacency and proximity, search limitations (fields, dates, press the content or meaning of a document" (Gold­ special codes), truncation and masking; these could all smith, p. 7). be construed as "structural" elements of indexing lan­ guages of all databases available on that system. Hence 4.3 Query language the query language and the indexing language are some­ times considered as two elements of the global "retrieval The query language is that of the host system. It is ess­ language" (Chaumier, p. 68). entially a procedural language, i.e. a totally artificial lan­ Query languages can be command-based or query­ guage designed to accomplish specific tasks or procedu­ based. Query-based languages include: - menus (tree res such as logging in, requesting a database, searching structure), graphics (fame or window structure), scripts for terms and expressions, printing information, and so (schema or bordereau structure) and question answer­ on. It is an application language which tries to emulate ing (dialogue structure). either natural language or indexing language. Other "At present, most host systems are "command-based" rather than more sophisticated query languages make use of know­ "query-based". In a command-based system it is up to the user to ledge presentation techniques (e.g. frames, scripts, initiate the search, give instructions to the system and decide on the schemas, graphics). Most query languages have a mor­ next step to be taken. This means that the user has to learn a com­ phological and syntactical component. The morpholo­ mand language and inevitably a certain amount of training is re­ quired. A query-based system is totally different - the system gui­ gical aspect of the query language includes procedures des the user by prompting and asking questions, giving advice and and messages. Procedures are expressed in terms of controlling the overall patterns of events. This approach means commands and keywords which are sets of instructions that no training is required and the system caters for the new, inex­ - either words or symbols - directing the computer to perienced or occasional user". (Goldsmith, p. 7). take some specific action (e.g. select, display, print, Thus, in a command-based system, the user has to ini­ limit). Commands are not standardized from one system tiate the dialogue with the system. This supposes that he to another. For example, in order to search for a term, knows the "language" and the operations that the langu­ you might have to use the command SELECT, FIND, age will generate. He is in complete charge of the system SEARCH, QUESTION, CHERCHER or simply to and hence, in order to be minimally efficient, he must be type in the search term without any command depend­ knowledgeable of both the language and the procedu­ ing on the host system. Furthermore, each command res. He must have a minimum level of expertise. That is can have a mnemonic code or a symbol using one, two, one major reason why most end-users - who generally three or four characters (e.g. S, F, SA, BAS, STOP). are novice and causal users of online systems - never Messages are either prompting messages soliciting some really took over the online search process. action or response from the user, error messages, or On the other hand, in query-based systems, it is the help and assistance messages explaining the meaning of system which initiates the search and controls the dialog. a command or procedure. The format of messages is go­ This can be accomplished by prompting and question­ verned by a set of conventions called protocols. Messa­ asking or by controlling the overall pattern of events in ges can be polite ("please login"), friendly ("good­ the search through menus, scripts or graphic hand-hold­ bye!"), straightforward ("syntax error, invalid com­ ing. mand format"), obscure ("line interrupt 4B72", "error 58"), esoteric (e.g. the : or ? prompts) or gossipy (e.g. 5. The Three Language Theory the automatic lengthy news of the system after a logon). This constitutes the core of the "three language theory" . The syntactical aspect of the query language consists The proposition which is more theorematic than of the "grammatical rules" of the language. These are theoretical and more empirical than scientific, can be generally more difficult to learn than the commands. very briefly outlined as follows: Syntactical aspects are much more scattered and inde­ Observation: in order to conduct online searches with a pendent than morphological aspects in query languages. minimum of effectiveness and efficiency, the user must They include such fu nctions as separators, function cha­ learn and use indexing language(s) and query lan­ racters and writing rules. Every online searcher is fami­ guage(s) in addition to the language of the discipline. liar with the "nightmare of the blank", i.e. the character Assumption: the user is already familiar with the lan­ used by each system for separating words: a blank, a guage of the discipline, at least enough to read and un­ comma, a period, a semi-colon, a dollar sign, and so on. derstand the documents to find the solution to his prob­ Function characters are also numerous and unstandard­ lem. ized. For example, truncation symbols vary from system Predicate: for the task at hand (finding textual informa­ to system: Stairs ($), ORBIT (:), Dialog or ESAlIRS tion) it is the language of the discipline which requires (?), Mistral or Questel (+), BASIS, CAN/OLE, IN­ the minimum (learning) effort on the part of the user. FOLINE or QL systems (*) . Issue: the indexing and query languages in online search­ This is not only a syntactical aspect of the query lan­ ing should be as close as possible to the natural language guage, it also becomes an ergonomic factor. Query lan- of the discipline.

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Deschatelets - Three languages theory in IR 129 Solutions: there are three alternative approaches to this bodies of textual information in order to facilitate re­ problem: the (human) search intermediary, the natural trieval of data, facts, units of information, and so on; retrieval language, and the intelligent interface. b) for retrieval, NLP has a potential for the design of a friendly, flexible interface including the handling of con­ 5.1 The search intermediary solution vivial query languages. The search intermediary solution has, until now, been One retrieval application on NLP is question�answer­ the solution of the online industry: a human search inter­ ing systems (QAS) (Grishman, p. 291-293). Such sys­ mediary, an expert, playing the role of the interface be­ tems can be used as natural language interfaces for data­ tween the user and the system/database/document. The base retrieval. We can easily appreciate the enormous expertise of search intermediaries consists of a good problems associated with QAS that have to deal with knowledge of heterogenous user populations, thousands of database - indexing languages and database structure structures and hundreds of query languages. Such QAS - available systems and databases interfaces, as Grisham points out (p. 293), must be - the query language readily transportable to new domains, require a - interview and negotiation techniques and of substantial amount of "engineering" and still remain - equipment and communication procedures much closer to formal languages than to truly unre­ Although knowledge of the natural language of the do­ stricted natural language. main is an asset, it is not compulsory and the search in� A storage application of NLP is text analysis, that is termediary can (and often) do without it, compensating the conversion of texts into a form more amenable to by other techniques such as having the user present dur­ processing. Many rules are required to handle large ing the search, longer, more careful search preparation, bodies of natural language texts: rules to determine the good search interview. All in all, the search inter­ relationships between sentences and to disambiguate mediary solution remains very acceptable. However, it sentences based on prior context; rules to extract infor­ also presents certain flaws: mation needed by a specific application (e.g. class of a) it creates dependence of users upon intermediaries; queries); and so on. b) it can bring losses of information and misunderstand­ "The key to text analysis lies in being able to organize this collec" ings between the user and the intermediary; tion of rules. In order to do so, we must first determine the struc� c) it is generally quite expensive (Deschiltelets, 1983). ture of information in the domain whose texts we are trying to process. By this we mean classifying the objects in the domain (forming "semantic classes"), identifying the basic types of facts 5.2 The natural retrieval language solution may combine to form larger structures ( ...) Once a standard set of structures has been defined, the variation in the text can be A second solution to the problem of the three languages reduced by mapping the information in the text into these structu­ in online searching is to create a totally unified natural res". (Grishman, p. 293) language for IR systems. This meta-language would in­ Thus .we can conclude, with Grishman, that "automatic corporate the indexing language of the database and the text structuring is still some distance from commercial query language of the host system and would be as close applications". In order to do so, any NLP solution, in­ as possible to the natural language of the search domain. cluding text analysis, will have to handle most levels of It is the ultimate solution. natural language (with the possible exception of the Obviously, we are still a long way from such a solution phonological level for textual documents), as shown which is referred to as natural language processing (Fig. 4) (adapted from Doszkocs, p. 194). (NLP). As Doszkocs points out (p. 192):

"The basic long-term dilemma of researchers in IR has been the 6. The Intelligent Interface Solntion problem of dealing with the (fontent of unstructured natural"lan­ guage document texts in the absence of an adequate unified theory The third solution to the problem of end-user searching of language and meaning. Investigators have been confronted with is the intelligent interfa ce alternative. Before we can de­ the variability of ways in which the same ideas and topics can be ex­ sign a "totally natural" system, capable of handling pressed by different authors, abstractors, indexers, and searchers, the inevitable limitations of the query-matching procedures and requests from any user on any domain of knowledge or the contextual subjectivity of users' relevance judgements con­ application, intermediary solutions are required and are cerning retrieved items. In efforts to transcend the limitations of being proposed. the basic keyword/subject heading/inverted filelBoolean logic The intelligent interface solution basically consists of search paradigm characteristics of the mechanized systems of the 1960's and early 1970's, IR researchers have come to recognize the software and transparent aids and services that assist the inherently probabilistic nature of the information retrieval pro­ user in the various steps of the online search process, as cess. shown in Fig. 5. We can distinguish four types of intelli­ Linguistic approaches to natural-language processing have gent interfaces: front-end, gateway, intermediary and played a relatively minor and controversial role in IR research. post-processor: Many experimental results in fact indicate that the full scope oflan� guage understanding may not be needed in IR to achieve accept� "The "user-friendly" or "user�cordial" aspect associated with any able levels of performance, especially when searching text surroga� kind of front end or interface simply indicates that it is easy to use tes from which users by definition retrieve not the soughtafter and usually implies easy to learn; it in some way simplifies use and information itself, but merely meaningful pointers to where the ac� generally substitutes (or reduces the need) for a user's manual or tual information may be found". online consultation of documentation. The "intermediary" aspect refers to a system that in some way is a surrogate for, or takes the Applications of NLP in IR fall in one of two categories: place of, the intermediary searcher. The ''front end" or "interface" a) for storage, NLP has a potential for structuring large aspect of a system indicates that the system is used in front of, or

130 lnt. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Deschatelets - Three languages theory in IR between, the user and a target database. The "post processor" con­ cept associated with a system simply indicates that output from a SEARCH STEPS INTERFACE FUNCTlCl

The basic objective of intelligent interfaces is to capture SElECTION (f DATN'ASEIS) ASSISTANCE IN DATABASE SELECTION into software the expertise of the search intermediary. (DATABASE CATALOO OR DIRECTORY) SEARCH STRATEGY 2 ASSISTANCE \�ITH INDEXING LANGUAGE (INDEXING lJ\NGUAGE) (DATABASE FN'lILIES) LEVEL DEFINITION APPLICATION IN IR AUfO,··1AT lC SWITCHING VOCABULAR IES

PHONO­ Treatment of speech Single or multi­ AUTCA'-1AT IC SEARCH TEIlJ1 TRANSLATORS LOGICAL sound character truncation SElfCTIIl1 (f IIIST ASSISTANCE IN SYSTEI·1 SELECTION and masking SYSTH-lS (BASED ON PREDEFiNED CRITERIA) MORPHO­ Processing of indiv­ * Commands for SEARCH STRATEGY 3 LOGICAL idual word forms and (neighbor, expand, QUERY lANGUll.GE TRANSLAT ION OR (QUERY lJ\NGUAGE) recognizable portions lexique) S!MPlIFlCATION (t�ENUS, SCRIPTS)

of words such as pre­ * Single or multi­ CO'tlUNICATIONS & LOOJN AUTOMlIT IC DIALING AND LCGON fixes, infixes, suff­ character truncation PROCEruRES

ixes and compound and masking SEARCH words TUTORIAL AND HAND-HOLDING PRINT SEARCH RESULTS ASSISTANCE l'I 1TH AND SIHPllFICATION LEXICAL Operations on full '* Stopword deletion OF DISPLAY COH"1ANDS words '* Automatic search key OOCLI'lENl ORDERII� ASSISTANCE WITH ORDERING CCHWIDS substitution or augment­ ation at indexing or AlST-SEARCH FlillCESS IJI; OO'I.fIILOi\!) I NG search time (table/ EDITING AND REFORt-1ATI ING thesaurus lookups) I1I\TABASE CREAT ION * Spelling error detec­ REPORT GENERATION tion/correction STAT ISTICAL ANALYS IS * Handling of acronyms and abbreviations (table Fig. 5: Functions of Intelligent Interfaces lookups)

SYNTACTIC Identification of * Not used in IR systems This expertise includes a series of retrieval-related acti­ structural units, * Quasi-syntacticanaly­ vites (conversion, routing, selection, evaluation) (M.E. e.g. non phrases sis routines: Williams, 1986, pp. 207-209). It can also be expressed - subject headings - limiting facilities in terms of the online "behavior" of the search interme­ - adjacency, proximity, diary. and string searching This searching behavior of human intermediaries has

SEMANTIC Adding or using * Notused inIRsystems been analyzed by Fidel (1985; 1986) in terms of "moves" contextual knowledge * Instead, vocabulary and decision trees. She found a routine for the selection to represent the aids are provided as of search keys: "The decision routine clearly shows that "meaning" of natural - auxiliary searc files or the process of selecting search keys as performed by on­ language texts table-lookup and mapp­ ingprocedures: line searchers can be formalized into a decision tree". - automatic display and (Fidel, 1986, p. 42). A complete set of formal rules for use of cross-references, the selection of search keys could thus be identified and synonyms and related "automated to significantly enhance the adaptability of terms from thesauri, subject-headings and intermediary expert systems" (Fidel, 1986, p. 37). classification systems Over 50 "intelligent" interface products are now (e.g. MEDLINE's tree commercially available (eg. Sci-Mate, Pro-Search, structure and "explode" Search Master, Search Helper, Easy Net, etc.). None in­ command) cludes all of the activities and behavior ofthe search int­ - associative term displays (e.g. ESAlIRS's ermediary. In fact, very few go much further than a few zoom command) converting and routing activities. No automated selec­ - highlighting of match­ tion or evaluation feature yet exists in any commercial ing search terms in dis­ product. play contexts Although many transparent search assistance featu­ PRAGMATIC Uses information about * Not used in IR systems res have been adopted by commercial services and em­ real-life objects and * Manuallyconstructed constructs to help in controlled vocabularies bodied into commercial products, obviously we are still meaning disambiguation * Cited and citing refe- a long way from the total intelligent interface, the "one­ rences, cocitationclus­ stop" searching tool. Indeed, no product can pretend to ters, dynamic term as­ fit all situations and all clienteles. The interface market sociation displays is likely to specialize. However, as M.E. Williams obser­ (indirect methods of in­ formation linkage) ves (1986, p. 213): "There is no dearth of entrepreneurs producing packages and ser­ Fig. 4: Levels of Language Processing vices to simplify online information retrieval".

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Deschatelets - Three languages theory in IR 131 She predicts that by 1990, about 85% of the online func­ 6. primary and secondary publication will be integrated electroni­ tions will be automated and available either as products cally throughout creation (by authors), production, and distri­ or as services, bution, possibly as "hybrid files"; 7. databases will be distributed in forms other than magnetic tapes and will include audio and video information as well as text: 7. Conclnsion floppy disc, videodisc, CD-ROM, and compact disc technolog­ In this paper, I have tried to analyze the online search ies. process through the issue of the search language or I Obviously, in the long term, no one can tell if these should say, languages. Indeed, to accomplish the simple trends will continue indefinitely. However, if there is to ' task of finding an answer to a question in a document, be a migration from search intermediary to end-user searchers must learn and work more or less artificial pro­ searching, the online search process will have to be cedural languages (query and indexing) in addition to drastically simplified. Query languages and indexing the jargon of the domain. This represents an enormous languages will have to draw much closer to natural lan­ obstacle to the nonmediated access of users to online guage (even domain-related language), whether systems and databases. through intelligent interfaces or intermediary systems or Solutions to this problem range from natural langu­ through natural language processing and expertise in­ age processing applications to the design of intelligent corporated in each online system. Of course, we would interface software acting as transparent intermediary not have this problem if systems and databases had been assistants or experts between the user and the' system. standardized from the beginning . Although commercially-available products do not yet exhibit much "intelligence" or expertise, research in this References area points at interesting developments for the years to (1) Bassano, J.C.: DIALECT, un systeme expert pour 1a recher­ come. One such path is intermediary expert systems che documentaire. Bulletin du C.LD. No. 22 (Juin 1986) designed to mediate between end-users and online sys­ p. 1-96. tems. These expert systems are to act as skilled consul­ (2) Chaumier, J.: Un obstacle a la communication: les langages d'interrogation dans les systemes documentaires conver­ tants, incorporating the "expertise" of search interme­ sationnels. In: Societe Fran9aise des Sciences de l'Informa­ diaries. This expertise includes: 1) knowledge of the tion et de la Communication, Les obstacles a I'information. database structure and indexing language, 2) knowledge Congres de Bordeaux, 22-24 Mai 1980. Talence: LASIC of the host system query language, 3) knowledge of 1981. p. 67-74. (3) Cuadra Associates: Directory of online databases. New formal knowledge representation and search strategy York, Cuadra and Elsevier, vol. 7, No. 3, July 1986. preparation, and 4) knowledge of online behavior, that (4) Deschatelets, G.: Le cout-benefice des mediateurs dans la is, online "heuristics". Also, a user-friendly interface is recherche bibliographique en-ligne. Revue canadienne des important if the expert system is to act as a skilled con­ sciences de I'information 8 (1983) p. 39-51. (5) Doszkocs, T.E.: Natural language processing in information sultant. retrieval. J. ASIS 37, No. 4 (1986) p. 191-196. Very few intermediary expert systems exist on a com­ (6) Fidel, R.: Moves in online searching. Online review 9, No. mercial basis: IT or USERLINK (P. W. Williams, 1985; 1 (1985) p. 61-74. Goldsmith, 1986), DIALECT (Bassano, 1986), EX­ (7) Fidel, R.: Towards expert systems for the selection of search keys. J. ASIS 37, No. 1 (1986) p. 37-44. PERT (Marcus, 1983), CANSEARCH (Pollitt, 1984). (8) Goldsmith, G., Williarlls, P.W.: Online searching made sim­ Most of these systems focus on the system side of the int­ ple. London: British Library 1986. (Library and Information eraction, that is, indexing and query language, commu­ Research Report, No. 41), 113 p. nications, rather than on the human side, that is, the (9) Grishman, R.: Natural Language Processing. J. ASIS 35, No. searcher's behavior. They try to deal with hermeneutics 5 (1984) p. 291-296. (10) Marcus, R.S.: An experimental comparison of the effective­ rather than heuristics. As Fidel mentions: ness of computers and humans as search intermediaries. J. " ...since most of these expert systems are based on text analysis ASIS 34, No. 6 (1983) p. 381-404. rather than on models of human searching, they cannot process (11) Neufeld, M.L" Cornog, M.: Database history: from dino­ request-related criteria, such as precision or recall requirements". saurs to compact discs. J. ASIS 37 No. 4 (1986) p. 183-190. (Fidel, 1986, p. 37) (12) Pollitt, A.S.: A front-end system: an expert system as an on­ line search intermediary. ASLIB Proc. 36, No. 5 (1984) On the basis of almost a quarter of a century of online p. 229-234. searching, considering the products already available on (13) Williams, M.E.: Transparent information systems through the market, and observing the present trends of research gateways, front ends, intermediaries and interfaces. J. ASIS 37, No. 4 (1986) p. 204-214. and development in the field, what can we predict about (14) Williams, M.E.: Highlights of the online database field. the future of databases and online searching, especially Gateways, front ends and intermediary. systems In: Proc. 6th end-user searching? According to Neufeld (1986, p. National Online Meeting, New York, ApriI 30-May2, 1985. 188), in the short term, we could expect the following Medford: Learned Inform. 1985. p. 1-4. trends: (15) Williams, P.W.: The design of an expert system for access to information In: Proc. 9th Int. Online Inform. Meeting, Lon­ 1. Information systems are evolving slowly in the direction of don, 3-5 December, 1985. Oxford and New Jersey: Learned more electronic distribution; Information 1985. p. 23-29. 2. more users will be searching online; 3. source databases (full-text and numeric) will increase; . 4. software and systems will be developed to permit more fact or Prof. Dr. G. Deschatelets. "knowledge" retrieval; Universite de Montreal. Ecole de Bibliotheconomie et 5. more transparency aids and user-friendly systems will be deve­ des Sciences de I'Information. CP 6128, Succ. "A" loped (probably in the form of expert systems); MontnSal H3C 317, Canada.

132 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 DeschMelets - Three languages theory in IR However diverse the applications of this kind of retrieval device, it remains true to say that there is little in the lite­ rature of librarianship which helps us explore its possibi­ Kevin Harris lities. It seems quite certain that the device is widely Polytechnic of North London used, perhaps often unconsciously, as a pragmatic School of Librarianship and Information Studies "finger-in-the-dyke" option - controlled vocabularies being expensive to maintain - in many kinds of librar­ ies. But as a first-choice, planned option it is unlikely to Part-Controlled Vocabulary for have been considered, and librarians are offered little guidance based on professional practical experience. Literature Studies Part-controlled vocabularies as here described should not be confused with other kinds of "hybrid" vo­ cabulary, such as that used by the British National Bibli­ <;>graphy (a combination of Dewey Decimal Classifica­ Harris, K.: Part-controlled vocabulary for literature studies. tion and the BNB Supplementary schedules) prior to the Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3, p. 133-136, 18 refs. introduction of PRECIS, which are in effect combina­ Part -controlled vocabulary involves the supplementation of a lim­ tions of two or more related controlled vocabularies. ited controlled vocabulary with freely chosen index terms which They should also be distinguished from what Lancaster a e not subject to any authority procedures. Such an indexing de­ � . describes as a "postcontrolled vocabulary", which vice IS probably widely used in various kinds of information ser­ vice, but has not been formally recognized as a design option for "might best be developed empirically, from strategies librarians. The concept and its implications are explored, and its used by searchers . .." (6): such a device is clearly likely potential for literature studies, where it appears to be highly suita­ to consist more of specific terms than a fundamental, ble, is considered. (Author) broad classification. One very reasonable explanation for the fact that lit­ 1. Introduction tle work has been done on hybrid or part-controlled vo­ Using Shakespeare studies for examples, Heiner cabularies might have to do with the lack of demand for Schnelling (1) has proposed the use of "a structured set them in scientific and technical subject areas. For such of fixed indexing terms, which will have to be comple­ subjects, which often for economic reasons are more mented with free terms" in an attempt to overcome cer­ likely to be the testing ground for theoretical develop­ tain terminological problems in alphabetical subject ments, tend to be represented by vocabularies which are catalogues. Elsewhere, James Anderson (2), in describ­ readily susceptible to analysis and logical division. They ing the Modern Language Association's classification are also subjects where traditions of high specificity and and indexing system has hinted at an apparently similar completeness of search have been established; compute­ approach, with the use of "uncontrolled 'identifiers'" rized databases calling for pure controlled vocabularies or free-text searching are commonplace; and where although in practice thesaurus procedures operate to en: sure full vocabulary control in today's MLA Interna­ financial support for, and commitment to, information tional Bibliography (3). Research into the potential of services and systems is relatively easily found. As a re­ The Dickens House Classification (4) for adaptation to sult, such factors as uncertainty of vocabulary, lack of special literature collections has indicated that systems emphasis on precision in searching, and lack of funding, which employ such part-controlled vocabularies could which characterize information services in the humani­ be well suited to literature studies, as these two instances ties, have not influenced general information retrieval already imply. It is the purpose of this paper to outline theory or practice to any great degree. Factors like this, the concept of part-controlled vocabularies and briefly however, may well prove to be influential in stimulating to consider their potential for the systematization of lite­ the use of vocabularies which are partly controlled, rature studies. where before there was none. And in many special col­ One of the best-known thinkers and writers on vocab­ lections in the humanities, subject access is so undeve­ ulary control, F.W. Lancaster, has discussed the idea of loped as to be virtually non-existent, so that the econo­ the "hybrid" vocabulary, which he describes as "one mic part-controlled vocabulary option may be highly at­ that combines a controlled vocabulary with natural lan­ tractive. guage": In practice, then, the system would be based on a fun­ damental classification which could be derived by adap­ Typ ically, in this situation, a relatively broad controlled tation and amendment of existing tools. It is envisaged vocabulary ofperha ps several hundred terms provides a that in certain areas of literature studies, particularly for kind ofoverall superstructure for the system. Documents author-based collections, The Dickens House Classifica­ are indexed by one or more ofthese broad descriptors and tion also by natural-language terms extracted fr om title or text might serve as a useful foundation or framework: el­ or both. The natural-language words allow sp ecificity in sewhere, in other areas, one would hope that the index­ searching. The broad controlled terms provide for gene­ ing system underlying the MLA InternationalBibliogra­ ric search and give context to the natural-language terms phy (7) would prove a valuable model. The MLA The­ ...The joint use ofa limited controlled vocabulary and saurus is not available in print, although there are plans an uncontrolled natural-language vocabulary offe rs to publish sections of it (8). powerful retrieval capabilities and has been shown to At the indexing stage, the classification provided operate very effectively in a number of applications. (5) would be used as far as it goes: thereafter, where greater

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Harris - Part-controlled vocabulary 133 specificity is called for, the indexer would supply terms 2.2 Characteristics of the vocabulary which are not subject to authority procedures. These Part-controlled vocabulary accentuates the distinction, terms would be selected on the basis of the indexer's to which attention is drawn by Robert Fugmann, be­ familiarity with the material in the collection and the tween general and individual concepts. users' requirements, as well as on the language used in It is typical ofindividual concepts that they are expressed solely by the document. lexical expressions, e.g. proper names. (10) For example, a limited vocabulary might be establ­ ished for a collection of works on English poetry, and General concepts, on the other hand, are characterized might include a general class for 'literary devices'. A by "a multiplicity of expressions", typically of a "non­ study of 'typology' (as used by seventeenth century reli­ lexical mode". Fugmann points out that "it is inherent in gious poets) would presumably belong here - together non-lexical expressions that they cannot be looked up in with works on related concepts such as allegory and sym­ case of demand, because they defy effective alphanume­ bolism - and could be indexed without a class or author­ ric arrangement" (10). It is clear that for such language ity record being provided for the term. Resulting index there is an important role for vocabulary control. entries such as Fugmann's analysis may be compared with Stephen WiberJey's study of the language of the humanities, in allegory - Metaphysical poets which are distinguished singular proper terms, enumer­ typology - George Herbert able proper terms, general proper terms, and common draw attention to the lack of cross-referencing which this terms. system implies: nonetheless, as discussed below, it may General proper and common terms ...are very imprecise: their be questioned whether the maintenance of a reference definitions are often characterized by change over time or a wide structure at this level is justified. range of meaning, and their referents frequently include a diversity of subjects or objects (11). 2. Discussion One of the distinguishing characteristics of the language A number of points arise from a consideration of such an of literature studies is the high incidence of singular indexing procedure. proper terms. These are not class terms and are thus much harder to fit into any hierarchical structure. They 2.1 Characteristics of Iiteratnre stndies are clearly strong candidates for the free part of the vo­ Literature studies is generally regarded as being a com­ cabulary . As Fugmann says, paratively static field, its terminology changing relative­ Where individual concepts are concerned, it is advisable in most ly slowly. This is no longer the case. The expansion of cases to represent them by natural lallguage terms (12). inter-cultural and inter-disciplinary approaches, to­ However, a further and perhaps most significant charac­ gether with a remarkable increase in the attention paid teristic of the language of the field is not catered for by to critical theory over the last 15 years or so, have these studies: that is, its range of specificity, from such reshaped the fi eld so that, in certain characteristics, it general concepts as "style" or "characterization" to indi­ contrasts strongly with its previous history. Philoso­ vidual concepts such as "Paradise lost" or "Leopold phical, linguistic and ideological influences predo­ Bloom". Heavy use is made of the terminology at each minate, and aesthetic evaluation is in retreat, in a truly end of the scale. Hence the desirability of a controlled international re-examination of the theoretical base (9). indexing language, supported by the use of free terms Literature studies (unlike other humanities subjects per­ for at least the most precise concepts. haps, such as history) appears consistently to be showing some of the characteristics of scientific and social science 2.3 Snbject kuowledge of indexers fields in the way that new, predominantly more specific The necessity for the indexer to show particular familiar­ concepts are constantly being introduced. ity with the language and requirements of the field is an There is a significant difference, however: in scienti­ acknowledgement and re-affirmation of the traditional fic fields, important new contributions can lead to close relationship between search and research in litera­ major, even radical reassessment of the fundamental ture studies. Ty pically, staff in special literature collec­ structure of the field or fields concerned. Literature tions are selected with greater emphasis on their subject studies is more cumulative, less oriented towards the knowledge than on information retrieval expertise: concept of "falsifiable statements"', although of course there are understandable reasons for this, which have to subject to trends and fashions. What this means is that do with the lack of demand for refined information sys­ the fundamental structure of the field is relatively con­ tems, the conceptual complexities of the field, and the sistent. Like a relief map which also shows roads and traditions of bibliographic "rummaging". A strategy in­ railways, its basic arrangement remains unchanged, corporating a part-controlled vocabulary might be re­ though new roads and structures spring up frequently. garded as a opportunistic choice which would help to The advantages offered by part-controlled vocabularies maximize the skills and knowledge of available staff. in literature studies are clear: the basic controlled vocab­ ulary can be expected to serve for quite some time, and not need major revision every five years as might be the 2.4 The demands on indexers case in, say, biotechnology. The significant area of chan­ The risk of "classification by attraction" increases as the ge in terminology will be in the addition of new, specific specificity of the vocabulary decreases. A number of concepts. writers2 have commented on the phenomenon of classi-

134 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Harris - Part-controlled vocabulary fication by attraction, which is partly a function of in­ There appears not to be anything to suggest that this complete schedules. The limitation to a part-controlled kind of approach in literature studies would be signifi­ vocabulary takes from the indexer the comfort of being cantly different in its effector in its demands. able to begin indexing at the most specific level: the in­ dexer is obliged to think in terms of generic classes to 2.6 Hybrid vocabnlaries and full text which a specific concept might belong, particularly in this field where polyhierarchies abound. There may be a The trend towards computerization of databases, temptation to use established terms rather than more whether online or not, appears to be the catalyst for appropriate free terms. Thus there is an extra emphasis thinking on hybrid vocabularies, largely because of the on the need for the initial subject analysis to be sound advent of full-text databases: - before the free terms are added and an index entry is ...some information services that offerfr ee-text searching oftheir made. databases arrange fo r some degree of enhancement, with human in­ It should also be noted that there are certain disad­ dexers assigning additional terms and instituting vocabulary con­ trols. In effect they are hybridizing the two processes, incurring all vantages in using too broad a classification, as far as the problems and reaping the rewards of both. (16) shelf arrangement and classified catalogues are con­ cerned, as summarized in the introduction to the BNB Such systems, however, are distinctly different because Supplementary schedules: they are full-text and do not depend upon document sur­ rogates. This means that searching may be first and fore­ Lack of specificity ison the whole a less serimls hindrance to the use most free-text, with the vocabulary control very much of a classified catalogue than poor order, but if a great quantity of material has to be placed merely 'at the nearest general head' it beco­ an afterthought, an add-on which is designed to com­ mes impossible to supply a precise direction from the subject index. pensate for inadequacies. Nonetheless, the idea is ob­ Also, if the classification has been partially developed, classing 'at viously very similar: it springs from the same need to ad­ the nearest general head' can itself produce illogical order. (15) dress the recall and precision dilemma without either With computerized systems, of course, this problem getting over-involved in technicalities or sacrificing need only apply to shelf arrangement. quality and ease of use - a "pragmatic compromise", in the words of Ernest Perez. Perez outlines the use of ...a small, controlled vocabulary of general headings in a separate 2.5 Updating record fieldto use as enrichment to fulltext. Th ese necessarily broad terms will not be sufficiently precise in themselves, but when used in It will be necessary regularly to extend the controlled vo­ Boolean logical combinations with each other and with full-text cabulary in a small proportion of cases, or more sub­ terms, they can deliver the broad concept retrieval which isthe weak­ stantialy over longer periods: in other words, the basic ness ofstraight, fr ee-text searching ...The specificity andprecision list should not be regarded as "closed". Examples of the power of the full-text remains while the general recall ability of con­ trolled vocabulary is approached at reasonable or acceptable cost. kinds of instance which might justify an update or a (17) special entry would be - (a) concepts newly introduced into the field which are Where free searching of full-text is not an option (for likely to become the subject of increased critical atten­ example, where document surrogates are used to tion; comprise a catalogue) the compromise may be ap­ (b) ambiguous terms and common synonyms or near­ proached from exactly the opposite direction. A con­ synonyms. trolled vocabulary is provided, but it is not or cannot be One approach, having prepared a classification to a expected to offer adequate specificity and precision, so broad level only, might be to treat the most specific that the enhancement device of natural language terms listed terms as terms in array, and then to introduce a is adopted. rule stating that additions to the controlled list should be There is clear justification, in literature studies at made for terms in array (ie coordinate terms) but not for least, for the emphasis on the control at the broader more specific sub-classes. level, since erring on the side of recall rather than preci­ Continued editorial control over the language of a sion is a well-known characteristic of searching in this given field is obviously important for retrieval, and for field, for the very reason that suitably refined systems this reason the MLA Thesaurus in particular would be have been few and far between. welcomed. The introduction of a large number of speci­ Thus we can expect to see retrieval systems based on fic terms into the language of the field need not be threa­ broad controlled vocabularies and, assuming a compu­ tening, if the experience of INSPEC, which indexes ma­ terized catalogue, the provision of access to specific con­ terial in certain scientific and technical fields, is any indi­ cepts by a form of free-text searching, within the title cation'. INSPEC indexes about 4.500 documents per field and the keyword field. week, using a controlled vocabulary (the INSPEC The­ saurus) and free terms: an average of about 12 free terms 2.7 The extent of the controlled vocabnlary is introduced per document, and there is a very low level Clearly, the size of the basic controlled vocabulary calls of duplication among them. In spite ofthis, when the IN­ for careful consideration. If it is not sufficiently large or SPEC Thesaurus is revised every two years, only a very developed it could be no advantage whatever, leading to small proportion of the free terms is absorbed. A large failed searches, confusion for indexers, and a reversion number of these terms prove to be redundant or just to uncontrolled indexing. If the controlled vocabulary is variations on the controlled terms, rather than 'new' too large, the advantages of speed and ease of indexing concepts. may have been forfeited. Ideally, partcontrolled vocab-

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Harris - Part-controlled vocabulary 135 ulary appears to be most suitable in providing one or two seum, and the Keats House all expect to begin automat­ freely chosen specific terms in the indexing of docu­ ing their catalogues and procedures during 1986-87) ments at the journal article level. Most existing humanit­ some recognition of the potential advantages of a ies subject access systems are wholly unable to deal with planned part-controlled vocabulary is surely overdue. It the specificity of material at this level, but the concept of would also be invaluable to have more accounts, like a part-controlled vocabulary represents a relatively that by Schnelling, detailing particular applications. trouble-free and inexpensive means of improving them. Of course, where a collection is allowed to grow virtually Notes: unchecked, then some regular but straightforward de­ 1 The concept is Karl Popper's: see, for example, chapter 3, velopment of the vocabulary will be necessary anyway. "The criterion ofdemarcation between what is and what is not The Shakespeare Data Bank, to which Schnelling re­ science" in Bryan Magee, Popper. Glasgow: Fontana 1973. fers, is likely to have to adopt some form of hybrid vo­ 2 See for example (13) and (14). 3 For information provided in this paragraph I am indebted to cabulary, if it has not done so already: the basic list of Mrs. OiJI Wheeler at INSPEC, Hitchin, Hertfordshire. 120 headings will obviously be very far from adequate (18).

2.8 Part-controlled vocabulary as 8U economic Refereuces option (1) Schnelling, H.: Pattern indexing: an attempt at combining standardized and free indexing. In: Int. ClassiC 11 (1984) No. The economic factor should be recognized for the influ­ 3, p. 128-132. ence that it undoubtedly has. Literature studies is a per­ (2) Anderson, J.D.: Contextual indexing and faceted classifica­ fect example of a field of knowledge where it is generally tion for databases in the humanities. In: Information choices misguided to theorize on an "ideal" system without in­ and policies: proceedings of the American Society for Infor­ cluding the availability of funds as a major considera­ mation Science, 42nd Annual Meeting; 1979. White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry 1979, p. 194-201. tion. And this factor applies not only to the acquisition (3) Anderson, J.D.: Essential decisions in indexing systems de­ of hardware but also to considerations of staff time spent sign. In: Indexing specialized formats and subjects; ed. by H. on cataloguing, indexing, maintaining the controlled vo­ Feinberg. Metuchen, NJ; London: Scarecrow 1983, p. 9. cabulary, and bibliographic searching. Calculations (4) Harris, K.: The Dickens House classification. London: Poly­ technic of North London 1986. made at the Dickens House Museum, London, as part of (5) Lancaster, F.W.: Information retrieval systems: characteris­ a proposal for computerization in 1983, indicated that tics, testing and evaluation, 2nd.ed. New York: Wiley 1979, p. the maintenance (at the required standard) of a card 287-8. catalogue would take approximately four times as much (6) Lancaster, F.W.: Trends in subject indexing from 1957 to 2000. In: New trends in documentation and information: pro­ staff time as would be the case using a computer: this is ceedings of the 39th FlO Congress. London: Aslib 1980, p. explained, of course, by the depth of indexing which was 229. called for and the need for innumerable analytical en­ (7) 1984 MLA International bibliography of books and articles on tries. Because part-controlled vocabulary is an econo­ the modern languages and literatures. New Yo rk: Modern Language Association 1985. mic option which promises reasonably efficient retrieval (8) Mackesy, Eileen M.: Personal communication. without convoluted complexity it is likely to fit well into (9) Makinen, Merja: Personal communication. plans for organizing knowledge in special literature col­ (10) Fugmann, R.: The complementarity of natural and indexing lections. languages. In: Int. Classif. 9 (1982) No. 3, p. 141. (11) Wiberley, St.E.: Subject access in the humanities and the pre­ cision of the humanist's vocabulary. In: Library Quarterly 53 3. Conclusion (1983) No. 4, p. 430. The concept of part-controlled vocabulary, involving (12) Fugmann, R.: On the practice of indexing and its theoretical foundations. In: Int. Classif. 7 (1980) No. 1, p. 17. procedures which are probably fairly widely if haphaz­ (13) Needham, C.D.: Organising knowledge in libraries. London: ardly practised, needs to be more clearly recognized as a Deutsch 1971, p. 141-142. design option. Its use in literature studies in particular (14) Foskett, A.C.: The subject approach to information. 3rd.ed. looks promising. London: Bingley 1977, p. 284. It (15) Supplementary Classification Schedules: prepared to aug­ seems possible that the principle might well be ex­ ment the Dewey Decimal Classificationfor use in the BNB. tended to various kinds of small special library , and even London: Council of the British National Bibliography 1963, to certain areas of public librarianship. One interesting p. 2. area of investigation, for example, would be in those (16) Rothman, J.: Is indexing obsolete? Keyword indexing and newspaper and cuttings libraries which do not as yet de­ free�text searching, In: Indexing specialized formats and sub­ jects (op. cit. 3, p. 24.) pend heavily upon full-text databases: this is a field (17) Perez, E.: Text enhancement: controlled vocabulary vs. free where for much of the time the imposing size of the vo­ text. In: Special Libraries, 73 (1982) No. 3, p. 190-1. cabulary necessary for meaningful control has prohi­ (18) Marder, L.: The Shakespeare Data Bank: a modest beginn­ bited development. ing. In: Shakespeare Newsletter, 34 (1984) No. 2, p. 1. Now that computerization is becoming a realistic op­ Kevin Harris, British Library Research Fellow School of Lib� tion in special literature collections (in the UK, for rarianship & Information Studies. Polytechnic of North London example, the Bronte Society, the Dickens House Mu- Ladbroke House, Highbury Grove, Londo.n N5 2AD, England

136 lnt. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Harris - Part-controlled vocabulary ever-expanding horizon of the printed world by the ab­ ridged edition for about two and a half decades. The new elegantly produced UOC(M) is obviously the culmina­ Amitabha Chatterjee' tion of the continuous revision that has been carried out Gobinda Gopal Choudhury" and notified through the official 'Extensions and correc­ tions to the UOC' , published annually.

UDC: International Medium 2 Physical changes Edition - English Text. The first edition of the UOC in French, published be­ A Critical Appraisal tween 1904 and 1907, contained about 33.000 subdivi­ sions. The number of subdivisions went upto about 140.000 in the third complete edition, published in Ger­ man between 1934 and 1951. This edition was in seven volumes of tables and three volumes of index. 111e third Chatterjee, A., Choudhury, G.G.; UDC: International Medium Edition - English text. A critical appraisal (and perhaps the last) abridged English edition, pub­ Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3, p. 137-141,4 refs. lished in 1961, was in one volume and contained around UDC International Medium Edition - English Te xt brought out 24 14.000 subdivisions. The present2-volume Medium Edi­ years after the publication ofUDe, 3rd Abridged English Edition, tion English Text, containing over 40.000 subdivisions, has introduced many changes both in physical presentation and the tries to find a balance between the two extremes. The principles followed. These changes have been reviewed here citing layout of UDC(M) is more systematic than that of suitable illustrations. The significant features added in this edition and the shortcomings which still continue, have been mentioned. It UDC(A) and follows a definite pattern. Each entry con­ has been pointed out that the new edition will necessitate large� sists of three sections: the class number, the class de­ scale reclassification, but will enable the classifier to provide more scription which clarifies the scope of the class, and vari­ precise and coextensive class numbers. (Authors) ous amplifications which include notes, cross references (denoted by the symbol (arrow) instead of see and see Abbreviations also), number building instructions, and examples of compound numbers. UDC(A): UDC, 3rd Abridged English Edition, 1961. UDC(M): UDC: International Medium Edition - English Te xt, 1985. 3 Underlying principles o Prologue UOC emerged out of a practical necessity and there The British Standards Institution has brought out the seems to have been no principle working in the minds of English Text ofthe UDC: International Medium Edition its innovators, except that it must be compatible with the in 1985, which is to replace UDC, 3rd Abridged English purpose for which it was developed. As such, UOC is an Edition published in 1961. The new edition is in two vol­ out and out practical classification. Nevertheless, in umes: Vo lume 1: Systematic Tables and Volume 2: UOC(A) the following basic principles were claimed to Index. This paper attempts to evaluate the schedules of have been evident: the International Medium Edition - English Text draw­ 1) It is a classification in the strictest sense depending on the ing comparison with the 3 rd Abridged English Edition. analysis of idea contents. The study does not include the index of UDC(M) as it 2) It is a universal classification which covers every field of know­ ledge as an integrated pattern of correlated subjects. was not available in print up to the time of preparing this 3) It is a universal decimal classification constructed on general paper. to particular principle applying decimal divisions (1). All these principles seem to be valid in UDC(M) as well, 1 Introduction but it is doubtful ifthese can at all be called 'principles' in The magnificent edifice of the UDC built by Paul Ollet the true sense of the term. Curiously, UOC(M) has not and Henry LaFontaine on the solid foundation of Melvil reiterated these principles, but has instead mentioned Dewey's Decimal Classification, has undergone expan­ about a few main characteristics of the scheme: sion, modification and renovation several times during (a) That it is a general classification covering the universe of in­ the last 80 odd years and in the process has developed formation. from a 'Bibliographic repertory' into 'a numerical sys­ (b) That it is a documentary classification. tem for the classification and retrieval of documents of (c) That it has been developed into a faceted classification from an enumerative one. all kinds' (4). The 'maxi' and 'mini' editions of the (d) That it was designed for bibliographic use but has proved emiR scheme prevalent so long have since given rise to a new nently suitable for library use. 'midi' edition much to the relief of the medium and small (e) That it is an aspect classification in which a phenomenon is sized libraries who have been struggling to cover the classed according to the concept or discipline in which it is considered (4). Some of these characteristics are found in other schemes * Amitabha Chatterjee, Reader in Library and Information Sci· as well, but what makes the UDC a widely used scheme ence, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India ** Gobinda Gopal Choudhury, Assistant Librarian, Develop· is its unique combination of simplicity of an enumerative ment Consultants, Calcutta, India scheme and synthesis of a faceted scheme.

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Chatterjee/Choudhury - UDC: Int. Medium Edition 137 4 Integrity of nnmbers The speciality ofUDC lies in the use of zeros. It uses one While a new edition of a classification scheme is always zero and two zeros as connecting symbols (or facet indi­ expected to keep pace with the growth of subjects, it is cators) for numbers of special auxiliaries. What is more also desirable that the numbers already in use in the pre­ significant is the simultaneous use of zeros as rich digits vious edition to denote certain definite ideas are allowed (i.e. for denoting some specific ideas). UDC(A) used to continue to denote the same ideas as far as possible so zeros as rich digits, in a limited way, e.g. 30 Sociology. that minimum reclassification is necessary when the new Sociography, 550 Geophysics, etc. UDC(M) has further edition is adopted. expanded the use of the zero as a rich digit in its schedules. Some new instances where UDC(M) has made such use of the zero are 630 Forestry, 80 Linguis­ 41 Main class numbers tics and for different languages, e.g. 802.0 English, etc. Such integrity of numbers has been maintained in Such use of the zero was necessitated by the inherent UDC(M) for all main classes except for main class 4 limitation of the notational base of the UDC and was Philology. In UDC(A) placing of books on philology possible due to abandoning of the system of minimum under main dass 8 Literature was optional, but in three-digited class numbers of the DDC. UDC(M) the main class 4 has been abolished and the number has been kept blank following its cancelletion in 51 Connecting symbols 1963 (2), and Philology has been permanently shifted to main class 8, necessitating reclassification of all existing From the very beginning UDC has been using several books on Philology in a library. But surprisingly the ex­ connecting symbols which were introduced so as to bring planation given for such a change is not the 'better colloR the quality of facetedness into an enumerative base. The cation' that it has actually achieved, but 'to make room following symbols were available in UDC(A): for future development' (4), which indicates the possi­ / : = (0 )()( = ) " " .00 - .0 and ' bility of using the class number 4 in a different connota­ + tion in future which will further affect the notational in­ Besides, square brackets [ ] were also being used which tegrity of the main class num�ers of the scheme .. denoted subordinate concepts and lent itself to interca­ lation (1). Another symbol which was used in a re­ stricted way was asterisk (') which was to be prefixed to 42 Sub-class numbers non-decimal numerical sub-divisions. In UDC(M) all· Such blanking of numbers or 'starvation system', as these symbols have been retained. Ranganathan calls it, has also been followed in other parts of the schedule as is evident from the fact that many numbers used in UDC(A) have disappeared in 511 Algebraic subgl'Ouping UDC(M), e.g. class numbers 38/388, 513, 515, 629.13, The square brackets were put to new use in 1974 (3) for 668, 681.4, 729, 92/928, etc. Again, many blank numbers algebraic subgrouping which has been adopted in of UDC(A) like 336.4, 573, 681.3, 681.5, 681.7, 902/904, UDC(M). As a result the connotational problem etc. have been used in UDC(M) as rich numbers (i.e. to created by the practice of adding numbers from common denote some ideas). Further, class numbers for several auxiliaries usually at the end of a class number or with concepts have also been changed in UDC(M), e.g. class any single component of a compound class number has number of General Biology has been changed from 574 been obviated to a great extent, e.g. the subject 'Reno_ to 573, for Forestry from 634.0 to 630, for Archaeology vation of plastic factory' will be represented by the class from 930.26 to 902, for Biography from 92 to 929, for number 725 .4: 678.004.69 according to UDC( A), which, Genealogy from 929 to 929.5, etc. Even connotations of if interpreted componentwise, will mean 'industrial some class numbers have been changed without follow­ building in relation to renovation of plastic'. Even an al­ ing the starvation system, thus violating UDC's own pol­ ternative number 725.4.004:678 cannot convey the cor­ icy, e.g. class number 339 which denoted Distribution, rect connotation. But if the class number is constructed Consumption, Conservation of Wealth or Goods in as [725.4:678].004.69 the connotation will be clear as the UDC(A), now denotes Trade, International Economic number will neither indicate renovation of plastic nor re­ relations, World Economy, Global Economy. Similarly, novation of industrial building, but renovation of build­ class number 574 denotes General Ecology instead of ing for plastic industry. General Biology. All these changes have considerably affected the integrity of numbers in the scheme and 512 Fixation of order thereby created problems for the libraries following the The constituent parts of UDC compound numbers are scheme. reversible to facilitate use of alternative access points in bibliographies, indexes and catalogues. But where such 5 Notational features reversal is not required, as in the case of book classifica­ UDC divides the universe of knowledge into ten main tion for self arrangement, the order of the component branches and denotes them by decimal fractions .0 to .9 parts may be fixed. Use of the double colon (::) for this and then goes on dividing each number on decimal purpose was recommended in 1974 (3), and has now (sometimes centesinial) principle, but the initial point been incorporated in UDC(M). But there seems to be and the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) conven­ no real need for this provision, since a class number with tion of minimum three-digited numbers are disregarded. a single colon may be treated as reversible or not reversi-

138 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Chatterjee/Choudhury - UDC: Int. Medium Edition ble depending on the purpose for which the number is sons in some classes of UDC(A), but only as Special Auxiliary used. numbers (e.g. in class 3 Social Sciences and 616 Disease). 2) The Common Auxiliary tables have now been grouped into two categories, viz., Independent Auxiliary Tables and Dependent 52 Phase relation Auxiliary Tables. The Common Auxiliaries of Language, In spite of the fact that UDC(M) has introduced many Form, Place, Race and Time are Independent Auxiliaries since these may be added to any number from the schedules (e.g. new features, it has not been able to distinguish oota­ 630(540) Indian Forestry), as also may be used independently tionally the various types of phase relation. The Colon when so required. For example, for classifiying maps where (:) is still the only symbol to show the relationship be­ only place facet is important, the Common Auxiliary numbers tween two classes. Thus "when UDC numbers are of place may be used independently. The Common Auxiliaries of Point-of-view, Materials and Persons are dependent au­ linked by colon, it merely shows that the subjects de­ xiliaries as these can never be used independently. An indepen­ noted by the numbers are related to each other in some dent auxiliary number when used alone or cited in the begin­ way; it does not specify which influences the other(s), ning of a class number, is filed before a main number. nor show the nature of the influence exerted - in short, 3) Th� symbol (*) was used in an example in UDC(A) as a con: it does not denote the phase of the relation" (4) . For necting symbol for attaching non-UDC numbers to any UDC number (1). Its use was clearly recommended in 1963 (2). In example, the class number 025.43:681.31 does not indi­ UDC(M) the use of this symbol has not only been recom­ cate whether it denotes 'thesauri on computers' or 'use mended, but even adopted in some parts of the schedule as in of computers for construction of thesauri'; it simply 630 Forestry where numbers have been taken into the UDC means 'thesauri in relation to computers'. However, the schedule itself from the Oxford System of Decimal Classifica­ tion for Forestry, e.g. 630 * 2 Silviculture. preferred order of phases can be fixed by use of double 4) The connecting symbol hyphen (-) was earlier used for Special colon or square brackets. Auxiliary numbers in specific schedules and rarely in Common Auxiliary tables as in case of zones and regions under Common Auxiliaries of Place. Now Materials and Persons divisions hav­ 6 Degree of synthesis ing been brought under the purview of Common Auxiliaries with hyphen as the connecting symbol, this symbol has become The UDC is claimed to be a faceted classification de­ the connecting symbol for both common Auxiliaries and Spe­ veloped out of an enumerative classification. This claim cial Auxiliaries, e.g. 51-3 Computation techniques in Mathe­ is based on its number building capacity, which has been matics, where -3 is a Special Auxiliary number and 51-05 Per­ considerably increased in UDC(M). The synthesis is sons concerned with mathematics, where -05 is a Common Auxiliary number for Persons. achieved by 'As' instruction and use of auxiliaries, com­ 5) Another kind of Special Auxiliary (not designated so, but mon and special. suggested by its nature), is directly added to a class number without any connecting symbol. It was available in UDC(A) in a limited way (e.g. in 8 Literature and 661.8 Metallic com­ 61 'Subdivide as' instruction pounds) and has been retained in UDC(M) as a regular device The 'As' instruction, which has now been renamed as and used more frequently in some classes. The device has also 'Subdivide as' instruction denoted by the symbol '" has been named as 'Final Digit Device'. been used more extensively in UDC(M). Such instruc­ 6) UDC(M) has also introduced another device of constructing numbers for new subdivisions by combining the numbers of two tion appears almost on every page of the schedule under existing subdivisions, e.g. in Common Auxiliary Ta ble I(k) -05 main numbers (e.g. 611.81 '" 616.831,) special au­ Persons and Personal Characteristics, the number for the con­ xiliaries (e.g. 675.025 '" 675.055), common auxiliaries cept Father can be constructed as - 055.52 -055.1 by combin­ (e.g. "5" '" "4") and even auxiliary numbers are derived ing the numbers of two existing subdivisions - 055.52 Parents and -055.1 Male. This device is tantamount to the Super-Im­ by the same device from main numbers (e.g. -036.4 '" position Device enunciated and used in Colon Classification by 678.4) or vice versa (e.g. 914/919 ", (4/9))and numbers Ranganathan. from the main schedules are used to divide their respec­ 7) Common Auxiliary numbers from one table are sometimes tive sub-divisions (e.g. 659.28 '" 659.2). These provi­ used for further specification or divisions of existing subdivi­ sions have obviously increased the synthesising capacity sions from another Common Auxiliary table, e.g. in table I(k) - OS, the >subdivision -054 Persons according to ethniccharac­ of the scheme to a great extent. teristics, etc. is further divided by using numbers from tables I(e) and I(f). Thus the number for coloured persons will be 62 Auxiliaries -054(� 9). The most outstanding feature of UDC is perhaps the large number of auxiliary tables which have brought 7 Significant additions facetedness in its structure. UDC(A) had nine Common UDC(M) has also introduced some other significant ad­ Auxiliary tables and three types of Special Auxiliaries. ditional features to the great relief of the classifiers. It is In 1974 two more auxiliary tables were introduced (3). now p.ossible to construct class numbers more precisely UDC(M) has thoroughly revised, enlarged and reor­ with the help of these additions. ganised the existing auxiliary tables of UDC(A) and has also incorporated the auxiliaries added later. The chief 71 New numbers developments in auxiliary tables, as found in UDC(M) Although it is difficult to estimate exactly the number of are as follows: new isolate numbers added in UDC(M), upon verifica­ 1) The number of Common Auxiliary tables has been increased tion of the whole schedule it appears that the Editorial from nine to eleven by addition of two new tables, viz. Table Board paid due attention to the new developments tak­ I(k) -03 Common Auxiliaries of Materials and Table I(k) -05 Common Auxiliaries of Persons and Personal Characteristics. ing place in the universe of subjects. Consequently, It may be pointed out that -05 divisions were also used for Per- necessary schedules for the newly emerged and develop- .

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Chatterjee/Choudhury - UDC: Int. Medium Edition 139 ing topics have been prepared, as may be seen from the 73 Class heading following illustrations: UDC(M) seems to be more careful than UDC(A) in the 1 Almost nothing was available on computer and com­ ) choi,e of headings of main classes and the terms to rep­ puter technology in UDC(A), The only place where resent subdivisions. The headings of main classes and documents on these fields could be accomodated was subclasses are now more expressive bringing out the full 681.142 Equation solving machines, Computers. There scope ofthe classes concerned,e.g. the heading for main was, however, a footnote under this number which class 3 was simply 'Social Sciences' in UDC(A), but in stated that a new schedule for computers would be intro­ UDC(M) the heading is 'Social Sciences. Statistics. Poli­ duced at 681.3. UDC(M) has incorporated new numbers tics. Ecol)omics.Tr ade. Law. Government. Military Af­ for computer and its technology at two places under fairs. Welfare. Insurance. Education. Folklore.' In 519.6 (Programming) and 681.3 (equipment). choosing the terms to represent subdivisions, UDC(M) 2) UDC(A) did not have any provision for the subject seelns to have followed the Canon of Currency (enuni­ "automatic control engineering" which encompasses cated by Ranganathan). Accordingly, many existing modern developments in the field of Te chnology and au­ terms of UDC(A) have been replaced in UDC(M) by tomation. UDC(M) incorporates this under 681.5 Au' terms which arc current among the specialists, e.g. the tomatic control engineering. term 'Internal Politics' has been changed to 'Home Af­ 3 Similarly, space science was a neglected area in ) fairs', 'Virus' under 'Bacteriology' to 'Virology' and so UDC(A). Documents on all aspects of space science on. were to be classed under 629.19 Astronautics, Space vehicles, stations, etc. But a footnote under the above 8 Con tinned lacnnae number indicated that a new air/space schedule was under preparation. UDC(M) has incorporated this new Nevertheless, some of the lacunae found in earlier edi­ schedule at 629.7 which is quite exhaustive. tions of UDC still continue in UDC(M). These relate mainly to bias and scattering.

72 Specificity of class numbers 81 Bias UDC(M) has taken certain measures which enable a Dewey Decimal Classification, on which UDC is based, classifier to provide more specific numbers to his docu­ showed certain distinct bias towards American subjects ments as compared to UDC(A). There are instructions and Christian religion. UDC removed this bias to some at many places in the form of notes for bringing required extent but could get rid of it completely. UDC(M) has specificity in class numbers. Frequent enumeration of not also been able to do much in this direction. The most special auxiliaries also helps in constructing specific class awkward looking bias that still persists is in class 2 Reli­ numbers. gion, where the major portion ofthe schedule is still de­ voted to subdivisions relating to Christian religion. Be­ 721 Typ ical example sides, several class numbers which are specially relevant to only the English speaking world have been included in The Chemistry schedule of UDC(M) is a typical exam­ this edition though they are not parts of the official inter­ ple of the extent to which the specificity in class numbers national selection, e.g. 141.814 Pre-Marxian English can be achieved. The schedule for Inorganic Chemistry socialist doctrines 4 . at 546 incorporates two very important tables, viz., 'Ele­ ( ) ments in the order of their atomic number's and 'Ele­ ments in the alphabetic order of their symbols', in which 82 Scattering the corresponding UDC number for each element is also In some subject areas the provisions of the scheme result given. These tables provide immense help to the clas­ in scattering of related materials, which causes difficul­ sifier to construct class numbers for chemical com­ ties to classifiers in the matter of selecti,rtg the appropri­ pounds and complexes. Necessary instructions have ate class number. Two examples from 62 Engineering been given detailing the method of constructing such are cited below to show such scattering. class numbers by using the connecting symbol apos­ 620.4 Power stations (Class here only general studies. Class trophe ('), e.g. 546.561'131 Cupric chloride (derived by information about particular kinds of power station at joining the numbers for Monovalent copper 546.561 and the number for the subject) Chlorides 546.131 , and for isotopes by using the con­ 621.311 Power generation and supply. Power stations. ) 621.311.2 Power stations according to type ofprime mover (under necting symbol asterisk ( *) , e.g. 546. 791 �238 Isotope of this number various types of power stations have been uranium (with mass number 238). In the schedule for enumerated including hydroelectric power stations with Organic Chemistry at 547, the compounds have been class number 621.311.21) enumerated and the corresponding formula for each 621.221 Hydraulic power plants in general compound has been mentioned which is an aid to the These class numbers show that while general works on classifier. There is also a provision for construction of power stations are to be kept under 620.4, works on par­ numbers for compounds by using apostrophe ('), e.g. ticular types of power stations will be classed under 547.1'128 Silicones (derived by joining the numbers for 621 .311.2. Further, documents on hydraulic power Organic chemistry in general 547.1 and Silicon 546.28) plants may'be kept at two places, viz., 621.311.21 and and even by directly adding the condensed formula with 621.221. Surprisingly, Nuclear power plants have not class number 547, e.g. 547CH40 Methyl alcohol. been brought under 621.311.2, but have been placed

140 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Chatterjee/Choudhury - UDC: Int. Medium Edition under 621.039.577 which will isolate documents on nuc­ to cause a reflection on its claimed 'universal' character. lear power plants from other types of power plants. It is hoped that the future edition will take care of the de­ Similarly, 69 Building construction and building mate­ fects stated above to make it an impeccable tool of the rials have been unhelpfully separated from 624/625 Civil librarian. Engineering though the former is an integral part of the latter subject. Such provisions are likely to create confu­ sion and cause cross classification in libraries. References (1) British Standards Institution: Universal Decimal Classifica­ tion. 3rd Abridged English Edition (B.S. 1.000A) . London: 9 Conclusion B.S.!' 1961. The foregoing analysis has clearly brought out the fact (2) British Standards Institution: Guide to UDC (B.S. 1.000e) . that UDC(M) is in every respect an enormously im­ London: B.S.!. 1963. (3) British Standards Institution: UDe: Auxiliary signs and sub� proved version of the scheme, and is able to provide divisions (except those of place). 2nd English Full Edition more precise and coextensive class numbers. But at the (B.S. 1.000: Auxiliaries). London: B.S.1. 1974. same time a good amount of changes in class numbers (4) British Standards Institution: Universal Decimal Classifjca� will necessitate large�scale reclassification in some areas tion. International Medium Edition - English Text (B.S. which will not be to the liking of the librarians due to the 1.000M) . London: B.S.1. 1985.

labour and cost involved in such a reclassification. Be­ A. Chatterjee, Reader, Department of Libr. & Inform. Sci. sides, the continued bias as seen in the scheme is bound Jadavpur University, Calcutta�700 032, India

JUST PUBL ISHED Die Klassifikationund ihr Umfeld (Classification'a nd its Environment)

the Proceedings of the 11th An nual Conference of the Gesel lschaft fur Kl assifi­ kation eV (German Society for Cl assification), Munster, 18-21 June 1986, ed .by

Dr .P.O. DEGENS, Dr.H.-J.HERMES, Prof. Dr.O.OPITZ 416 p. , DM 90.- (hard cover) , DM 85.- (soft cover) ISBN 3-88672-017-9 and 3-88672-016-0 resp. wi th welcome addresses, participants list and a name and subject index (Almost hal f of the contributions are in English)

The work is divided into the foll owing 9 sections (authors in brackets):

1. PERSPECTIVES OF CLASSIFICATION (I.Dahlberg, J.Panyr, H. Ltickenhoff)

2. INDEXING LANGUAGES AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION (R.Fugmann. W.Krumholz, W.Rescheleit/l.Menner. K.Veltman)

3. SUBJECT ANALYSIS AND ONLINE ACCESS (H.Schnel ling, H.U.WeidemUller. G.J.A.Riesthuis, A.Vasiljev)

4. ORDER AND CLASSIFICATION IN ECONIl'IICS (H. Gasthuber, J.Holzl , J.Gesell, M. Domokos-Gombosi)

5. ALGEBRAIC METHODS OF CONCEPT ANAL YSIS (U. Kipke/R.Wille, B.Ganter/R.W;11e)

6. NUMER ICAL CLASSIFICATION ANO DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS (D. Gernert, J. Krauth, S. Krolak-Schwerdt, O.Opitz/Th. Bausch, H. Sp�th S.Stank, D.Steinhausen. W .. Vach/P.O.Degens)

7. MULTIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS (H.H. Bock, H. Feger. G.Herden. R.Mathar. B.Miebach, L.Schubert)

8. PHYLOGENETIC TREES AND BIOLOGICAL TAXONOMY (A.Oress/A.v.Haeseler/M.Krueger, B.Lausen/P.O.Degens, M.M.Patzlaff. S.Scherer/H.Binder)

9. APPLICATI ONS OF DATA ANALYSIS AND NUMERICAL CLASSIFICATION {I.Balderjahn, Th .Eckes. H.P.Schmitt/Ch.Oberwittler}

I NDEKS Verl ag Woogstr.36a Frankfu rt/M-50 Tel .: 069 / 52 36 90

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Chatterjee/Choudhury - UDC: Int. Medium Edition 141 County (PLCFC) , and University of Illinois at Urbana­ Champaign (UI). These experimeuts provided data for analyses of subject searchers' use of a library classifica­ Karen Markey tion in an online catalog environment. OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., In this paper, subject searchers' use of the class Dublin, OH number search capability is featured. Failure analyses of class number searches demonstrated the ability of this search to retrieve items relevant to searchers' topics of Class Number Searching in an interest. Searchers' post-search interview comments highlight their experiences and their satisfaction with Experimental Online Catalog the results of this type of search. Based on the failure analyses and searchers' interview comments, recom­ mendations are provided for the improvement of class number searching in online catalogs, particularly the in­ Markey, K.: Class number searching in an experimental online corporation of a library classification schedule into the catalog. online catalog. Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3, p. 142- 150, 7 refs.

In the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDe) Online Project, the 2. Backgronud and Project Objectives texts of the DDC Schedules and Relative Index were incorporated into the searchable indexes and browsing capabilities of an experi­ Mechanization of classification schedules for informa­ mental online catalog. The effectiveness of this online catalog en­ tion retrieval purposes was first carried out by Freeman hanced with the DOC was tested in online retrieval experiments at and Atherton (2) in their study of the Universal Decimal four participating libraries. In this paper, subject searchers' use of the class number search capability is featured. Failure analyses of Classification (UDC) as an entry vocabulary in an online class number searches demonstrated the ability of this search to re­ bibliographic system. At the time of their study, there trieve items relevant to searchers' topics of interest. Searchers' were few (if any) operational online retrieval systems post-search interview comments highlight their experiences and available to library patrons. Interest in classification as a their satisfaction with the results of this type of search. Based on subject searcher's tool in online bibliographic systems the failure analyses and searchers' interview comments, recom­ mendations are provided for the improvement of class number was rekindled in late 1981 after a thirteen-year hiatus. searching in online catalogs, particularly the incorporation of a li­ At this time, the preliminary findings of the Council on brary classification schedule into the online catalog. (Author) Library Resources-sponsored Online Catalog Project demonstrated library patrons' 1) ability to use online catalogs to find library materials of interest, 2) their ac­ 1. Introdnction ceptance of this new form of the library catalog, and 3) Libraries' bibliographic records in online catalogs typi­ their need for improved subject access in online catalogs cally contain classification numbers like DDC (Dewey (3). Decimal Classification) or UDC (Universal Decimal The realization that the printed 19th edition of the Classification). Most commercially available online DDC (4) was produced by computerized photocompo­ catalogs have incorporated class number searching as a sition prompted the OCLC Office of Research to ask mode of subject searching. Although the actual search Forest Press about the availability, for research pur­ routines for class number searching differ from system poses, of the print tapes used to produce this 19th edi­ to system, the entry of a class number by a patron tion. With the eventual support of Forest Press, the searcher invokes the system to search an inverted file of Council on Library Resources, and OCLC, the DDC class numbers extracted from bibliographic records and Online Project team in the OCLC Office of Research retrieve items with the particular class number. The obtained selected portions of a machine-readable DDC major drawback of this approach is that patron searchers from Inforonics, Inc., which was converted from the are required to know the exact class number that repre­ print tapes that originally served to produce the 19th edi­ sents their search topic. What searchers view as a result tion of the printed DDC usiug computerized photocom­ of class number searches is a set of book titles, not a sys­ position. tematic outline of their subject (1, p. 95). If patrons The objectives of this project were to could search the text of classification schedules and/or 1. Use the consensus ofDDC experts to determine stra­ browse the text of the schedules during their online tegies for searching and displaying the. DDC in an ex- searches, they could match their topic with the terminol­ perimental online catalog ogy of the classification. 2. Demonstrate the DDC as a searcher's tool for subject In the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) Online access, browsing, and display in the experimental on­ Project at OCLC, Dublin, OH, the texts of the DDC line catalog Schedules and Relative Index were incorporated into 3. Te st the effectiveness of the DDC as a searcher's tool the searchable indexes and browsing capabilities of an in this catalog experimental online catalog. The effectiveness of this 4. Evaluate the demonstration and test results of the online catalog enhanced with the DDC was tested in on­ DDC as a searcher's tool and disseminate the results line retrieval experiments at four participating libraries: of the research project Library of Congress (LC), New York State Library The experimental ouline catalog was actually com­ (NYSL), Public Library of Columbus and Franklin posed of two online catalogs: (1) the Dewey Online

142 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Markey - Class number searching in an online catalog Catalog (DOC), in which the Dewey Decimal Classifi­ abled DOC to automatically match class numbers in li­ cation had been incorporated as a searcher's tool for braries' bibliographic records with class numbers in the subject access, browsing, and display, and (2) the Sub­ DDC Schedules and Relative Index and, subsequently, ject Online Catalog (SOC), in which the DDC had not to add class number captions and including, general, been incorporated. Class number searching was avail­ class here, and example notes from the Schedules and able in both SOC and DOC, but the class number search Relative Index entries to DOC bibliographic records. of DOC directed searchers to browsing displays of the SOC and DOC bibliographic records contained the DDC Schedules. SOC and DOC had subject searching same information, but the DOC records were enhanced capabilities in addition to class number searching (5, p. with subject-rich captions and notes from the D DC Sche­ 54-77). dules and Relative Index entries. Although DOC records were enhanced with the DDC, only Schedule captions 3. Developing the Experimental Online Catalog (of the DDC information added to records) were dis­ The databases of the experimental online catalog were played in bibliographic records. created from three data sources: 1) machine-readable There were four Subject Online Catalogs and four cataloging (MARC) records from the four participating Dewey Online Catalogs, i.e., one for each of the four libraries in selected subject areas of the DDC, 2) the participating libraries. We wanted first-time users of 19th edition of the DDC Schedules, and 3) the Relative SOC and DOC to be able to search these catalogs with Index. Each participating library contributed between ease and find items relevant to their topics of interest, 8,000 and 15,000 MARC records in subject area selected since most searchers in the library patron and staff re­ by the library. Between 8,000 and 12,000 records per li­ trieval tests would be using the experimental online brary were processed into the experimental online cata­ catalogs for the first time. Therefore, the experimental log: online catalog was a menu-based system, which we felt 1. Library of Congress (LC) : Economics (330-339), was an appropriate interface for first-time users. commerce (380-382), and management (658); data­

base size = 11,865 records. 4. Class Nmllbe.· Searching in SOC 2. New Yo rk State Library (NYSL): New Yo rk State SOC had the traditional subject searching capabilities of geography (917.47-917.4799), United States co­ online catalogs, namely subject heading, subject head­ lonial history (973.1-973.2), and New Yo rk State ing and title keyword, and class number searching. The history (974.7-974.799); database size = 8,144 re­ class number search in SOC was named a "call number cords. search" in the online catalog menus and displays, be­ 3. Public Librwy of Columbus and Fr anklin County cause we felt that most patron searchers of online (PLCFC) : Sports, recreation, and performing arts catalogs would not know what "class number search" (790-799); database size = 9,719 records. meant. 4. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Ul): In class number searches, the SOC searcher entered a Mathematics (510-519); database size = 7,613 re­ DDC class number of three or more digits, which SOC cords. compared with the DDC class number of bibliographic The DDC Online Project team selected fields from li­ records. SOC treated the class number as if it had been braries' MARC records and the machine-readable DDC truncated and thus retrieved records with the exact class Schedules and Relative Index for indexing and display in number entered and class numbers beginning with the SOC and DOC. Class number captions and including, entered number. For example, the searcher inputting general, class here, and example notes from the Schedu­ the class number 332.743 retrieved records assigned les and Relative Index entries were selected for indexing class numbers 332.743 and 332.7430202. and display in DOC only. Classifier's notes and foot­ notes were not processed into DOC because these notes What would you like to do? > sc would not have been helpful to library patrons and staff Enter cal l number > 332.743 performing subject searches. Special handling had to be »»>YOUR REOUEST ••••c:3 32.743 given to DDC Schedules and Relative Index data to 10 ITEMS IN SET 1 (332.743) make this information more presentable, accessible, THE FOLLOWING IS A SUMMARY OF YOUR SEARCHES: and understandable to DOC searchers. For example, a SET ITEMS REOVEST range of DDC class numbers was expanded to individual I 10 5c:332.743 Schedule records, each bearing a unique class number in a range and the same DDC caption and notes. Dummy OPTION DESCRIPTION 01 01.pl ay ltems DDC class numbers with trailing zeros and captions had SO Start over to be created in DOC to enable subject searchers to Fig. I: Number of retrieved items in a SOC class number browse Schedule numbers with embedded zeros and search for "332.743" their associated captions and notes. A Schedules DDC class number field was specially In Fig. 1, the interaction between SOC and a user en­ created and added to bibliographic records in DOC. The tering a class number is shown. In this example, SOC re­ Schedules DDC class number of a bibliographic record sponds with number of items retrieved bearing the was defined as a DDC class number that exists in the searcher-entered class number or beginning with this Schedules and is the best match of the record's DDC class number, saves the resu1ts in set 1, and gives the user class number. The Schedules DDC class number en- the option to display items (DI) or start over (SO).

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Markey - Class number searching in an online catalog 143 5. Class Number Searching in DOC one line, and the notes from the DOC Schedules were DOC had both the traditional subject searching capabi­ excluded from the display. However, the complete lities of SOC and enhanced subject searching capabili­ DOC caption, Schedule notes, and DOC Relative Index ties because the DOC Schedules and Relative Index had entries referring searchers to the listed class number been incorporated in DOC. The class number search in could be viewed by selecting the GN (get detailed notes DOC was called a "call number search" in online catalog for a topic) option listed in the options menu following menus and displays because we felt that most patron the List of To pics. DOC's display of the class number, searchers of online catalogs would not know what a caption, and notes from the Schedules and Relative In­ "class number search" meant. DOC's class number dex entries in shown in Fig. 3. search directed searchers to a systematic outline of their DOC's subject outline search also directed subject subject based on their entry of class numbers from the searchers to displays of the DOC Schedules. DOC's sub­ DOC Schedules. DOC's class number search is analo­ ject outline search was unique to this system and di­ gous to consulting a class number in the printed DOC rected searchers to a systematic outline of their subject Schedules. DOC responded to the user-entered class based on their entry of subject terms. (A complete de­ number with 1) a List of Topics (or captions) from the scription and analysis of subject outline searches is DOC Schedules at the same level in the hierarchy as the provided by Markey and Demeyer (5, p. 74-77).) The entered class number; 2) a list of options that allowed entry of subject terms by a searcher through the subject the user to browse more general or specific captions, to outline search invoked the system to search an inverted get more information about a listed caption, or to dis­ file of words from the first-listed subject heading in bib­ play bibliographic records assigned the caption; and 3) liographic records and from the text of the DOC. This the user-entered class number marked with an asterisk search then resulted in a browsing display of the text of (') in the left margin. For example, a user entering class the DOC Schedules where items on the searcher's topic number 332.743 would obtain a List of To pics composed of interest could be found. of captions from the DOC Schedules from 332.740 to 332.749 (Fig. 2). 6. Methods Used to Conduct the To fit one entire level on the screen, each DDt cap­ Online Retrieval Tests tion was truncated so that it did not occupy more than Two online retrieval tests were' conducted with the four participating libraries' patron and staff: 1) the partially

What would you lfke to do? > sc Enter call number > 332.743

»»>YOUR REOUEST •••sc:332. 743

ITEMS ON YOUR SUBJ ECT ARE FOUND UNDER 332.743 IN THIS OUTL INE OF RELATED SUBJECTS.

GENERAL TOPIC : 332.74 Other forms of cred1t LINE ITEMS AA.EA TOP IC A 3 332.742 Commercial, mercantlle, industrial • B 10 332.743 Personal loans

OPTION DESCRIPTION BG Browse more general top1cs as Browse more specific topics GN Get deta 11ed notes for a top1c SL Sel ect 11ne (s) to d1spl ay 1tems SO Sta rt over Fig. 2: List of Topics from the DOC Schedules

What woul d you 11ke to do? > gn b

»»>YOUR REQUEST •••gn b

"Notes for 1tems on th1s TOPIC are found at the des1gnated shel f LOCATION. DEWEY INDEX descr1bes the contents of mcst 1tems found at th 1s shelf AREA.

DETAILED NOTES FOR TOPIC : Personal loans

AREA 332.743 TOPIC Personal loans INCLUDING Including chattel mortgages, consumer credit DEWEY INDEX Consumer--credit--econom1cs Pawnbrok1 ng--economics Personal--loans--economics Secured transact1 ons--cred1t economics

Fig. 3: DOC display of Schedule information and Relative Index entries for "332.743"

144 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Markey - Class number searching in an online catalog controlled, but authentic, Comparison Search Experi­ Patrons Library Staff ment, in which library patrons conducted online search­ To tal Total es on a topic of their own choosing - sequentially - on (Four Libraries) (Four Libraries) SOC and DOC, and 2) a controlled field experiment, SOC DOC SOC DOC the Sample Search Experiment, in which library staff 1. Searchers' selection 56 28 90 51 performed equivalent but different subject searches in of the class number SOC and DOC for topics assigned to them by the DDC (SC) search option a. Relevant items 10 2 23 8 Online Project team. The design of the retrieval experi­ b, Percentage of items 18% 7% 26% 16% ments was based on the design of comparable experi­ SC option directly ments by Siegel, et al. (6), in their evaluation of two pro­ to relevant items . totype online catalogs. Two retrieval experiments were c. Percentage of times 14% 18% 18% 10% employed to test the experimental online catalog to en­ zero items retrieved sure a high degree of confidence and strength in the 2. Searchers' selection of NA 5 NA 7 results of the experiments that were obtained under dif­ of the select lines ferent experimental conditions with different userpopu­ to display items lations. (SL) option a. Relevant items NA 3 NA 4 In both retrieval experiments, the time spent search­ b. Percentage of times NA 60% NA 57% ing, estimated recall, and precision were dependent, SL option led quantitative measures collected in each SOC and DOC directly to relevant search. Patrons and staff in the online retrieval tests items were asked which system was satisfactory for the search 3. Searchers' selection NA 7 NA 10 and their system preference. They also responded to of the browse open-ended questions about ease of system use, system specific topics (BS) differences, and the reasons for their system preference option and search satisfaction. Qualitative data analyses were a. Relevant items NA 2 NA 6 b. Percentage of times NA 29% NA 60% performed on patron and staff responses to such open­ BS option led ended questions. directly to relevant A total of 160 different library patrons searched the items experimental online catalog at the four participating li­ ' 4. Searchers, selection NA 3 NA 1 braries and performed a total of 160 searches in SOC of the browse more and 160 searches in DOC for a topic oftheir own choos­ general topics (BG) ing. A total of 60 different library staff searched the ex­ option perimental online catalog at the four participating li­ a. Relevantitems NA 0 NA 0 b. Percentage of times NA 0% NA 0% braries and performed a total of 180 searches in SOC BS option led and 180 searches in DOC for different topics assigned by directly to relevant the DDC Online Project team. The online retrieval tests items provided much data for a variety of quantitative and Percentage of times qualitative analyses. SC option led 18% 25% 26% 35% to relevant items 7. OveraU Results of Class Number Searches in (directly or through supporting options SOC and DOC SL,BS,orBG) Table 1 lists the numbers and percentages of times pa­ Table 1. Class Number Searches Directing Searchers to trons and staff entered class numbers in searches and Relevant Items were directed to relevant items. Generally, class number searches were more frequent in SOC than in DOC, but this frequencywas attributed to the availabili­ displaying items (SL option) and browsing specific Sche­ ty of only three subject searching options in SOC and dule captions (BS option). The few times (four times) four subject searching options in DOC. That is, SOC that searchers used the option to browse general Sche­ searchers only had three subject searching options from dule captions (BG option) did not result in the retrieval which to choose, so they selected the class number more of relevant items. frequently in SOC to complete the online search. Generally, a greater percentage of searches in DOC 8. Failure Analyses of Class Number Searches than in SOC resulted in relevant items. Eighteen per­ Class numbers entered in both SOC and DOC searches cent of patrons' class number searches in SOC led to by library patrons and staff had usually been obtained by relevant items; 25 percent of patrons' class number sear­ searchers in retrieved records that they had displayed in ches in DOC led to relevant items. Twenty-six percent alphabetical, direct, or subject outline searches prior to of staff class number searches in SOC led to relevant the class number search. Fig. 4 shows the 'highlights of a items; 35 percent of staffclass number searches in DOC class number search in SOC in which the user first per­ led to relevant items. Class number searclies in DOC did formed a direct (i.e., keyword) search for "New Leba­ not always lead directly to the retrieval of relevant non," retrieved six items, and displayed five of the six items. DOC searchers relied on supporting options for items. Three of these five displayed items were assigned

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Markey - Class number searching in an online catalog 145 CllIss Number Seorch in SOC

Enter an option > sd Expl anatfon Enter subject to search > new lebanon

The user perfonns a d1 ract (or keyword) search for "new lebanon" and »»>YOUR REQUEST••• sd:n ew lebanon retrfeves 6 ftems. 3465 ITEMS FOR "new" 8 ITEMS FOR "lebanon" 6 ITEMS IN SET 1 (new lebanon)

THE FOLLOWIt.Ii IS A SUf.ttARY OF YOUR SEARGiES. SET ITEMS REQUEST 1 6 sd:new lebanon

OPTION DESCRIPTION SA Search al phabetically for "new lebanon" 01 Dlsplay ltems SO StlIrt over

Enter an opt1on > df

»»>YOUR REQUEST •••dl 1

•

• Three of the flve ltems • dfspl ayed and judged rel evant conta in the cl ass number ITEM 3 OF 6 974.739. One relevant ltem ls DEWEY NUI43ER 974.739qN53s shown here. COLLECTION H TITLE Marrfages fn New lebanon, New Yorl< [perfonned by) Rev. Sl1as Church l11. 1795-1851 [and Ira Hand, esq ., justice of the peace. 1832-1852) . AUTHOR Shepard. Elmer Irwln 1878- PUBL ISHER 1943

•

•

• The user enters 974.739 ln SOC Enter an opt10n > sc through the cal l number (SC) Enter cal l number > 974.739 search and retrieves 102 1tems.

»»>YOUR REOUEST••• sc:974.739 102 ITEMS IN SET 2 (974.739)

THE FOLLOWIt.Ii IS A SUMMARY OF YOUR SEARGiES. SET ITEMS REQUEST 1 6 sd:new lebanon 2 102 sc:974.739 The user dlspl ays 12 of the OPTION DESCRIPTION 102 ltems and Judges most 01 Dlsplay ltems of the 12 items relevant for her SO Sta rt over genealogfcal resea rch on "New Lebanon" although these 1tems cover the entire county fn Enter an opt1on > d1 wh1ch New lebanon 1s located. Enter a set number to display > 2 • • • ITEM 9 of 102 DEWEY NUMBER 974.739qAv21 COLLECTION H TITLE Col umb ia County, New York, cemete ries: private and scattered. AUTHOR Van Al styne. Harrlet Huyck Kellogg 1875- PUBLISHER 1938

Would you like to see the next item? ("RETURN"=yes, Nzno) >

• •

•

Fig . 4: Class number search in SOC for "New Lebanon, N.Y."

146 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Markey - Class number searching in an online catalog Table 2. Class number searches in which the user identified a relevant class number Expressed Topic Subject Search in which Number User�entered Class Number Identified/System/User (Caption in DOC) King Philip's War Alphabetical/SOC/Staff 973.24 (Later 17th century, 1664-1689) 19th century families living in Direct/SOC/Staff 974.798 (Niagara County) Niagara County or Niagara Falls (city) Pequot War Subject outlinelDOC/Staff 973.22 (Other early settlements, 1620-1643) Business etiquette Direct/SOClPatron 658.452 (Oral) Combinatorial analysis Alphabetical/SOC/Patron 511.6 (Combinatorial analysis) Incompleteness theorem .Subject outline/DOC/Patron 511.3 (Symbolic mathematical logic) Rings Direct and alphabetical/SOC/Staff 512.4 (Rings integral domains, ideals) Bowling SubJect outlinelD OC/Patron 794 (Indoor games of skill) Affine geometry AlphabeticallDOC/Staff 516.4 (Affine geometry) the class number 974.739, which the user then entered in trieved in other subject searches. Searchers then seemed a class number search and retrieved and displayed addi­ to wander aimlessly through the catalog and seldom, if tional items which she judged relevant to her genealog­ ever, retrieved and displayed relevant items. In a DOC ical research. Successful class number searches in the ex­ search for "Basketball," the user-entered class number perimental online catalog, in which this strategy of 791 generated a List of Topics in which the user-entered identifying a DDC class number of interest from items class number was listed along with its caption, "Public displayed in a previous search was used, are enumerated performances," where library material on topics such as in table 2. motion pictures, radio, televison, and circuses was In class number searches in both SOC and DOC, pa­ found. After browsing for a while, the user started the trons and staffwere. wellaware that they had to know the search over again and chose subject search options other right class number to enter before proceeding with a than the class number search. class number search. Some even questioned the value of Patrons and staff whose class number searches wound this search in their post-search interview remarks about up as aimless wandering through the catalog usually en­ class (or call) number searches: tered short, three-digit class numbers, or class numbers • The call number search in SOC is useless unless you know the where items on a variety of topics were classed. In a right call number to enter into the catalog. (One patron, DOC search for "19th century railroad tours of New PLCFC) York State," the class number 917.47 was common to all • Why would anyone want to search for call number? (One pa­ tron, PLCFC) four items retrieved and displayed in a direct search for • The call number search in SOC is difficult because you have to this topic. The user entered 917.47 in a class number look at an item to find a candidate can number to enter. DOC search, retrieved 1,815 items, and did not display any of leads you to call numbers through the SS (subject outline) these items. The searcher's action of entering this class search. (One staff, NYSL) number was a logical one given the class numbers of the • When I entered a class numb�·r" (650) into SOC, I didn't know what subject was covered by· this number until I displayed relevant items retrieved in the direct search. Staff and items. (One patron, LC) patrons noted that class (or call) number searches re­ • To use DOC's call number (SC) search, you still need to know trieved many items: the meaning of the call number you want to enter into the cata� log. (One patron, PLCFC; one staff, NYSL) • When you enter a call number, you get too many items. (One staff, VI; three staff, NYSL) Patrons and staff recognized the difference between the • I got call numbers from items I'd displayed, but I entered the numbers and obtained too many items. This isn't always a class (or call) number searches in SOC .and . DOC and preferred DOC's class number search: sound searching strategy. (One staff, NYSL) • I would like to browse more specific topics in SOC's call • soc just provides you with the number of items on the call number search because it retrieves too many items. (Three number. DOC provides you with a phrase for the call number staff, LC) and you can choose the phrase you like. (One staff, VI) • How can a call number search help you? It retrieves too many • DOC leads you to an outline of topics. I'd like this capability in items. (One staff, LC) SOC to help you know what a call number means. (Two staff, • I'd like to limit the results of call number searches by combining PLCFC) results with Boolean operators. (One staff, LC) • I found a call number area rightqn my topic, and I didn't display items because I'd browse the shelf at that number. (One patron, LC) 9. Recommendations for Improving Class Number • It is helpful to search for call numbers in DOC because DOC Searching in Online Catalogs explains what your call number is about and you can use the BS (browse more specific topics) option to find more specific to� Class number searches in DOC generated a List of To p­ pies. (Two staff, VI; three patrons, LC; one patron, VI) ics around the user-entered class number; however, a • If you know the subject of your call number, SOC's call number List of To pics could only be constructed when users en­ search is sufficient. If you don't know the subject of your call number, the call number search in DOC is better. (One staff, tered valid class numbers enumerated in the 19th edition VI) of the DDC Schedules. When users entered class num­ • You have to "go fishing" in SOC to findthe right call number. bers found on retrieved relevant records but not in the (One patron, LC) 19th edition of DDC, the system responded with an ex­ There were times when searchers entered a general planatory message telling them how to successfully enter (Le., three-digit) class number that they had not re- a class number into DOC:

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Markey - Class number searching in an online catalog 147 »»> YOUR REQUEST ...sc:658.054 revolution, Choosing and using a business microcom­ THE SEARCH WAS NOT SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE OF puter, Computers in business: how managers are using ONE OF THESE REASONS: computers to support their decision-making, and Hand­ 1. IF YOUR CALL NUMBER IS OUTSIDE THE RANGE book of computer applications fo r the small or medium­ 330-333, 336-339, 380-382, 650 OR 658-659, PLEASE size business. CHOOSE A NUMBER WITHIN THE RANGE. 2. IF YOUR CALL NUMBER IS WITHIN THE RANGE, Patron and staff experiences with class number THEN IT MUST BE roo LONG, PLEASE SHORTEN searching in SOC and DOC led us to recommend im­ IT. provements to this type of search. Figure 5 summarizes Searchers' discouragement with this message led us to these recommendations in flowchart format. A user­ conclude that in this instance we should have imple­ entered class number that matched a class number in the mented a shelflist-browsing-by-title capability in DOC. DDC Schedules results in a List of Topics composed of This would have allowed searchers whose entered class captions from the DDC Schedules. This is the way in numbers matched one contained on an item and did not which DOC responded to all class number searches. match a class number in the 19th edition of the DDC There are more, appropriate ways for online catalogs to Schedules to display items in shelflist (i.e., class respond. number) order. In a direct search in DOC for "Uses of When the user-entered class number matched a Microcomputers in Business," a staff mernberidentified number from the Schedules, the system responded with 658.054 as a class number that he'd enter using the class a List of Topics such as the one shown in figs. 2 and 4. number search; however, DOC displayed the discourag­ Sometimes the number of retrievals per class number ing message and the searcher would have had to enter and caption was unusually large; for example, the se­ the class number 658.05 to retrieve and display items cond-listed caption in the List of To pics in fig. 4 resulted with the desired number. Had DOC instead responded in a set of 102 items. Often , searchers wanted to reduce with a list of titles in shelflist order, the user would have the number of items by limiting these results by certain retrieved items entitled Catching up with the computer criteria, e.g., a subject term or phrase, publication date,

USER-ENTERED CLASS NUMB ER

(JoIATCH OF A BUILT HltIBER) (K'ITCH OF MORE TflA,N ONE (�TCH OF ONE SCHEOULE SCHEDULE AND/OR T�L [ CLASS NUMBERS) OR T1I9lE c�s NUMBER) ,\. SHELFLIST BROWS ING DISPLAY OF BRIEF LIST OF TO PICS TITLES (WITH OPTION LIST OF PERSPECTIVES TO DISPLAY FULL TITLES)

� HODIFYIt S) EARCH BY � ...... DISPLAY OF DISPLAY OF SPEC IF IC L IST GENERAL OF TOPICS LIST OF TOPICS � � • � DISPLAY OF BR IEF TITLES (WITH OPTION TO DISPLAY FULL TITLES)

'By one or a combination of the fol lowing: 1- Another subject search + 2. Restrict/l imit search results 3. Bool ean operators MODIFY SEARCH 4. Relational operators RESUL TS' 5. Truncation �. Proximity operators

Fig. 5: Flowchart of class number searching in online catalogs

148 [ot. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Markey - Class number searching in an online catalog language of items. The online catalog should permit title or before the first title in the list and to display full searchers to limit the results of highly posted subject bibliographic information (ST). Repeatedly entering searches by these and other criteria. the BB or BF options, the searcher can browse the entire When a user-entered class number matches a number shelflist of the library from 001 to 999. Since the result of from both Schedules and Tables, the system should re­ the selection of titles from the shelflistbrowsing display spond with an intermediary List of Perspectives that dis­ is individual titles, no modification of the result is neces­ plays retrieved Schedule and Table captions and asks sary. However, limiting the shelflist by year of publica­ the searcher to choose between captions. An example of tion, language, or branch library may be a desired capa­ such a user-entered class number is shown in Fig. 6. bility in certain online catalogs.

Enter an optfon > sc Summary Enter cal l number > 747 10. In class number searching in both SOC and DOC, users »»>YOUR REOUEST •••sc: 747 had to first identify a class number of interest using a subject searching option other than the class number Pl ease waft •••• search option. Both patrons and staff culled the class YOUR SUBJECT IS TREATED FROM 2 PERSPECTIVES: numbers in retrieved, relevant items displayed in alpha­ LINE PERSPECTIVES betical, direct, or subject outline searches; entered these A New York numbers into the system; and, in many instances, re­ B Interior decoration trieved additional relevant items. Sometimes they culled OPTION DESCRIPTION a class number from the results of an alphabetical or di­ BP Browse a perspective rect search that was highly posted in a class number SO Start over search and, thus, did not retrieve additional relevant Fig. 6: User-entered class number matching class num­ items, because there were items on many different and bers in Schedules and Tables general topics assigned the same class number as the one culled by the searcher. Searchers preferred DOC's class A user-entered class number that matches a synthe­ number search to SOC's class number search, because sized class number should result in a shelflist browsing the former provided them with a List of Topics from display composed of brief titles. A searcher researching which they could choose a listed topic or manipulate the the topic "Foreign investments in the United States" list by browsing more specific topics. might identify the synthesized class number 332.6730973 The searcher usually needed some guidance entering relevant to his topic from the class numbers in items dis­ class numbers - from the results of searches other than played in previous searches. If this searcher were to class number searches. Otherwise, entering a class enter this synthesized class number into the online cata­ number was like a shot in the dark because the searcher log, the system should respond with the shelflist brows­ did not know the "meaning" of a class number in SOC or ing display shown in Fig. 7. DOC until retrieved items or the List of Topics was dis­ The options following the shelflist browsing display played, respectively. In shot-in-the-dark searches in allow the searcher to browse forward and backward (BF SOC, searchers repeatedly entered different class num­ or BB) in the display to scan titles shelved after the last bers and displayed a few items until they obtained satis-

What would you lIke to do? > sc Enter call number > 332.6730973

»»>YOUR REOUEST •••sc:332 .6730973

FULL CALL NUMBER. BRIEF TITLE. AND YEARS OF ITEMS ON THE BOOKSHELF NEARBY "332.6730973" ARE:

LINE CALL NUMBERITITLE/DATE A 332.6730968 8551 FInancIal aspects of econom Ic sanctIons on South Afrlca/1981 B 332.673096891 C5571 ForeIgn companIes and InternatIonal Investment In ZI/1980 C 332.6730973 B251 ForeIgn manufacturIng Investment In the U.S.I 1983 D 332.6730973 D571 DI rect Investment In the UnIted States by foreIgn gover/1983 E 332.6730973 F61 ForeIgn Investment In the UnIted Statesl 1983 F 332.6730994 1581 Investm ents In ArgentIna! 1981 G 332.67309969 S241 A lIstIng of foreIgn In,estments In Ho.al II 1981 H 332.678 C341 StrategIc Investlngl 1982 I 332.678 C661 Make money on the Interest rate rol ler coasterl 1982 J 332.678 D821 The duck bookl 1982

OPTION DESCRIPTION BF Browse forward In tItle 1 1st BB Bro.se backward In tItle lIst ST Sel ect tItle for ful l InformatIon RS Review searches SO Start over

Fig. 7: Shelflist browsing display for the user-entered built class number "332.6730973"

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Markey - Class number searching in an online catalog 149 factory results or gave up. In shot-in-the-dark searches such as "Professional fo otball" (Schedule class number in DOC, searchers employed the browsing and selecting 796.33264) or "Noise Pollution" (Schedule class number options until they obtained satisfactory results or gave 363.74). up. Class number searching was a successful subject Class number searches were best when the system re­ searching strategy for patron and staff searchers of the sponse was a List afTopies with system options to browse experimental online catalog. Their class number search­ and select listed topics. When searchers selected a ing experiences revealed how class number searches can highly posted class number and caption and created a set be redesigned to improve the performance of this sub­ of items, they often wanted to reduce the number of ject search and how a library classification can be incor­ items in the retrieved set by another word or phrase or porated into class number searches to enable online by other limiting criteria; future implementations of catalog users to browse a systematic outline of their sub­ class numbers searches should allow searchers to limit ject. the results of previous searches. When searchers en­ tered a class number from which a List of To pics could Acknowledgments not be constructed, i.e., a class number that was not The Council on Limary Resources and Forest Press are acknow­ listed in the 19th edition of the DDC Schedules, DOC ledged for their support of the Dewey Decimal Classification On­ should have responded with a shelflist browsing display line Project. The assistance of library staff at the four participating of titles so that the user could at least browse the titles libraries - Library of Congress; New York State Library, Public Library of Columbus and Franklin County, and University of Illi­ (and other bibliographic information, as needed) of the nois at Urbana-Champaign - is appreciated. items shelved in the neighborhood of the user-entered class number. A shelflist-browsing-by-title capability is References recommended for online catalogs enhanced with the (1) Cochrane, P.A., Markey, K.: Preparing for the use of classifi­ DDC to support class number searches that fail because cation in online cataloging systems and in online catalogs. In: the user-entered class number is not enumerated in the Inform. Te chno!. & Libr. 4 (1985) No. 2, p. 91-111. Schedules but is assigned to the library'S bibliographic (2) Freeman, R.R., Atherton, P.: File organization and search strategy using the Universal Decimal Classification in records. mechanical retrieval systems. In Samuelson, Kjell (Ed.): Me­ When the user-entered class number matched a chanized information storage, retrieval and dissemination. number from the Schedules and Ta bles, the system Proceedings of the FID/IFIP Joint Conference, 1967. Amster­ should respond with an intermediary List of Perspec­ dam: North-Holland p. 122-52. tives that allows the searcher to choose betweencaptions. (3) Besant, L.: Early survey findings: Users of public online cata­ logs want sophisticated subject access. In: Amer. Libr. 13 In the DDC Online Project, only the DDC Schedules (1982) No. 3, p. 160. and Relative Index were incorporated into the experi­ (4) Dewey, M.: Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative In­ mental online catalog. Thus, subject retrieval of items dex. 19th ed., ed. Custer, B.A. Vol. 1. Albany, NY: Forest through the DDC was limited to the best match of the Press 1979. (5) Markey, K., Demeyer, A.N.: Dewey Decimal Classification class number in the classification field of bibliographic Online Project: Evaluation of a library schedule and index in­ records (which corresponds to class numbers enumer­ tegrated into the subject searching capabilities of an online ated in the DDC Schedules). If the coding scheme pro­ catalog. Dublin, OH: OCLC 1986. 520 p. = OCLC Research posed by Wajenberg (7) were applied to the individual Report OCLC/OPRJRR-86n. (6) Siegel, E.R., Kameen, K., Sinn, S.K., Weise, F.O.: Research components of synthesized DDC numbers, we could strategy and methods used to conduct a comparative evalua­ have identified and indexed these components and en­ tion of two prototype online catalog systems. In: Williams, hanced bibliographic records with additional subject in­ M.E., Hogan, T.H. (Comp.): National Online Meeting. Pro­ formation from the DDC Schedules and Tables. For ceedings 1983. Medford, NJ: Learned Information 1983. example, users could find all library materials on New (7) Wajenberg, A.: MARC coding of DDC for subject retrieval. In: Inform. Te chno!. & Libr. 2 (Sept. 1983) No. 3, p. 246-51. York State through an enhancement of records with the Table class number 747. Users could browse the DDC Tables under 747 to find a specific county or city of inter­ Dr. Karen Markey. OCLC. Office of Research. est; users could also limit the results by another topic 6565 Frantz Road, Dublin, OH, 43017. U.S.A.

150 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Markey - Class number searching in an online catalog for regression diagnostics. - GOWER, J.: Classification, geometry and data analysis. (6) Biological Sciences Applications FELSENSTElN, J.: Bootstrapping phylogenies: A Reports simulation study. -DANIEL, R., HARTIGAN, J.A.: Statistical analysis of hominoid molecular evolution. - and Communications DAY, W.H.E., SANKOFF, D.: The computational complexity of inferring phylogenies by compatibility. The program announced also an introductory "Marke­ CSNA Annual Meeting 1986 . ting Faculty Symposium" with one paper by P.GREEN: The Classification Society of North America (CSNA) "Recent advances in conjoint analysis" and another one held its Annual Meeting at the Ohio State University in by J.D.CARROLL: "Three-way multidimensional Columbus, OH, June 14-16, 1986. It was attended by scaling and clustering". It was concluded by a cluster some 50 members (of 350) and the following 28 papers, software demonstration (by J.FELSENSTEIN) and a arranged in six sessions, were given: discussion session by J.A.HARTIGAN and D.BARRY (I) Cluster Statistics and Test Procedures I and II on "A measure of asynchronous evolutionary change". HANSELL, R.LC., SNEATH, P.H.A., RIOSA, J.: On a The invited guest speakers from Europe were Profs. family of information optimization measures for agglo­ H.H.Bock and J.Gower. merative clustering. - LI, X., DUBES, R.C.: A permuta­ tion statistic as a proximity measure. - DUBES, R.C.: Experiment in finding the number of clusters. - PEARL­ COMPSTAT 1986 MAN, J.D., BOZDOGAN, H.: Complexity of cluster The International Association for Computational separability indices. - HUBERT, L., ARABlE, P.: Statistics (lACS) holds its COMPSTAT-Conference every Evaluating order hypotheses within proximity matrices. - two years, the 7th having taken place from Sept.l-S, SARLE, W.S.: A practical nonparametric test for the 1986 at the University "La Sapienzia" in Rome. With number of clusters. - BOCK, RH.: Component analysis about 600 participants the program extended to include and multidimensional scaling. also fields like Information Science and Statistics, (2) Study and Comparison of Algorithms Probabilistic Models in Exploratory Data Analysis, WINDHAM, M.J.: Convergence of numerical classification Cluster Analysis Methods and Algorithms, Expert algorithms. - SOON, T.S.C., MILLIGAN, GW.: On Systems, Statistical Software etc. There was also a detection of extreme data points in cluster analysis. - remarkable large number of papers on numerical classi­ DESAI, A., STORBECK, J.: On the measurement of fication procedures: In some 30 contributions the constraint in successively�inclusive choice sets in multi� following topics were treated: Computation of optimal level location models. - RIOSA, J.: Relaxing the optima­ partitions, tests and cluster structures, generalized lity criterion in the Gower algorithm. - CORTER, H., hierarchies, graph theoretical cluster procedures, inter­ DeSARBO, W.S., CARROLL, J.D. DeSOETE, G.: active cluster programs, and applications of cluster Simulated annealing as a means of fittingnon-hierarchical analysis. cluster models. The proceedings volume COMPSTAT 1986 was published (3) High-dimensional Analysis by Springer Verlag, Berlin. H.H.Bock WEINBERG, S., CARROLL, J.D.: Choosing the dimen­ sionality of an INDSCAL-derived space by using a method of resampling. - BOZDOGAN, H., RAMIRES, Fall Meeting of SEK DA-NK, Gesellschaft fUr K1assifika­ D.E.: Model selection approach to the factor model tion problem: Parameter parsimony, and choosing the The Section on Data Analysis and Numerical Classifi­ number of factors. -ROGERS, D.F.: Aggregation techni­ cation of the German Society for Classification held its ques for Markov processes. - FURNAS, G.W.: Visualizing Fall Meeting from 7-8 Nov.1986 at Dortmund. The additive constant and missing data problems with a program which P.O.DEGENS had organized consisted of projective variant of "Critchley Diagrams". - KINNU­ 7 papers and included also presentations, analyses and CAN, M.T., HARSHMAN, R.A.: Symmetric and skew­ discussion of two data sets, one on brain tumors and one symmetric components of alphabetic confusion matrices. on SAB_values of ribosomal RNA. The papers were the (4) Applications of Cluster Methodology following: HERDEN, G. (Essen): Irrtumsfunktionen zur LEE III, A.R.: Shaving Ockham with his own razor: Gewinnung relativ-optimaler K1assifikationen. -KOHL­ Stemmatic analysis of texts using most parsimonious SCHE, A.J. (Munchen): Das okologische Wanderungs­ trees. - ANDES, N.: Validation of cluster solutions using problem - ein regressionsfreies Modell. - WILLE, R. discriminant analysis and bootstrap techniques. (Darmstadt): Begriffsanalyse von Paarvergleichstests. - -SCHEETZ, J.P., WILLIS, D.O.: Aquisition of perceptual BANDELT, H. (Oldenburg): Zur Rekonstruktion motor skills in dentistry. - NORMAN, M.: Cluster phylogenetischer Baume. - DRESS, A. (Bielefeld): analysis and the bankruptsy classification problem. - Blockzerlegungen metrischer Raume. - GODEHARDT, KENDALL, A.J.: Cognitive dimensions in perceptions of E. (Dusseldorf): Klassifikation mit Hilfe graphentheore­ U.S. presidential candidates. tischer Methoden. - HAESELER, A.v. (Bielefeld): (5) Cluster Software Ein Algorithmus zur hierarchischen Clusterung. For EDMONSTON, B.: Clustergram package for cluster further information write to Dr.P.O.Degens, Universitat partitions. - Dortmund, FB Statistik, PF 50 05 00, 04600 Dort­ LING, R.F., JONES, W.D.: K-Clustering and software mund.

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Reports and Communications 151 Stability in Classification 25th Annual Meeting of ACL, Stanford, July 1987 The British Classification Society together with the A call for papers was distributed for this meeting of Biometrics Society/British Region and the Royal Statis· the Association for Computational Linguistics to be held tical Society Multivariate Study Group held a joint from 6·9 July 1987 at Stanford University, Stanford, half·day meeting on 11 Nov.1986 at Birckbeck College, CA. Papers are invited on substantial, original, and London on this topic with the following four papers unpublished research on all aspects of computational presented as well as a closing discussion: Allan D.GOR· linguistics, theoretical or applied. Among the 21 topics DON (St.Andrews): Stability and validation of numerical named one can find also knowledge representation; classifications. . Ian JOLLIFFE, Byron JONES, Byron information and document retrieval; computational, MORGAN (Kent): Stability in cluster analysis: iIlustra· mathematical, and psychological models; programming tions from social applications ..James A.BARNETT strategies. A certain format for submission of abstracts (East Ang/ia): The instability of yeast nomenclature .. etc., has to be obeyed. Ian JOLIFFE, Byron JONES, Byron MORGAN (Kent): Papers must be received by 12 Jan.1987. Further infor· Infiuence in cluster analysis ..For further information mation: Candy Sidner, ACL·87, Program Chair. BBN please turn to: DLFrank Critchley, Department of Laboratories Inc., 10 Moulton Street, Cambridge, MA Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL. 02238, USA.

Standardization in Computerized Lexicography ACL European Chapter 1987. Third Conference The Institut der Gesellschaft zur Forderung der A Call for Papers has been distributed for this Chapter Angewandten Informationsforschung e.V.(IAI) of the Conference of the Association for Computational University of the Saarland cosponsored by the European Linguistics to be held from 1·3 April 1987 at the Copen· Science Foundation (ESF) held its 4th Forum on hagen University. Papers are invited on all aspects of Information Science and Practice from Oct. 15· 1 7, 1986 computational linguistics including Morphology, Lexical in Saarbrlicken. The subtitle of the Forum was "Problems Semantics, Computational Lexicography and Lexicology, of lexical data exchange". Sessions dealt with Text· Sy ntax and Seman tics, Machine Tra nslation and Transla* corpora, Dictionaries, Terminology, Problems and tion Aids, Na tural Language Interfaces, Knowledge possible solutions of standardization in computerized Representation, and Ex pert Systems. Summaries must lexicography, Prospects. Some 23 papers were presented be submitted by Nov.15, 1986. Further information: and discussed. Participation was free of charge. For Bente Maegaard, Institut for Anvendt og Matematisk further information please turn to Prof.Dr.Harald Lingvistik, Kobenhavns Universitet, Nj alsgade 96, H.Zimmermann, Martin·Luther·Str.14, D·6600 Saar· DK·2300 Kobenhavn S. Denmark. brlicken 13.

Communication and Cognition: Applied Epistemology Going for Gold An International Congress on this topic will be held The Department of Infonnation Science of The City at Ghent, Belgium, 6·8 Dec.l987. The objective is University of London will celebrate a Silver Jubilee described as follows: "Studies in Cognition, Communica­ Conference under this heading on Friday, Jan.16, 1987. tion, Information, and Artificial Intelligence have caused The one·day program comprises 8 lectures and a closing important breakthroughs and successes in many other address by R.T.BOTTLE. Chainnan of the morning disciplines and sciences, viz. cognitive psychopedagogy, session on Information Technology is C.J.van RIJS· cognitive linguistics, cognitive neurology, cognitive BERGEN, his speakers include Ch.R.HILDRETH, USA ("Online library catalogues and information retrieval politicology, cognitive therapy, cognitive studies of sciences (methodology of science, history of science, systems: will the marriage last") and K. SPARCK study of protosciences, logic of science), JONES ("Intelligent interfaces for information retrieval cognitive study of literature and stylis tics, cognitive systems"). The afternoon sessions look at Social and study of the origin of language, etc. Professional Aspects of the field. Further information is The twentieth anniversary of the founding of the society available form the Department of Infonnation Science, COMMUNICATION AND COGNITION is .... an occa· The City University, Northampton Square, London sian to bring together scientists for whom the communi· ECI V OHB, Tel. 01·253 4399 Ext.3901. cative and cognitive perspective is a crucial factor in their work, whether influencing its direction or 8th International Conference on Computers and the providing impetus for reorientation. This perspective Humanities emphasises epistemology, its relevance to the methodo· ICCH 1987 will be held at the University of South logy of particular sciences and its importance as a Carolina, Columbia SC, April 9·12, 1987. Papers are heuristical basis which generates building blocks and invited on all aspects of computer research in the paradigms. It has also reoriented epistemology itself. humanities - literature, linguistics, history, philosophy, More and more attention is being given to its potential music, visual arts " as well as on topics appropriate to the for practical application." humanities in the computer sciences and education. Some 18 symposia are foreseen and papers are invited to Fa further information please turn to: ICCH 87, c/o specific subjects which fall within the symposium topics. Prof.R.L.Oakman, Department of Computer Science, The deadline of abstracts is fixed as Jan.15, 1987. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, Address: Communication and Cognition. Jan Van USA. Dormael, B1andijnberg 2, B·9000 Ghent, Belgium.

152 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Reports and Communications alternative approaches may be adopted: (I) the search intermediary, (2) the natural retrieval language, and (3) the intelligent interface» .. The second of the contributed papers, "Pour des FIDleR News 18 representations enrichies du contenu en vue d'ameliorer Ie reperage en plein texte" was delivered by Suzanne BERTRAND-GASTALDY of the Universite de Montreal Foreword on behalf of her co-authors Jean·Guy MEUNIER and The events of the FID Conference and Congress at Montreal, Hermel LEBEL. The paper suggested a typology of Sept.1986 with their many wonderful encounte�s ha�e given again many a stimulus to our thoughts and provIded 10 many representations of texts for retrieval purposes. Different respects a new impetus to our work. FID has also widened the representations reflect different levels of structure scope of its name to include from now on also information: within the text. These different structural levels should l' "FID, la Federation Internationale de Information et de la be thought of as complementary to diffe rent cognitive Documentation", At the occasion of FID's 90th Anniversary a special issue of the IFID journal appeared which includes also a structures in the minds of different users at different longer contribution on FID/CR. It can be had from the FID stages of dialog with the retrieval system. Headquarters, P.O.Box 90402, NL-2509 LK The Hague. OUf Following lunch, a panel session was held on the FIDjeR brochure which was added to the last issue of Interna­ general topic of "Classification, indexing, and new tional Classification, was distributed to all the participants of the FID Congress. Anybody else interested in distributing it in his technology". Panelists were Hal BORKO, University of country should please ask for copies at the FIDleR Secretariat, California at Los Angeles, Karen MARKEY of the Woogstr. 36a, 0·6000 Frankfurt 50, FR Germany. Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), Nancy WIL­ This time, our FIDICR newsletter is composed of contribu­ LIAMSON of the University of Toronto, and Inge tions from many sides. The addresses of the contributors are DAHLBERG of FID/CR. Discussion began with brief listed at the end. May all readers feel encouraged to send brief statements from the panelists. Borko noted how com­ reports to the Secretariat ofFID/CR on the current devel?pments of classification and indexing in their respective countnes. Any puterization lead to early experimentation with auto­ longer reports - equally welcome - covering, for instance, the matic classification. He also volunteered to coordinate a last decade, could be printed in the form of socalled "country group interested in classification in relation to expert reports" in the main part of this journal. systems. Markey spoke about the Dewey Decimal Classification as an online search aid; among points Classification, Indexing, and New Tech nology. noted was the value of tagging parts of compound Report on 3rd Regional FIDICR Conference notations. (The full statements of Prof.Borko and Dr. A successful Third Regional Conference of FIDICR Markey are printed below.) Williamson indicated plans was held on Saturday, Sept. 13, 1986, at the Queen to investigate online searching using another classification Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, in conjunction with the scheme, that of the Library of Congress. Dahlberg noted Conference and Congress of FID. Attendance was good, the link between the other panelists work and her own with about sixty people participating from 16 countries. interest in compatibility and switching languages. Participants were welcomed to the conference by the The panel session continued with a general discussion two co·conveners, Tim CRAVEN and Paule ROLLAND­ involving comments from the floor. Throwing away THOMAS, and by Michael HILL, the FID president and classification data in adapting cataloging records was Inge DAHLBERG, chairperson of FID/CR. noted as a possible source of fu ture problems for libraries The first presentation was by Carolyn WATTERS and and similar organizations. ROLLAND-THOMAS raised Michael SHEPHERD of Dalhousie University ("PRO­ the difficulty of cuttering in the Library of Congress LOG and IR"). Watters introduced predicate calculus scheme for users speaking a language other than English. and gave simplified examples of how it would apply to In answer to a comment that the Universal Decimal document retrieval. If a computer language, such as Classification was specifically designed for infonnation PROLOG, that performs predicate calculus is to operate retrieval, Borko remarked that the word "designed" efficiently on a large database, a classification scheme is should be amended to "adapted". As an informal needed in order to select the parts of the database that conclusion of the session, Jim ANDERSON of Rutgers will be processed. Watters showed the way in which her University reported briefly on his work on developing a group was using a faceted scheme, based on the ideas string indexing system with many complex rules, ana­ of Ranganathan, in structuring a database for this logous to the rules of an expert system. purpose. Craven then gave a brief impressionistic summary of Two contributed papers completed the morning the conference. Key terms include "computerization", portion of the programme. In the first of these papers, "complexity", "diversity", "users", "assistance", "The three languages theory in information retrieval", "expert systems", "online searching", "natural language" , Gilles DESCHATELETS of the Universite de Montreal and "classification". The greater power and efficiency discussed some of the problems facing online searchers provided by various degrees of computerization has lead and possible ways of helping searchers with them. to systems which are both more diverse and more The three languages of the theory are (I) the natural or complex. Complexity and diversity may create problems written language of authors and readers, (2) the indexing for users, and the power of computerization may in turn language, and (3) the query language. In order to conduct be applied to assisting users with these problems. Diversi- effective and efficient searches, a searcher must learn to use all three languages. The natural language of authors and readers generally requires the least effort. To help *) See also the full paper in this issue of International Classifica­ searchers with the indexing and query languages, three tion.

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 FID/CR News 18 153 ty also has a good side in that it may complement the rather than on a larger main frame computer, for we diversity of users: computer power may be applied to anticipate that the system will be used by students to customizing for particular user needs. develop cataloging and ES design skills. Expert systems and online searching are two products We are currently in the design and development of compute!ization. How expert systems may help in phase. Our first step was to chose as a model an existing online searching is one question to be explored. The documented ES whose design and architecture we could relative merits of natural language and classification emulate in MAPPER. After reviewing a number of schemes in online searching continue to be probed. possibilities, we had no difficulty in selecting MYCIN as Classification ideas certainly seem likely to be important our model principally because the work is in the public in implementing large·scale expert systems. Given the domain, and because the purpose of the MYCIN system · usefulness of classification, the relative value of adapting medical diagnosis . is closer to the library cataloging existing schemes and designing new schemes to suit new problem than any other ES of which we are aware. technology is also a topic for discussion. We will design MAPPER in strict accordance with the The conference ended with a business meeting of AACR2 rules, in spite of their known shortcomings, for FID/CR. this would enable us to study and collect data on the difficulties in applying these rules and possibly to Tim C.Craven suggest improvements. For the expert system development package, or shell, we selected the EXSYS programs. The package consists Expert Systems Applied to Library Cataloging. of an editor, a runtime program for operating the FID/CR Panel Remarks, Sept.13, 1986 system, utility programs to compress files and rearrange Research in classification (as in other fields) is very rules, a tutorial program with five lessons on how related to, and dependent upon, technology. Work on to create expert systems, a demonstration program, and automatic classification started when we first began to a manual. We are still learning to use EXSYS, but so far use computers for language data processing rather than we are pleased with the programs and believe that they numerical analysis. This classification research consisted will meet our needs. of two related projects: (1) applying mathematical It is our belief that ES research is the new frontier algorithms to determine classification categories, or and the next stage of development in library information groups, into which a large undifferentiated mass of science. ES makes more effective use of automated documents could be classified, and (2) applying a library systems and online data bases that were designed different set of algorithms to automatically cluster and implemented during the past decade, and they shnilar documents into their proper groups. Similarity of will help the librarian be more productive and efficient documents is based on the vocabulary, and especially on in carrying out the many tasks involved in managing an the key words, used in the documents. Work in these information service center. Many different ES will need areas is continuing and indeed is even more important to be developed, and I am aware that a number of today, as one seeks to improve the efficiency of online people are engaged in this research. Most are working on data base searching. systems that will help the end user search online data Today's computers are considerably more powerful bases, but a few are applying ES technology to aid and and more accessible than they were years ago. The improve cataloging and classification perfonnance. hardware, especially speed and storage capacity, as well Within FID/CR, I would be willing to act as a focus and as the programming languages are orders of magnitude contact point for the exchange of information on ES more advanced, and consequently new applications activities related to classification research. If you are are possible. One of the most exciting new application is working in this area, or know of someone who is, please in the area of expert systems (ES), and I would like to write to me at the following address: Prof. Harold Borko, tell you about a research project, in which I and a UCLAjGSLIS, 405 Hilgard Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90024, doctoral student, Zorana ERCEGOVAC, are working, at USA. applying expert systems technology to library cataloging. Harold Borko The name of the project is MAPPER, and the goal is to design a prototype computer-based system that would Overview of Dewey Decimal Classification (DOC) Online serve as a cataloging aid and would assist the librarian/ Project. cataloger to catalog maps by selecting appropriate FID/CR Panel Remarks, Sept. l3, 1986. AACR2 cataloging rules and completing the MARC map format. nne Online Project Objectives Although this is our stated goal, we recognize that the (l) Use the consensus of experts, i.e., DDC editorial task is extremely complex and that we are unlikely to staff, DDC publisher, project consultants, representatives fully accomplish this objective. More realistically, we from the four participating libraries, OCLC project team, perceive the MAPPER system to be a research tool that to determine strategies for searching and displaying the would enable us to investigate ways of organizing and DDC in an experimental online catalog. codifying a limited number of AACR2 rules and the (2) Demonstrate the DDC as a searcher's tool for subject knowledge of experts into a symbolic data structure that access, browsing, and display in the experimental online could be processed by computer programs and used as catalog. aids in cataloging. The system will be implemented on a (3) Test the effectiveness of the DDC in retrieval expe· microcomputer, the IBM PC/AT with a maximum of rhnents with the participating libraries' patrons and 640K internal storage and a 20 megabyte hard disk staff.

154 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 FIDICR News 18 (4) Evaluate the demonstration and test results in a data components of DDC numbers. For example: a directory analysis and disseminate the results of the research of entomologists in Columbus, OH, bears the class project. Data collected and analyzed in the project were: number I> a595.7002577157. Using Wajenberg's coding, (a) recall and precision scores from and time spent per the three components of this class number would be search in 320 patron and 360 staff searches, (b) failure identified in the DDC class number field (082 or 092) of analyses of patron and staff searches, (c) four databases a bibliographic record: 1) Entomologists I> e595.7, 2) containing between 8,000 and 12,000 records enhanced Directory with the DDC. I> fl I> g0025, 3) in Columbus, OH, I> f2 l>g77157.DDC project only allowed access to Wajenberg's subfield e. Findings of DDC Online Project Why is this important? If the individual components of When incorporated into an online catalog as a user's tool DDC numbers were coded, class numbers and subject for subject access, browsing, and display, the DDC terms from the DDC Schedules, Relative Index, and enhanced Tables could be added to records, and library patrons (I) subject access t@ a bibliographic database and staff could browse the Schedules, Relative Index, (2) subject searching strategies in an online catalog, and Tables. (3) display of subject information in bibliographic (3) Enhance library classifications with captions and records. notes that are understandable to library patrons. (a) There were captions and notes in the DDC that were Present Needs for Machine-readable Library Classifica­ not understandable to library patrons. Examples are: tions Standard subdivisions, Historical and geographical (1) MARC format for machine·readable library classifi­ treatment, Games not characterized by action, Inflated cations. ball thrown or hit by hand. (a) The Decimal Classification Division at the Library of (b) Changing captions and notes to ones that are under­ Congress (LC/DCD) (with help from Informatics, a standable to library patrons might mean two separate commercial firm commissioned by Forest Press that DDC's, i.e., a machine·readable DDC for library cata­ built the machine·readable DDC from the print tapes of logers and classifiers, and a machine·readable DDC for the 19th edition of the DDC) defined a format for DDC library patrons and reference staff. which requires a separate classification record for every unique DDC number and every unique centered heading Future Us es of Machine-readable Classifications and range; DDCRI entries are combined with unique (1) Editorial and publications uses: Editors and pub· DDC number records. lishers can maintain, edit, update, produce, publish, and (b) This format defined for DDC should be the starting distribute the most current version of the classification point for editorial staff who are automating classifica­ in a variety of formats, i.e., print, micrographic, tape, tions. compact disk. (c) Why? This format has been pretested for editorial (2) Library technical services uses: functions by the LC/DCD in its Editorial Support (a) Staff can access the most current version of the System which permits automated editorial functions to classification through a bibliographic utility, e.g., OCLC, the entire 19th edition of the machine-readable DDC. RUN, or through a compact disk-based cataloging This format has also been pretested for patron access in workstation, to perform subject cataloging and classifi the DDC Online Project. cation tasks. Cd) The DDC Online Project is not the only instance in (b) A cataloging utility or cataloging workstation can which a machine-readable classification has been tested. offer these searching strategies: Other machine-readable classifications are: ICONCLASS 1) Staff perform subject searches of bibliographic in the Online Marburg Index in Marburg, FR Germany; records, study retrieved records' subject headings and UDC 77 "Photography and similar processes" in PHO­ classification numbers, and apply Ca) class number(s) CUS at the Public Archives of Canada's Picture Conser­ and/or subject heading(s) to the item at hand based on vation Division (Ottawa, Canada); the Relative Index of the examination of retrieved records' class numbers and the DDC in a DOBIS/LIBIS system at The State Library subject headings.Staff can also browse the classification' in Pretoria, Republic of South Africa; MEDCLASS at s index, schedules, and/or tables to find appropriate the National Library of Medicine (NLM) in Bethesda, number(s) for class number building. Maryland, for online creation and editing of 4th edition 2) Staff perform subject searches of the classification to of the NLM's classification schedules. find candidate numbers. Staff then browse the classifi­ (2) Enhance subfield coding in class number fields to cation' s index, schedules and/or tables to find appro· express individual components of synthesized class priate number(s) for class number building. numbers. 3) Subject searches available to staff: keyword, subject (a) The DDC Online Project team was limited to enhanc­ outline, index (alphabetical), class number. ing bibliographic records with DDC numbers and text (3) Pa tron access (such as the patron access provided in from the DDC schedules, and DDC numbers and text the DDC Online Project). Enhance subject access and from the DDC Relative Index matching DDC numbers searching strategies in online catalogs, and enhance enumerated in Schedules. display of subject information in bibliographic records (b) Subfield coding, such as the coding suggested by by online catalog capabilities that allow patrons to: Arnold WAJENBERG (see "MARC coding of DDC for (a) locate class number areas where books are found on a subject retrieval", Inform.Technol.& Libr. 2(SepU983) topic through subject outline, index (alphabetical), and p.246·51) would permit identification of the individual class number searches,

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 FID/CR News 18 155 (b) fi nd items on a topic through subject outline, key­ his paper had been the sale survivor of the planned set. word, index (alphabetical), and class number searches, He pointed to the need for maps to guide thinking - ( c) browse the logical outlines of classification schedules either as an aide memoire to known territory or as and tables through subject outline, index (alphabetical), an introduction to new territory. It pointed out the and class number searches. value of classification in the development of expert Karen Markey systems which need syntactical rules and also need to control vocabularies. The paper suggested that the categories of ignorance need to be defined and, although rules exist to establish parameters of question asking, rules are needed to establish parameters for response Organization of Information. although, to quote T.S.Eliot, "If we can state the Report on Session 7 of the FID Congress, Sept.l 8, 1986 question precisely, we already know the answer". (Reprinted from FID News Bull.36(1986)No.lO, The final paper, by Mr. STRACHAN, dealth with the p.77-78) Universal Decimal Classification and, again, "change" This session dealt specifically with the tools used to was the keyword · as managing for change was the paper' organize and exploit books and information - the Broad s subtitle. The debt to Ranganathan was acknowledged, System of Ordering, the Dewey Decimal Classification and the characteristics and procedures of the UDC were (DDC), and the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC). described. The current work and planned activities on I! started appropriately with a memoire of Paul Otlet the mechanisation of the UDC were covered, together and Henri LaFontaine in a two minute description of with a survey of major revisions and language editions the characteristics of FID's two founders. The historical published recently. The UDC Management. Study, development of classification systems was a main fe ature completed in 1984, was mentioned and the next phase in the paper by Mr. BATTY, on the nature and develop­ in the UDC development was discussed in terms of the ment of multi�dimensional classification structures. At appointment of the UDC Management Board, the two its close, the discussion was turning towards a wider tier revision process based on Coordinating Revision debate on the application of a single model of a classifi­ Committees, and the implementation of an action plan. cation scheme which could be used for all subject areas The fu ture of the UDC in terms of its management, at both the general and the specific level. There was also mechanisation and intellectual authority was the main a need expressed for a concordance between classifica­ focus of the discussion. The UDC will have a role both in tion systems. traditional library and information systems and in The most recent information tool discussed was the the development of knowledge-based and expert systems. Broad System of Ordering (BSO) which Mr.STILES Finally, tlIe session fe atured the announcement of the considered in terms of its usefulness in the development FID Classification Research Committee (FID/CR) of expert systems. The paper, given on behalf of Mr. Ranganathan Award of Merit to Pauline Atherton COATES, on lexical tools for information exchange in a COCHRANE for her contributions to classification mechanised environment, discussed the results of a research. referral test using the Broad System of Ordering as a search aid in an experiment on 38 databases in the DIALOG system performed by London University Certificate of Merit Centre for Information Services (LUCIS). Because of her recent book Although Mr. PAULSON also made reference to the Redesign of Catalogs and Indexes for Improved historical context by referring to conversations between Online Subject Access: Selected Papers. Dewey and Otlet starting in 1895, the keyword for his Phoenix, Ariz. : The Oryx Press 1985. XII,484 presentation was "change". He described the methods of p. and because of her many contributions to the field of updating and revising the classification, the automated classification throughout the last 25 years, the FID)CR Editorial Support System and the use of the Dewey Subcommittee for the Ranganathan Award decided to Decimal Classification in automated retrieval systems. present the RANGANATHAN AWARD of 1986 to The paper given by Ms.MARKEY, on library classifi­ cation as a subject searcher's tool in an online catalogue, Professor PAULINE ATHERTON C 0 C H RAN E introduced two new acronyms, "SOC" and "DOC" - SOC being the subject catalogue without Dewey and at the occasion of the 43rd FID Conference in Montreal, DOC being the subject catalogue plus Dewey. Four Canada, during the Session on the Organisation and libraries had participated in the study which had led to Exploitation of Information, chaired by Mrs. Stella recommendations for better coding in the classification Keenan, Sept. 18, 1986. fields in the cataloguing record; the degree of usefulness P.A.Cochrane's book on the redesign of catalogs and of the Dewey classification in online catalogues; the indexes, which includes the contributions of many years' need to make classification captions clearer to library work in the organization of knowledge, makes evident users and library staff; and the need to add information the competent manner in which she has influenced the on the classification authority file. The discussion of this thinking, studies and work in the field of classification. paper focussed on training, criteria for success, and ease As early as 1961 she designed a classification system for of use. the field of documentation. In 1964/65 she edited the Mr.BATTY's paper on the nature and development of fine volume, known as the Elsinore Proceedings (of multi-dimensional classification structures had been the 2nd FID/CR International Study Conference on intended as one of a set of four papers but, in the event, Classification Research). In 1967/68 she (together with

156 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 FID/CR News 18 ML Robert Freeman) conducted the AUDACIOUS Forest Press to express Section concerns on this matter. Project and demonstrated that the UDC could be used Next, the group charged Nancy WILLIAMSON to for online subject searches. Her devotion to the work of represent the Section's interest at the 3rd Regional DLS.R.Ranganathan is expressed in her monograph Conference of FID'ss Committee on Classification "Putting Knowledge to Work" in which she extended on Research to be held on September 13, 1986 in Montreal, Ranganathan's "Five Laws of Library Science" . pre­ Canada. After lengthy discussion, the Standing Com­ sented as the Ranganathan Endowment Lectures of mittee agreed that the two officers should look into the 1970 and published 1973. In 1978 she also pioneered in possible formation of a Working Group to examine the conducting the Subject Access Project (SAP) at the computerization of subject authority mes with the goal University of Syracuse, in which project bibliographic of establishing guidelines for a machine readable file records were enhanced with subject terms taken from format. Robert HOLLEY and Barbara KELM will report the tables of contents and indexes in books. The most on the fe asibility of such a Working Group at the recent results of her insight and foresight in her online Brighton Conference in 1987 and propose possible subject access studies led to the significant research members. project in which her former student, now DLKaren For the Brighton Conference, the Section will turn Markey, investigated the use of the Dewey Decimal over one of its program slots to the Division for a three Classification in online access studies at the Online session seminar in recognition of the 10th anniversary of Computer Library Center (OCLC). This seems to be only the UNESCO Paris Conference on National Bibliography. the beginning of many further studies and promising For its part, the Section suggested that the Division development work, also in the field of switching be­ consider an overview of classification in national biblio­ tween classification systems and other indexing langua­ graphies or a history of subject access in the Britisli ges. The classification community is anxiously awaiting National Bibliography. For its own program, the Section the completion of her present investigations concerning asked Ross BOURNE to see if he could find one speaker the use of the Library of Congress Subject Headings in to discuss the Bliss Classification and another to give an online catalogs. historical overview of the Classification Research Group. FID/CR is proud of its former vice-chairperson and The Standing Committee selected Robert HOLLEY US national member of FID/CR and is very happy to and Tor HENRIKSEN for its two nominations to the congratulate Mrs.Pauline A. COCHRANE on receiving its Universal Bibliographic Control/International MARC Ranganathan Award of 1986. Project Advisory Committee. In its final action for the On behalf of the Ranganathan Award Subcommittee Tokyo Conference, the group charged Robert HOLLEY Dr.Ingetraut Dahlberg, Chair FID/CR to mount a Standing Committee membership drive by writing to the library associations of selected countries. This citation was read at the end of the 7th Session of the FlD (Abridged from the report of the chairman) Congress and subsequently sent to Prof. COCHRANE who - unfortunately - could not be present as she is living with her Robert P.Holley husband in Boroko, PNP. Here is her prompt reply of Oct.I, 1986: " .... What a pleasant surprise! The Award came out of the blue! It is one of the nicest things that has ever happened to me, F.R.Gennany: Call for Papers , th Annual Conference especially professionally .... I am glad you reacted to favorably to 11 my Selected Papers volume. It was fun to do and I have been The 1987 Annual Conference will be held at Aachen, pleasantly surprised by the reviews, but nothing equals my joy June 29 - July 1 together with the 1st Conference of the and satisfaction over the Ranganathan Award!". International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS). The theme acknowledges the new trends in the IFLA Section on Classification and Indexing. utilization of classification principles by: "Wissensorga­ Report on Meetings during the Tokyo IFLA Conference nisation im Wandel" (which is in translation not exactly 1986 "Knowledge organization in a Changing World"). The In keeping with Section tradition, the open meeting full call is added to this issue for the subscribers of on August 26 dealt with subject access in the immediate European countries. region. MLHiroshi ISHIYAMA of Japan spoke on 'The Trend of Classification in Japan" while MLYan LIZ­ India HONG of China gave a "ProfIle of Chinese Cataloguing The 3rd number of the Classification Society of India and Subject Cataloguing". The Section also distributed a Bulletin was issued in July 1986. It is sponsored by the paper by MLE.R.SUKIASJAN of the USSR on "The Indian Association of Teachers in Library Science New Standard of the USSR: Systematization of Docu­ (lATLIS). Its editor, M.P.SATIJA, calls the members to ments. General Requirements". The second open meet­ send their biodata for a projected Classification Directo­ ing on 27 August heard Ms. Nancy WILLIAMSON of ry, and reports on a number of events, viz. the General Canada report on the Section Project with the title Body Meeting of the Society on Dec.8, 1985 at Nagpur "Classification in Online Systems: Research and Pro­ University, the International Conference on Rangana­ gress". Then, MLTor HENRIKSEN of Norway reported than's Philosophy, the 2nd Regional Meeting of FID/CR on the "UDC: BS 1000. International Medium Edition in New Delhi, and on Doctoral Research on Classifica­ in Book and Machine Readable Form". tion and Indexing in India. Two obituaries conclude The second Standing Committee meeting took place the 2-page newsletter, one for DLD.S.Krishna Rao, who on Thursday, Aug.28. The Botswana Library Association had received the first PhD in library science in India (he forwarded to the Section a statement of concern on the died on Feb.20, 1985) and one for Mrs. Sarada Rangana­ treatment of Southern Africa in the Dewey Decimal than, the wife of DLS .R. Ranganathan, who passed away Classification. Robert HOLLEY will send a letter to on July 30, 1985.

Int. Classi!. 13 (1986) No. 3 FIDICR News 18 157 Nigeria for faceted classification schedules: the influence of The Cataloguing and ' Classification Section of the mechanization upon schedule design and classification Nigerian Library Association was established in 1966. policy", spoke on the effect of computerized systems on Since then it has been involved in the organisation of the logical content of classification systems with particu­ seminars and workshops on Cataloguing and Classifica­ lar reference to the layout and development of the tion. Most of the programmes of the National Library index. He pinpointed the various problems arising, for of Nigeria in the area of bibliographic control have instance the "carry-overs", differences in type faces, use involved the support and participation of the Cataloguing of capitals not only as headings but also to denote and Classification Section. acronyms, recognition of facets, commas, a.o. These The first major project of the Section is the expan­ problems were discussed by the eight members present. sion of the DT Class: African History, in the Library of Mr. MILLS informed that Bliss Class A "Philosophy" Congress Classification Scheme (LCC). In expanding and would be sent to the publisher (Butterworths) in October modifying the DT Class, other African countries were 1986. Mr. SANDISON mentioned that the BSI Com­ involved, and they contributed to the expansion of the mittee, at present engaged in revising the standard for areas relating to their individual countries. The result of Documentation Terminology, would soon be looking at the efforts is a comprehensive schedule on the history of the problems of Terminology of Classification. Africa, which - although using the LCC DT schedule as a basis - is completely different from the DT class. For this reason it is named "DTA". Work on the DTA was an U.S.A.: ASIS/SIG/CR upward task, which dragged on slowly for two decades. The July Newsletter (SIG/CR No.26) contained a The work is now completed and ready for publication. report on the Mid-Year-Meeting in Portland, Oregon, Because of financial constraints, we have not been able May 13, 1986 by Richard A.V.DIENER. In the session to publish the new DTA schedule, which - when published named "Beyond Context Indexing for Knowledge -will make the job of classification with the Library of Representation" which had the purpose "to begin a Congress schedule much easier. discussion on existing techniques in classification re­ We organise seminars and workshops every year search which would allow the expansion of the horizons of Information Science beyond content analysis and focusing attention on the problems of classification and data processing toward context analysis and information cataloguing. In 1981 a national seminar on the new processing, two papers were presented: (1) Kathryn Anglo-American cataloguing rules (AACR2) was spon­ WEINTRAUB (University of California, Irvine Library) sored by the National Library of Nigeria and organised "discussed the role of facets as content structuring jointly with our Cataloguing and Classification Section mechanisms. Her discussion focussed on the faceted before the new code was adopted in the country. The structures in the new Bliss Classification System .... She topic of the 1983 Seminar was "Organisation of know­ also broached the idea of using general facets in ledge in Nigerian libraries" (held in Port-Harcourt), in 1984 it was "Indexing services: principles and practices structuring information for question answering systems. (2) Robert HOROWITZ (University of Southern Cali­ with special focus on their relevance in Nigeria"(held in fornia, School of Medicine) "discussed a technique for Jos). The 1985 seminar was concerned with "Authority files for Nigerian libraries" (held in Kano) and the last identifying the network of knowledge in an area. The graph and table headings from the literature are used as one 9-11 July 1986 (held at the University of Ibadan) the raw data, with their co-occurrences establishing a was devoted to "Problems with the application of the network link between the concepts". major classification schemes used in Nigerian libraries". DIENER gave also a survey on a session in Database We have been studying the areas of the different Theory and Applications, among which one paper was classification schemes used in Nigeria which need modi­ on authority control and another one on index construc­ fication and expansion. For these purposes, sub-com­ tion. Concludingly he elaborated on the role of classifi­ mittees have been set up on each of the major classifica­ cation research in the era of intelligent machines and tion schemes used in Nigeria, viz. the LCC, the DDC, the pointed out that a task of remembering (the once UDC and the Moys Classification schedules. Each learned lessons on facets and relationships) and relearning committee will study and examine a classification had begun in Portland which should be continued, facing scheme, and make proposals Of recommendations for its the necessity to "begin adjusting our visions, images, and improvement. theories to our new function of representing knowledge Plans for the fu ture: We proposed to make a survey for intelligent information processing and environ­ of libraries using the UDC Scheme in Africa. The libraries ments", for which "we need to revitalize our knowledge will be asked to mention areas in which they have of the mechanisms for structuring data into information problems with the application of the UDC. By this we and eventually information into knowledge, for structu­ will know where to focus attention in the use of UDC in ring content into context and eventually context into Africa. Beatrice S. Bankole meaning." For ASIS 86 (the 49th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Information Science at Chicago) U.K. CRG 2S8 with the high-reaching topic "Shaping the future: The The 258th meeting of the Classification Research Sky's the Limit" a preview is contained in SIGICR 26 Group was held on June 26, 1986 at the University announcing the following events: College London. Mr. NEILSON who had prepared a (1) A session entitled "Artificial Intelligence in Memorandum on "Computerized systems of production Bibliographic Control" to be held on Sept.29 morning,

158 lnt. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 FID/CR News 18 organized by Linda C. SMITH (University of Illinois). a number of courses having been given in the last two Discussion was to be on the potential applications of years at different places In Brasil on the following artificial intelligence concepts and techniques to subject topics: Techniques of Indexing; Indexing and Informa­ access, descriptive cataloging, and authority control. tion Handling; Faceted Classification Systems Applied to Panelists: B.OLANDER (University of Toronto and Indexing; Elaboration of Printed Indexes; Thesaurus for LIBLAB, Linkoping University, Sweden) on "Artificial the Field of Biomedicine; Indexing Languages. intelligence and cataloging", R. BURGER (University of Further information: IBICT, Director: A.A.Briquet Illinois) on "Artificial Intelligence and authority con­ de Lemos, SCN - Quadra 2, BI.K, 70710 Brasilia, DF. trol" , and R. RADA (National Library of Medicine) on " Artificial Intelligence and subject access" , Addresses of Contributors: (2) Another session sponsored by SIG/CR and Ms.B.S.Bankole, Chairperson NLA Cat.& Classif.Section, cosponsored by SIG/ALP, entitled "Automating Know­ c/o National Library of Nigeria, 4 Wesley Str., P.M.B. ledge Extraction from Text" was to be held on Oct.l 12626, Lagos, Nigeria and organized by Irene TRAVIS (PRC Government Prof.H.Borko, UCLA/GSLIS, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Information Systems). It was to discuss progress in Angeles, CA 90024, USA natural language understanding from the perspective of Prof.T.C.Craven, University of Western Ontario, SLIS, text understanding for the creation of knowledge bases Elborn College, London, Ont. N6G 1H1, Canada and expert systems. Speakers were to be Don WALKER Dr.R.P.Holley, University of Utah Libraries, Salt Lake (Bell Communications Research) and Bruce LOATMAN City, UT, USA (PRC Government Information Systems). MS.Stella Keenan, FID General Secretary, P.O.Box (3) Other sessions of interest were to be on "Indexing 90402,NL-2509 LK The Hague developments"; "Beyond Bibliographic Control: The Dr.K.Markey, OCLC. Office of Research. 6565 Frantz Future of the Library Catalog"; "Indexing Special Road, Dublin, OH, 43017, USA Formats"; "Intelligent Information Retrieval"; "Ex­ ploiting Word Processed Documents for Precedential Purposes"; and HUser Interfaces for Information Sys­ tems" .

U.S.A.: Further Education in Classification A brochure on a HClassification Institute" sponsored Classification and Indexing Research by the Cataloging and Classification Section of the Current Bibliography of Projects Resources and Technical Services Division of the Ameri­ Our interested readers are kindly requested to send us can Library Association is being distributed with an information on their own research projects, If applicable, invitation to catalogers, cataloging managers, library fo r publication in this service. educators and other librarians interested in the role of Our sources of the fo llowing project descriptions were classification in contemporary library service. the FID publication R&DProjects 16(I986)Nos. I-J At four dates (Nov.6-8, 1986 in Arlington, VA; and Current Research in Library and Information March 19-21, 1987, in St.Louis, MO; June 25-26, 1987 Science, published by The Library Association (UK). in San Francisco, CA and in Spring 1988 in Boston, MA) For reasons of space we had to shorten the abstracts. a program will be presented in four half-day sessions to The class numbers on the right are taken fr om the some 150 registrants. It has the following objectives: (1) Classification Literature Classification. to gain an understanding of classification theory and practice, (2) to improve understanding of specific 224 CL1SS classification systems, (3) to learn about the current Cognitive aspects of information seeking and retrieving. developments in classification systems, and (4) to gain Research workers: Saracevic, T., Chamis, A.Y., Trivison, D. an understanding of the role of classification in online Address: Case Western Reserve University. Department of access systems. The fa culty includes: Melba ADAMS Library Science. Duration: 1985�1986 (Library of Congress), Liz NICHOLS (Stockton-San This second phase of a larger inquiry is concerned with the integration of obtained results (from the first phase which was Joaquin County Public Library, CA), Mary K.D. PIETRIS related to the context of requests in IR, structure and classifica­ (Library of Congress), Phyllis RICHMOND (UCLA, tion of requests, procedures in request analysis and search SLIS), Elaine SVENONIUS (UCLA, SLIS), Russell strategy a.o.) with those from other studies and lay a framework SWEENEY (Leeds Polytechnic, School of Librarianship), for an empirical foundation of information seeking and retrie­ ving. Source: Curr.Res. 4(1986)No.3 Arnold WAJENBERG (University of Illinois, Urbana­ Champalgn), Nancy WILLIAMSON (University of 225 CL1SS Toronto, SLIS), and Jennifer YOUNGER (University of Application of human brain research to information storage and Wisconsin, Madison). retrieval systems. For a programwrite to: RTSD Classification - Crystal Research worker : Heimburger, A. Address: Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, Informaatiopalvelulaitos, Vuorimiehentie 5, City, American Library Association, 50 E. Huron St., 02150 Espoo, Finland. Duration: 1986 Chicago, IL 60611. Obj ectives of this investigation are to (a) clarify the natural scientific and computer technical methods that are applied to Brasil: Furth er Education in Indexing Languages and brain research and particularly to human memory; (b) to evalu­ ate how these methods and especially the results of the memory Indexing investigations could be exploited in the development of automatic The yearbooks of 1984 and 1985 of IBICT (Instituto information retrieval systems. Brasilieiro de InformaGao em Ciencia e Tecno10gia)show SouIce : R&D Projects 16(1986)No.2

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 FID/CR News 18 159 226 CL236 Duration : 1982-1986 Methodes de compression de thesaurus en vue d'optimiser Ie Since Iranian languages and literature are not well presented in reperage de l'information. (Ways of condensing a thesaurus in the Library of Congress Classification, research was started to order to improve information retrieval) survey the literature on the subject, especially 1) Iranian lan­ Research workers: Davidson, C.H., Crapo, H., Gastaldy, S. guages before and after Islam, 2) Iranian dialects, their geo­ graphical division, and 3) general works about Iranian literature, Address : Universite de Montreal. Ecole de Bibliotheconomie et Iranian authors and their works from 3rd to 14th century. des Sciences de l'Information. Montreal, Canada. Duration: Source : Curr.Res. 4(1986)No.3 1983- Objective of this research consists in testing one or more objective 232 CL646 methods, based on a quantitative analysis of thesaurus terms and Machine readable translation of AGROVOC to/from Swedish­ relationships, which allow to prepare sub-units of the thesaurus English. which may serve either to furnish documents as an answer to all Research workers: Vedi, S.F. Andersson, u., Berg, B., Lindgren, those requests other than the rare precise questions or under N.-O., Rollison, N., Wilnsche, G. Address: Sveriges Lantbruks­ certain circumstances according to the indexation. Source: universitets Bibliotek, Ultunabiblioteket, 8-750 07 Uppsala 7, Curr.Res. 4(1986)No.3 Sweden. Duration: 1984-1985 The obj ect is to create a Swedish AGROVOC to be used for 227 CL233 indexing and searching in the database known as LANTDOC. Discovering underlying concepts in data through conceptual The thesaurus will be available online and in a printed version. clustering. The project is related to AGRIS which provides the input for Research worker : Stepp, R.E. Sweden. Source: R&D Projects 16(1986)No.3 Address : University of Illinois. Graduate School of Library and Information Science (GSLIS). 410 David Kinley Hall, 1407 233 CL646 W.Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL. Duration: 1985*1987 Subject headings for agricultural Hbraries. The development of theoretical principles, algorithms, and Research workers : Sandoval-Guerrero, M., Ojeda·Trejo, R.M. practical methods for the discovery of underlying concepts in Address: Universitdad Autonoma Chapingo. Biblioteca Central, the description of objects or situations through the use of Chapingo, Mex. 56230 Mexico. Duration: 1986 conceptual clustering is aimed at. A computer system is being The subject headings list on agriculture of the Central Library of developed that will build a conceptual classification for descrip­ the University of Chapingo elaborated since 1964 has been tion of objects. It acts by generating concepts that describe published in order to aid all Spanish speaking agricultural Hbraries obj ect classes and then partitioning the given a,bj ccts into the in assigning their subject headings. It is hoped that by this way appropriate classes . ... The significance of the. research lies in its also some standardization will help to improve the exchange of potential to contribute to the design and development of com­ information. Source: R&D Projects 16(1986)No.l puter-based knowledge resource systems. Source: Curr.Res.

4 (1986)No. 3 234 CL6519 La jeunesse en tant que champ de connaissances interdisciplinai­ 228 CL293 res: essai de systematisation language documentaire. (Young Etude de I'efficacite compare, pour la recherche documentaire, people as an example of a field of interdisciplinary knowledge: d'un thesaurus traditionnel et d' un thesaurus post-indexation. an attempt to systematise documentation language) (Documentation research - comparative efficiency study of a Research worker: Szpakowska, J .·K. traditional thesaurus and a "post-indexing" thesaurus (drawn Address: Universite de Montreal. Ecole de Bibliotheconomie et from a bibliographic data base). des Sciences de l'Information. C-0.6128 Succ.A. Montreal, Que. Research workers: Gastaldy, S., Rousseau, Y. H3C 317, Canada. Duration: 1984-1986. Address: Universite de Montreal. Ecole de Bibliotheconomie et The project is a prolongation of studies made since 1978. It des Sciences de l'Information, Montreal, Canada. Duration: consists of four parts: 1) Elaboration of a documentary language 1986. and edition of the "Thesaurus sur la condition juvenile. 2) Objectives of the study are 1) the utilization of automatic Systematisation of the field of knowledge related to the group of methods for (a) the elaboration of a post-indexing thesaurus the 13-25 years old ones. 3) Feasibility study to create a data­ from a bibliographic database, (b) the constant updating of this base for this knowledge field. 4) Review of writings on the tool for the maintenance and improvement of the system's Quebec young people (June 1983-June 1985) with the analysis performance; 2) the evaluation of the efficiency of the post­ and indexing done according to the language CONJUQ. Source: indexing thesaurus in information retrieval compared with a Curr.Res. 4(1986)No.3 thesaurus built by traditional methods. Source: Curr.Res. 4(1986)No.3 235 CL65384 Automated medical information and diagnostic systems 229 CL337 Research worker: Schank, R.C. A logico-linguistic study of the PRECIS indexing system as a Address : Yale University. Department of Computer Science and possible model in a shift from manual indexing to automated Psychology. Duration: 1985- text-analysis. Investigation on the concept-based indexing and retrieval method Research worker: Dykstra, M. Address: Dalhousie University. for a major collection of lung tumour slides (histologic and School of Library Service, Halifax, CA. Duration: 1986- radiologic images). The collection will be placed on videodisc to Source Curr.Res. 4(1986)No.3 use its capability to manipulate data in ways that will permit the study of a hierarchical knowledge structure to encode the 230 CL43.6-376 "semantics" of images. A first step is the development of a Extension of Dewey Decimal Classification system on subj ects workable indexing and retrieval capability for the slide archive. related to "petroleum" and "gas". Source: Curr.Res. 4(1986)No.3 Research workers: National Iranian Oil Co. Duration: 1986-1987 As the DDC seemed rather limited as far as subjects related to 236 CL722 Petroleum are concerned, an extension was attempted in accord­ Case grammar and functional relations in aboutness recognition ance with the DDC rules and regulations. Source Curr.Res. and relevance decision-making in the bibliographic retrieval 4(1986)No.3 environment. Research worker: Lewis, D.E. 231 CL44.6-928 Address: University of Western Ontario. School of Library and The expansion of Iranian languages and literature in the Library Information Science, London, Onto N6G IHl, Canada. Duration: of Congress Classification. 1981-1984 Research workers: Shademan, Z., Fani, K., Sadigh-Bebzadi, M. The study was conducted to determine to what extent a set of Address: National Library of Iran. Department of Library functional relations based on Fillmore 's case grammar theory Research. could be used to explain the correspondence between patterns of

160 Int. Classif. l3 (1986) No. 3 FIDleR News 18 language behaviour in aboutness recognition and language patterns in the texts of queries and abstracts. Thirty subject specialists submitted queries and performed relevance assessments on titles and abstracts retrieved from the DIALOG data system using "aboutness" or "topicality" as the operational definition Infoterm News for their judgements. Source R&D Projects 16(1986)No.2 (compiled from Info term Newsletter 42) 237 CL726 Fuzzy model construction for analysis and representation of meaning in natural language texts. Research worker: Rieger, B. Meet the old and new Infoterm crew!; Address: RWTH Aachen. Germanistisches Institut. AG f.mathe­ Since our Newsletter henceforth will be prepared and matisch-empirische Systemforschung, 5100 Aachen, FR Ger­ many. Duration: 1985-1987 disseminated by Infoterm itself, we should like to take The study comprises the following parts: 1. Algorithmic analysis this opportunity to present the old and new Infoterm of discourse and texts on certain subject domains for stereotype crew: Mr. Christian Galinski succeeded Prof. Helmut representation of word meanings, 2. Separation of meaning Felber who retired at the end of 1985 as Director of Info­ representation entities from their latent relational structure of lexical relevance and semantic disposition, 3. Development term. - Members of the professional staff (in alphabeti­ and testing of recursively defined procedures which induce cal order) are: relevance relations in and generate dependency structure among Elmar Filhring, Magdalena Krommer-Benz, M.A., stereo typically defined meaning representations, 4. Utilization in Adrian Manu, M.A., Wolfgang Nedobity, M.A., Dip. question�answering systems. Source: Curro Res. 4(1986)No.3 Lib. - Our assistants are: Eva Hajdu, Eva Lindquist, 238 CL753 Andrea Zauner. Improving subject access in an online catalogue by using relevance feedback and classification codes. Presentation of the Association for Terminology and Research workers : McLean, N., Walker, S., Jones, R.M., Johns, N. Knowledge Transfer Address: Polytechnic of Central London. Library Services. This Association, founded in Trier in April 1986, is to London, GB. Duration: 1986- foster development in information and knowledge The project is carried out in conjunction with the project on transfer. For this purpose the Congress on Te rminology "Online public access catalogue (OPAC) automatic word stem­ and Knowledge Engineering will be organized jointly by ming, spelling, correction and synonym generation". It is pro­ this Association, the University of Trier and Infoterm posed to investigate the use of the Dewey Classification Code together with index terms from relevant records. The project will under the patronage of Unesco. Sept. 29. - Okt. 1, evaluate the effe ctiveness of searches using the experimental 1987, at Trier, FRG. system against a standard Okapi system as control. Source: The Congress will provide a forum for presentation Curr.Res.4(1986)No.3 and discussion of basic terminological tools and techni­ 239 CL87 ques which can be fruitfully applied to knowledge engi­ Designing a system for storage and retrieval of audio visual neering. materials in the archives of IRIB. Research workers: Moradi, N. et a1. Workshop "Concept Analysis", Dannstadt, FRG, Address: Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB). Archive Department. Duration: 1981-1987 January 17-19, 1986 Proj ects have been undertaken to prepare a classification scheme This Meeting was organized by the research group on and subject-headings as well as to design new rules for the audio-visual materials such as pictures, slides, videos and tapes. concept analysis at the Te chnical University of Darm­ The system is to be computerized. Source : Curr.Res. 4(1986)No.3 stadt (Prof. Dr. R. Wille), cosponsored by the SIG/BA of the Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikation, and subsidized by 240 CL984 Classification as a professional practice in librarianship. the foundation "Volkswagenwerk". Most of the 20 pa­ Research worker: Hovi, I. pers presented outlined the different approaches Address: Tamperen yliopisto Kirjastotieteen ja informatiikan various subject fields have chosen in the investigation of laitos, PL 607, 33101 Tampere, Finland. Duration: 1985-1986 concepts and their applications. The aim of the project is to study how library classifications, especially the Finnish versions of Dewey Decimal Classification The majority of presentations drew the attention of and UDC are used in different research and public libraries in the audience upon the impact mathematical methods order to see the quantity and quality of differences and coopera­ and theories can have upon the structuring and present­ tion possibilities. The classification of about 100 selected books ation of concept systems. The most notable develop­ ru.:e compared in 10-15 libraries as well as the way of classing some of the most interesting books and the way, classified ment in this field has taken place at the Department of catalogues are used by reference librarians. Source : R&D Mathematics of the Technical University of Darmstadt. Projects 16(1986)No.3. The application of the lattice theory makes it possible to establish a hierarchical order within a set of related con­ cepts, which is based, however, on the frequency of oc­ curence of certain characteristics. In addition, the re­ search group has developed suitable software for the presentation of these lattices by computer. Infoterm presented a paper concerning aspects of the representation of concepts starting from the common roots both in mathematics and terminology. These roots were outlined by comparing the relevant theories of

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Infoterm News 161 Gottlob Frege and Eugen Wiister. It was concluded that It became clear that the co-operation of experts of differ­ a highly developed "concept script" is an important pre­ ent specialization is a prerequisite for obtaining high­ requisite for all types of knowledge representation. The quality terminological data. proceedings of this workshop are in preparation. In order to discuss incumbent problems in detail, the Conference was divided into six plenary sessions and three parallel workshops which dealt with topics such as Colloque "Industries de la langue", To urs, international and national terminological activities, ter­ Feb. 28·March 1, 1986 minological activities in the Arab World, linguistic vari­ This Conference was convened by the Council of Eu­ ations in Arabic, etc. rope upon the initiative of the French ministries to pre­ There was unanimous agreement that a regional ter­ sent the general situation of the language industries in minology network "Arab-Term" should be developed. Europe and in the world at large and to discuss specific For this purpose a feasibility study should be carried out interconnections between language and cultural indus­ to assess the specific needs of such a network. tries. Decision makers i� Europe were made aware of the cultural impact connected with the development of language industries. Infoterm presented a paper stress­ Projects ing the importance of terminology as a link between the In ternational Bibliography of Te rminological processing of knowledge and the processing of natural Literature (B T 1) language. A preliminary edition of this Bibliography containing nearly 2,400 bibliographic references to publications in Meeting of the Infoterm Advisory Committee, the field of terminology proper, computerized termino­ Vienna, April 21-22, 1986 graphy as well as related fields has just been completed Members of the Infoterm Advisory Committee met on and circulated among TermNet Partners interested in Infoterrn premises to discuss and assess Infoterm achie­ BTl for verification, amendments, etc. vements attained so far and to assist in the development of Te rmNet Statutes which represent the basis for .a full­ In ternational Bibliography of Vo cabularies in fledged implementation of the TermNet Programmes. the Field of Music (BT 314) The Draft Te rmNet Statutes will be discussed in detail A preliminary edition of this BibliograpHy has just been during the next Te rmNet Assembly scheduled to take completed; it contains some 70 references to vocabular­ place in spring 1987. ies, etc. available in Austria in the field of music.

Meeting on the Helsinki Act (1975): Security aud In ternational Bibliography of Information and co.operation in Europe, Tr iest, May 9-11, 1986 Computer Processing (BT 314) This Conference, convened by the University of Triest Some 400 bibliographic references have been collected and the European Coordination Centre for Research over the past years and stored on floppy discs. At pre­ and Documentation in Social Sciences (ECSSID) was sent, all data collected so far are being verified andlor devoted to methodological issues related to the prepara­ amended for publication in the near future. tion of a multilingual vocabulary or thesaurus on inter­ national relations on the basis of the Helsinki Act and In ternational Bibliography of Vo cational subsequent conferences. Some 50 participants from 14 Tr aining (BT 314) countries discussed the results achieved in previous con­ ferences as well as future procedures. It was generally This Bibliography covers bibliographic data on some agreed that a variety of approaches, such as models 250 vocabularies in the field of vocational training. After based on semantics, semiotics, text linguistics, content verification of these data, pUblication of this Bibliogra­ analysis (the latter being presented in a paper by Info­ phy is envisaged. term), etc. could contribute substantially to the project Readers of this Newsletter are invited to contact Info­ in question. term with reference to collaboration in any of the pro­ jects mentioned above. Conference on Arab Co.operation in Terminology, Thnis, July 7-10, 1986 Meetings This Conference was organized by the Arab Standardi­ Oct. 2-4, 1986: Hamburg, FRG. 17th Annual Meeting zation and Metrology Organization (ASMO) in co-oper­ of the Association for Applied Linguistics (G.A.L. ation with the Arab League Educational, Cultural and e.V.) in connection with the Danish Association for Scientific Organization (ALESCO), the National Insti­ Applied Linguistics (A.D.L.A.). For further infor­ tute for Standardization and Industrial Property (LN. mation contact: G.A.L.-Office. Attn.: Ms. Anne Nor. P.I.) and Infoterm. Thomalla, University of Tr ier, Postfach 3825, D-5500 It aimed at preparing the grounds for the intensifica­ Tr ier, FRG. tion of co-operation in terminology between the Arab Oct. 8-10, 1986: Valladolid, Spain. 1st Hispanoameri­ countries. Past and present developments in the Arab can Congress on Construction Te rminology orga­ World and abroad were analyzed as well as the applica­ nized by the University of Valladolid. For further in­ bility of these results to problems of Arabic terminology. formation contact: I Congreso Hispanoamericano de

162 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Infoterm News terminologfa de la edificaci6n, Escuela tecnica supe­ cadre d'un reseau de terminologie. Co-operation internationale rior de arquitectura etra. 'de Salamanca, sIn., E- dans Ie travail terminologique. MiinchenlNew York/London/Paris: K.G. Saur, 1986, 642 p., AS, ISBN 3-598-21369·7, DM 98,-IUS $ 47014 Valladolid, Spain. 46, - (Infoterm Series 8) Oct. IS-19, 1986: San Francisco, U.S.A. 11th Annual INFOTERM; RICHER, S.: Proceedings of the First Te rmNet Meeting of the Semiotic Society of America. For AssemblylComptes rendus de la Premiere Assembh�e Te rmNet. further information contact: Semiotic Society Secre­ Vienna: Infoterm; Ottawa: Documentation Directorate, Tr ansla­ tariat, POB 10, Bloomington, IN 47402, U.S.A. tion Bureau, Department of the Secretary of State of Canada/Di­ rection de la documentation, Bureau des traductions, Secretariat Oct. 24-26, 1986: Paris, France. Colloque international d'Etat du Canada, 1986, 84 p., 280 x 215 mm, ISBN 0-6625·4143-X sur la fertilisation linguistique. For further informa­ INFOTERM; RICHER, S.: Proceedings of the First In terna­ tion contact: M.P. Lerat, U.E.R. des Lettres et tional Wo rkshop 011 Te rminology DoclimelitatiolllComptes rendus Sciences Humaines, Universite de Paris XIII, Ave­ du Pemier Atelier International sur la documentation terminologi­ que. Vienna: Infoterm; Ottawa: Documentation Directorate, nue Jean-Baptiste Clement, F-93430 Villetaneuse, Tr anslation Bureau, Department of the Secretary of State of Cana­ Paris, France. da/Direction de la documentation, Bureau des traductions, Secre­ Oct. 2S-26, 1986: Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. Conference tariat d'Etat du Canada, 1986, 280 x 215 mm, ISBN 0-6625-4144-8 on Computers in language research and language learning. For further information contact: Mr. Lyle New Journals F. Bachman DESL, 3070 Foreign Languages Build­ Te xTconText. Holz-Miinttiiri, J.; Stellbrink, H.-J.; Ver­ ing, 707 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois meer, H.-J. [ed.]. Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag, 61801, U.S.A. 1.1986. Nov. 6-7, 1986: Ontario, Canada. Second Interna­ tional Conference of the Centre for the New Oxford This quaterly journal published by Julius Groos Verlag, English Dictionary (computational lexicography and Postfach 102423, D-6900 Heidelberg 1, FRG, will cover lexicography). For further information contact: G. a variety of aspects related to translation, such as theory, Johannesen, NOED Centre, University ofWaterl oo, practice and didactics of translation and interpretation. Ontario N2L 3GL, Canada. Nov. 14-15, 1986: London, G.B. 7th International DISCOSS. Revue de [,Association Discoss contrasti! Conference on Tr anslating, Translating and the Com­ scientifique et de sp ecialite. puter, to be held at the CBI Conference Centre, Lon­ This bi-annual periodical is addressed to researchers, don; sponsored by Aslib, the Aslib Technical Tr ansla­ teachers, interpreters and to those interested in langu­ tion Group and the Tr anslators' Guild. For further age and special languages in general. To be ordered information contact: Ms. Barbara Hobbs, Profes­ from: Association DISCOSS, 29 rue Descartes, F-7S00S sional Development Group, Aslib (The Association Paris, France. for Information Management), Information House, 26-27 Boswell Street, London WCIN 3 JZ, En­ gland. Hidden Glossaries Nov. 27-28, 1986: Cologne, FRG. 1st West German AAA. Automative retail vocabulary. Aslib ITB 31 (1985), no. 1, p. 41-44. Terminology Conference organized by BDO. For AAA Biomedical terms (de-ru). Capital Tr ans­ further information contact: Mr. Helmut Hartmann, . lator(1985, 2 p. Vice-President, BDO, Hubert-Prott-Str. 4, D-S020 AAA. Geschiiftsfiihrer[Manager] . (fr, it, en, de, nl, da, gr). Infor­ Frechen, FRG. mations Terminologiques / Informazioni Terminoiogiche I Ter­ Dec. I-S, 1986: Paris, France. Colloque des ectiteursde minological Information (1985), no. 27, p. 80-87. dictionnaires des pays latins under the patronage of AAA. Glossary (related to atomic energy). In: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. DEPARTMENT OF A10MIC ENERGY. An­ Infoterm, Real Academia Espanola, Council of Eu­ nual Report 1985/86. Bombay: Department of Atomic Energy, rope, Unesco, Ministry of Education and Science and Governmentof India, -1986, s.p. the Presidency of the Spanish government. For AAA. Greve [Strike] (fi, it, en, de, nl, da, gr). Informations Ter­ further information contact: Union Latine, Secreta­ minoIogiques / Informazioni Terminologiche / Terminological Information (1985), no. 27, p. 61-72. riat General, 6S, bd. des Invalides, F-7S007 Paris, AAA. HVAC Systems, testing, adjusting & balancing. Vienna! France. Virginia: Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' Na­ Dec. 11-12, 1986: Hannover, FRG. International Col­ tional Association, Inc., 1983, (Glossary: p. 11.1-11.11). loquium on "New perspectives of subject-oriented AAA. Monographie "Banques" [Monograph "Banks"] (fr, it, en, de, nl, da, gr) . Informations Terminologiques /Informazioni foreign language teaching", University of Hannover. Te rminologiche / Te rminological Information (1985), no. 27, For further information contact: Prof. Dr. Claus p. 42-49. Gnutzmann, Didaktik der englischen Sprache, Bis- . AAA. Orders, decorations and medals of the EC Member States. marcksstrafle 2, D-3000 Hannover 1, FRG. Informations Terminologiques /Informazioni Terminologiche/ Terminological Infonnation (1985), no. 27, p. 99-110. BAKER, E. ret al.] Solar heating and cooling systems design for News on Infoterm hoillings Australian conditions. Sydney: Pergamon Press, 1984, 319 p. (Glossary: p. 310-314) Books BALL, S. Some English titles and awards and their equivalents. ISO. Bibliography. International standard vocabularies. Geneve: Informations Terminologiques / Informazioni Terminologiche/ ISO: 1986, 43 p., A4 (Also available in English) Te rminologicalInformation (1985), no 27, p. 75-79. INFOTERM. Proceedings. Second Infoterm Symposium. Net­ BRENNER, R.L. Petroleum stratigraphy: A Guide for working in terminology. International co-operation in terminol­ nongeologists. Dordrecht (Holland): D. Reidel Publishing ogy worklActes. Deuxieme symposium d'Infoterm. Travail dans Ie Company, 1984, 193 p. (Glossary: p. 167-178)

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Infoterm News 163 BULLARD, F.M. Vo lcanoes of the earth. Austin: University of LOOK, H.E. [ed.] Electronic publishing - A snapshot of the early Texas Press, 2nd rev .ed., 1984, 629 p. (Glossary: p. 581-590) 1980s. OxfordlNew Jersey: Learned Information, 1983, 200 p. CHAPLIN, F. let a1.] The Te chnology of suspended cable net (Glossary: p. 185-200) structures. LondonlNew York: Construction Press, 1984, 73 p. LDTJE, W. Luftfahrtelektronik (en-de-fr-es) [Aviation electro­ (Definition of terms: p. 71-73) nics (en-de-fres)]. Lebende Sprachen, 31 (1986), no. I, DAN FREDERIKSEN, E. Commer�ants et chefs d'enterprise p. 38-41. [Tradesmen and heads offirms]. Informations Terminologiques MADDISON, R.N. let a1.] Nuclear power technology. Volume 3: I Informazioni Terminologiche I Terminological Information Nuclear radiation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983, 363 p. (1985), no, 27, p, 89-97. (Glossary: p. 321-355) DEASINGIDN, R.J. A practical guide computer communica­ MASSANT, N.; LURQUIN, G. Te rminologie de la psychophar­ tions and networking. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Limited, 2nd macologie (fin) [Terminology of pSYChopharmacology (end)]. ed., 1984, 126 p. (Glossary p. 119-123) L'actualite terminologiquefferminology update, 18 (1985), no. DODO, J .E. The ideas of particle physics. An introduction for sci­ 10, p. 4-9. ONy entists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, 202 p. MELCHER, D. let al.] Practical aspiration cytology. Edinburgh: (Glossary: p. 180-186) Churchill Livingstone, 1984, 230 p. (Glossary: p. 210-225) DZUNIC V.; LAINOVIC-SIDJANOVIC, N. Osnovni termini iz MINNAERT, R. Landschapsecologie in Nederl�nd ...en elders racunarske tehnike (sc-ru-en) [Main terms of computer lan­ [The ecology of landscape in the Netherlands and otherplaces1. guage (sc-ru-en)]. Prevodilac, 1985, no 2, p. 92-103. Informations Terminologiques I Informazioni Terminologiche I EGGERT, A.A. Electronics and instrumentation for the clinical Terminological Information (1985), no. 27, p. 52-57. laboratory. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983, 432 p. (Glos­ MOHR, M. The art of soap making. Camden East (Ontario): sary: p. 413-420) Camden House Publishing Ltd., 1979, 127 p. (Glossary of in­ EMMELMANN, F. Haufig vorkommende waffentechnische Be­ gredients: p. 108-115, A soaper's vocabulary: p. 116-119) griffe und deren Erlauterung (en-de) (Teil 1) [Frequent terms MURPHY, C.H. Handbook of particle sampling and analysis me­ on weapon engineering and their explanations (en-de) (part thods. Deerfield Beach, Florida: Verlag Chemie International, 1)]. Lebende Sprachen, 31 (1986), no. 1, 1986, p. 22-25. 1984, 354 p. (Terminology: p. 17-21) EMMELMANN, F. Haufig vorkommende waffentechnische Be­ NEVITI, P.K. Project financing. London: Euromoney Publica­ griffe und deren Erlauterung (en-de) (Teil2) [Frequent terms tions, 4th ed., 1983, 273 p. (Glossary: p. 231-245) on weapon engineering and their explanations (en-de) (part 2). PERCIVAL, F.; ELLING1DN, H. A handbook of educational Lebende Sprachen, 31 (1986), no 2, 1986, p. 65-69. ONy technology. London: Kogan Page Ltd., 1984, 248 p. (Glossary: FERRETII, M; CINARE, F. Synthese, reconnaissance de la pa­ p. 159-214) role [Synthesis, recognition of speach]. Paris: Editests, 1983, PITA , E.G. Refrigeration principles and systems. An energy ap­ 282 p. (Petit lexique de la parole: p. 281-282) proach. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1984, 424 p. (Glossary: FIKE, J.L.; FRIEND, G.E. Understanding telephone electronics. p. 368-373) Dallas: Texas Instruments, 1983 (Glossary p. G1-G3) REESE, W.D. Mosses of the gulf south. From the Rio Grande to GABRIEL, Eric ret al.] Closing the gaps in project management the Apalachicola. Baton RougelLondon: Louisiana State Uni­ systems. Guildford, Surrey: Butterworths, 1984, 101 p. (Glos­ versity Press, 1984, 252 p. (Glossary: p., 237-243) sary: p. 99-101) REISEN, U. Kohleveredelung (de-en) [Coal refining (deMen)]. GALLER, J.R., [ed.] Nutrition and behavior. New Yo rkiLondon: Lebende Sprachen, 31 (1986), no. 1, p. 19-22. Plenum Press, 1984, 514 p. (Glossary: p. 473-479) ROBERTS, L.E.J. Nuclear power and public responsibility. Cam­ GARDNER, E.J. Human heredity. New York: John Wiley & bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, 143 p. (Glossary: Sons, 1983, 435 p. (Glossary: p. 403-416) p. 130-133) GREGORY, C.E. Rudiments of mining practice. Clausthal-Zel­ ROTHAN, A. let al.] Occupational exposure to airborne substan­ lerfeld: Trans Tech Publications, 1983, 141 p. (Glossary: ces harmful to health. Geneva: International Labour Office, p. 129- 134) 1980, 44 p. (Glossary: p. 31-38) GURLEY, S. Flexible circuits. Design and applications. New SAFFORD, E.L. Jr. The fiberoptics & laser handbook. Blue York/Basel: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1984, 211 p. (Glossary: Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books Inc., 1984, 356 p. (Glossary: p. 177-207) p. 312-349) HAMILIDN, C. A guide to printed circuit board design. London: SARTOR, M. Jerga de la Represion Argentina [Jargon of the Ar­ Butterworths, 1984, 91 p. (Glossary: p. 83-86) gentine Repression]. Lebende Sprachen, 31 (1986), no. 2, p. HUBER, H. Was noch nicht im Worterbuch steht ... (de-fr) 79-83. 0Ny [What is not yet to be found in the dictionary (de-fr)]. Lebende SCHMIDT, W. Debitorenglossar (de-en) [Glossary of accounts Sprachen, 31 (1986), no. 1, p. 26-27. receivable (de-en)]. Lebende Sprachen, 31 (1986), no. 2, p. JOHN, D. ret a1.] Geology and landscape in Britain and Western 61-64. 0My Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983, 171 p. (Glos­ SMI1H, W.A. [ed.] A guide to CADCAM. London: The Institu­ sary: p. 157-162) tion of Production Engineers, 1983, 93 p. (Glossary: p. 87-93) KEOWN, M.P. Streambank protection guidelines. Vicksburg, SUMANTH, D.J. Productivity engineering and management. Mississippi: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment StaM New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1984, 547 p. (Glos­ tion, 1983, 60 p. (Glossary: p. 50-52) sary: p. 518-524) KOHL-LISlMANN, L. Lasertechnik (de-Ir) (Teil 1) [Laser en­ TA NKOSIC, S. Osnovni pojmovi iz oblasti optoelektronike (en­ gineering (de-Ir) (part 1)]. Lebende Sprachen, 31 (1986), no. sc) [Basic notions from the field of optoelectronics (en-sc)]. 1, p. 27-33. Prevodilac, 1985, no. 4, p. 89-108. KOHL-LISlMANN, L. Lasertechnik (de-Ir) (Teil 2). Deutsch­ TERMINOLOGIEBURO DES EUROpAISCHEN PARLA­ franzosisches Fachwortglossar zur Lasertechnik [Laser en­ MENTS. Die Verwaltungsorganisation der Bundesrepublik gineering (de-fr) (part 2). German-French glossary on laser en­ Deutschland. Glossar de-fr-it-en [The organization of adminis­ gineering]. Lebende Sprachen, 31 (1986), no. 2, p. 70-78. tration in the Federal Republic of Germany. de-fr-it-en glos­ ONy sary]. Lebende Sprachen, 31 (1986), no. 2, p. 83-89. ONy LESTARIC, S. Izbor pojmova iz oblasti automobilske tehnike (sc­ VINCENT, L. The policy and expenditure management system of en-de-ar) [Selected terms from the automobile industry (sc-en­ the "Envelope system". L'actualite terminologiquerrerminol­ de-ar)]., Prevodilac, 1985, no. 1, p. 70-107. ogy update, 19 (1986), no. 1, p. 1-5. LEVADIE, B. [ed.] Definitions for asbestos and other health­ WOLFF, B. ret a1.] Your wind driven generator. New York: Van related silicates. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1984, 182 p. (Glossary: and Materials, 1984, 213 p. (Glossary: p. 201-205) p. 99-105) LIEB, R. Straftaten und StrafHiter, ein kleines Glossar (de-es) Zukai-shori-kemkyukai hyojunka-bukai [ed.] Yasahii zukei shori [Crimes and criminals, a short glossary (de-es)]. Lebende Spra­ yogoshu [A simple vocabulary of graphic processing]. Zukei to chen, 31 (1986), no. 1, p. 34-36. gozo, winter 1981, p. 48-59. ONv

164 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Infoterm News Caeta News

The work of COCTA is carried on by various activi­ The possibility of launching a new kind of INTER­ ties. At the World Congress of the International Sociolo­ COCTA project focussing on the indigenization of social gical Association in New Delhi, Aug.l2-22, 1986, a science research and on "indigenous concepts" required number of panels on methodology were held, arranged for this purpose was the main subject of discourse during by Alberto MARRADI. After the ISA Congress another another COCTA-sponsored session held on the afternoon meeting was held at Jaipur within the INTERCOCTA of Aug.22, 1986, under the co-chairmanship of Prof. S.C. Project in a joint effort with the Indian Social Science ·DUBE from Bhopal and Prof.D.M.PESTONJEE from Council headed by Iqbal NARAIN. A report on the Ahmedabad, India. An overflow crowd of actively Jaipur meeting is rendered below. interested panelists and participants produced one of the most lively discussions at the Congress. This INTERCOCTA Activities during th e ISA Congress in discourse continued during a three-day Round Table on Delhi "Indigenous Concepts and Terms in the Social Sciences" An overall review of the COCTA-sponsored project to held in Jaipur, India, Aug.24-26, 1986. The Indian develop a conceptual encyclopedia in the social sciences Council for Social Science Research, under the leader­ was presented during the COCTA business meeting by ship of Prof. Iqbal NARAIN, sponsored this meeting, Fred W.RIGGS. An essay by him on this subject will be which was hosted by the Institute of Development published soon in the International Social Science Studies of the University of Jaipur, under the direction J ourna!.The pilot project for the encyclopedia, consisting of Prof.D.D.NARULA. of a computerized conceptual glossary for researchers After a lively and extended debate, consensus was writing about ethnic problems and processes has been reached on two basic proposals: first the preparation of published under the sponsorship of the International the new kind of conceptual glossaries for indigenous Social Science Council (ISSC). Information about Indian social science concepts, under the sponsorship of participation in the network of correspondents who are the ICSSR. A second project involves the compilation specialists in "ethnicity" and undertake to use and test of essays, to be discussed at follow-up meetings, on the glossary and contribute to its revision and augmenta­ themes relating to the indigenization of Indian social tion may be secured from Prof. Riggs at the University science research. Questions about the goals and audience of Hawaii, Political Science Department, Honolulu, HI, for social science knowledge in India will be considered, 96822, USA. These participants will receive compli­ together with questions about methodology and salient mentary copies of the glossary and a follow-up newsletter substantive issues. - others may buy the work for US /l 25.- UNESCO was represented at the meeting by Dr.Z. A parallel glossary on ethnicity, in Russian, has been GUELEKVA, from Paris Headquarters and Dr.Yogesh prepared at the Institute of EthnographY in the Academy ATAL from UNESCO's regional office in Bangkok. It is of Sciences of the USSR. Further information about this anticipated that modest UNESCO support will be project can be secured from the director of the Institute, forthcoming to help encourage these projects. Academician Yu.V.BROMLEY, at 19 Dm.mianov St., F. W. Riggs 117036 Moscow, USSR. Preliminary planning is under way for additional ethnic glossaries in French and in It may be added that it was decided at the New Delhi Spanish. Anyone interested in the former should contact Congress that new COCTA panels would be arranged at Prof. Eric de GROLIER at the ISSC in Paris; those the next world congress of the ISA. Alberto Marradi will interested in the latter should write Dr.L.RAMALLO, at plan these panels together with other ISA research the ISSC also. groups: the methodology group and the social ecology A Spanish-language glossary for "development groups. studies" has been prepared at CENDES, the Center for Jan -Erik Lane research on development at the Central University of Chairman of COCTA Caracas, Venezuela. The possibility of an English-language parallel glossary for researchers on "development" is under consideration. Attention is also being given to possible new INTERCOCTA glossaries, viz. in such fields as "peace and conflict resolution", "human and social ecology", "human rights", "ways of life". A paper on the key concept, "growth", has been prepared by Prof. Henry TEUNE, University of Pennsylvania, Phila­ delphia, and additional papers are planned on the adaptation and use of this concept in various social Prof.Dr.J.-E.Lane, Chairman of COCTA science disciplines, leading to the compilation of a book University of Umea. Department of Political Science. of essays for the INTERCOCTA Encyclopedia. S-90187 Umea.

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 COCTA News 165 DHC (p.13). For "Jewish stereotype characteristics of Fagin", therefore, something more indicative than Xg Sx FAG Ncnqvhj may be found (p.50). Since Dickens studies are, apparently, a thriving industry, hospitality is Book Reviews of paramount importance in DHC; although it seems difficult to think of additional subjects in the "Back­ HARRIS, Kevin: The Dickens House Classification. ground to Dickens studies" -section. Something may turn London: Polytechnic of North London 1986. 98p. ISBN up, though. 0·946232A4-X. � School of Librarianship and Informa­ Anyone familiar with the unsatisfactory literature tion Studies. Research Report 18. sections in universal classifications and the Babel of critical tongues will probably find the section on "study Imagine Mr.Micawber visiting Dickens House and & appreciation of the writings of Charles Dickens" the trying to find his way through some 4,000 books (of most challenging feature of DHC. After all, DBC caters which 40% are criticism of Dickens' work) and some for both the general, often appreciative books and the 5,000 items offprints, photocopies of articles, papers highly specialized scholarly article. Mr.Harris points out and miscellanea, Would the Dickens House Classification that despite its focus on Dickens studies, "it seems (DBC) be of any help to him? Or would he rather likely that this section represents the most detailed have to rely on his infallible optimism of the "something classification available in literature s(udies" (p.8). It will turn up"-kind? certainly is detailed, but a glance at classified glossaries In a three-year project Kevin Harris designed a of literary terms (e.g. by Ruttkowski) reveals DHC to be scheme to classify the collection of Dickens House, that biased towards fiction (quite naturally so) and laclang is to say, the classification is supposed to be serving both the terms of genre theory required from a comprehensive library and museum purposes. To call the DHC scheme classification. All the same, DHC, as it now stands, is elaborate would be an understatement. The tables run to quite a decisive terminological step al,ead of other almost 58 closely printed A4 pages. The printed display library minded classifications. of DBC cannot be exhaustive, however. For DHC is a Access to the classified schedules is facilitated by an faceted classification, based on the 2nd edition of Bliss alphabetical index. Albeit a simplified one, without Bibliographic Classification, and the schedules allow for cross-references and compound classes as well as pro­ a possibly infinitevariety of compound classes. viding only a limited number of scope notes, this index DHC has five major sections, comprising seems essential to retrieve DHC classified items. As for Ca) common divisions · as to form (00-99), chronology of the use of DHC in its printed version: it is impaired by Dickens' life and writings (b-y), language, time (B), and place (el, poor printing quality (introduction) and a somewhat (b) background to Dickens studies (D-G) fuzzy layout (classification). The latter does without (e) Dickens' biography (H-L), bold print, italics, varying print sizes or other common Cd) criticism of appreciation of Dickens' writings (M-X) word processing fe atures, which would improve the (e) writings of Dickens himself (Z). handling of DHC considerably. Each section has numerous sub-sections, all being To assess the feasibility of DHC seems difficult. A arranged enumeratively. There are brief introductory first sight, the present ratio of DHC subsections and the remarks to evelY section, complemented by detailed number of items actually classified in Dickens House instructions on the use of most fe atures of individual seems a little odd. But then, DHC was obviously designed classes. It remains to be seen whether all this is indeed to be a model classification applicable to literary authors sufficient to support subsequent adaptation of DHC on in general, which would also explain for the very detailed other than Dickensian collections. A more generous schedule. Given the understandable limitations of display of examples would certainly be welcome to users DHC (being one concrete example of the classifying outside Dickens House. The DHC notation is of the structure developed by Mr.Harris), fu rther adaptations ordinal and non-hierarchical type; combinations of are likely to be successful if the present structure of upper and lower case letters as well as digits (for form literary terminology is accepted, details superfluous in a divisions) are being employed, placing, for instance, an decidedly Dickensian approach are added, and a more investigation into the burlesque in Pickwick Papers at appealing notational system is adopted. classmark Xf Vkf (X � individual work, f � Pickwick Heiner Schnelling Papers, Vkf � Burlesque), a copy of Pickwick Papers at Zf, and a study of the burlesque in all of Dickens' works, Dr.H.Schnclling, Universitatsbibliothek der PU Berlin, Garystr.39, D-lOOO Berlin 33 in turn, at Vkf. It is not exactly helpful to have notations without a mnemotechnic device in a subject area dealing prominently with literary works, the titles of which would readily serve as a basis for more "telling" notations CHAN, Lois Mai; RICHMOND, Phyllis A.; SVENONIUS, than f for Pickwick Papers. The f, by the way, results Elaine (Eds.): Theory of Subject Analysis. A Source from an alphabetical representation of the chronology Book. Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited 1985. XV, of Dickens' works. This may be appropriate for a special 419p. ISBN 0-87287-489-3 library such as Dickens House, but it will hardly be This multiple-author anthology collects classic, useful in a public library environment. Having said that, seminal, and trail-blazing writings on classification, it must be acknowledged that Mr. Harris is well aware of indexing, and related areas, written between 1885 and the peculiarities of DHC notations which in his opinion 1982. This is a period during which classification grew need not necessarily be accepted by librarians adapting from infancy to the maturity of a full discipline and

166 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Book Reviews assimilated many new areas in the process. Now it stands As declared by the editors, the selection in this much expanded. Subject analysis includes many subsi­ collection is based on a questionnaire. Further critera for diary topics in its folds and remains at once the means selection, where choice was possible, have been un­ and the end in itself. Classification has come of age, as ambiguously described in the preface. These are theore­ Eric de Grolier is wont to say. The book under review is tical emphasis and historical importance. Selection of both a cause and effect, a proof and a result of this writings to portray history in action as well as the growth of our discipline. Professional literature always current state of the art is indeed a difficult task. Every being central to any profession, such a source book is a such selection inherently or logically leaves much to be milestone in itself. Two decades ago there arose a similar desired. Regretfully, India, a bastion of classification - book: R.K.Olding, Readings in Library Ca talogue has been poorly represented with a small piece by (Melbourne: F.W.Sheshire 1966. X,278p.). That work of S.R.Ranganathan on fa cet analysis. That is neither vision included some stimulating and perennial writings adequate nor representative. More seriously, Rangana­ in classification and cataloguing. The book under review thans 'so influential chain indexing, which won him furthers that work by extending the line but defining the much acclaim, finds no room in this otherwise stItely area of purview more precisely. The present work mansion. But this could not obliterate the ariding has been undertaken on a large scale and at a higher presence of Ranganathan, the largest single influence in professional level. The motive is ulterior, being more the field. In the name index he has far more entries than than compiling a mere anthology. It holds up a mirror to any other individual. There is hardly any bibliography the development of the subject. without reference to him. He is simply indispensable. These 30 writings - the editors count it 31 - are by 33 Nor is there any trace of POPSI by India's G.Bhatta­ authors. Three discrete writings on the same subject by charyya. I.Dahlberg and her theory of conceptual one author (Julia Pettee) have been counted as one. Of classification make a visible vacuum. Another most these 30 writings, three cases are of joint authorship - eligible candidate for this anthology could be the Soviet hence 33 authors. And one is a case of corporate author­ scheme, the BBK. ship. In such areas the fact of collaboration is a signifi­ Agreed that some intended contributions could not cant trend. It shows the objectivity so necessary in be included for want of space or permission to reprint. science. The range of this collection varies from Dewey's But the compilers could complete the desired picture by introduction to the second edition of the DDC to naming such writings. In any case, one readily suspects indexing through facet analysis and PRECIS. A subject that had the book come from the U.K. or Germany analysis of the contents is as follows: the picture would have been different. A study of the origin of various writings is a follows: Topic Number of Items % Country Number of Items % Indexing 11 36.7 Classification 8 26.7 USA 17 56.7 Subject Headings 5 16.6 UK 10 33.3 Philosophical Studies 4 13.3 Other European Countries 2 6.6 Information Retrieval 2 6.7 India 1 3.4

30 100.0 30 100.0

This itself speaks of the widened scope, wherein America outdistances the rest of the countries, with traditional classification occupies only 1/4th (26.7%) of more than half the contributions. It may be as much due the contents. to the editor's attempt to widen the scope of the antho­ The authors, a galaxy of the best brains in the field, logy as to their American bias in selection, since Ameri­ are mathematicians, linguists, computer specialists, and cans have written mostly on indexing and automatic library and information scientists: classification. Their lack of interest in the theory of conventional classification. is fairly counterbalanced by Academic leanings Number of Items % their copious work in areas of vocabulary control and of the authors thesaurus.

Library or Inform.Scientists 23 68.7 One of the raisons d'etre of compiling this anthology Mathematicians/Scientists 4 12.1 is that most of these writings are not easily available, �omputer Specialists 3 9.1 being disparately scattered over time and in different Philosophers 2 6.1 media. The source analysis gives the folloging picture: Linguists 1 3.0

33 100.0 Source Number of Items %

Correlating a part of subject and the author tables we Books 12 40.0 see that 2 philosophers (6.1% of the contributors) have Journals 11 36.7 made 4 (13.3%) of the total contributions. 19 items on Conferences/Institutes 7 23.3

Classification and Subject Headings - a forte of tradi­ 30 100.0 tional librarians - making 63.4% of the contributions, are by 23 (69.7%) of the total authors. This, however, is not (This classification of sources is not very rigid as some of to say that librarians and information scientists have the items are already published twice in different media). only written on classification and subject headings. A chronological split shows the following distribution:

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Book Reviews 167 Period Number of Items % best books published anywhere in our discipline. Will anyone from the Western World confirm my limited Up to 1949 9 30.0 experience from a Third World Country? 1950-1959 7 23.3 1960-1969 10 33.3 M.P.Satija 1970-1979 3 10.0 1980-1982 1 3.4 Department of Library and Information Science Guru Nanak Dev University. Amritsar 143005, India 30 100.0

The editors' idea of obscurity in respect to time or parent Sources of three writings is hardly borne out by COCHRANE, Pauline A.: Redesign of Catalogs and these two tables. Nevertheless, this source book has its Indexes for Improved Online Subject Access: Selected own numerous advantages. It is highly welcome of its Papers of Pauline A.Cochrane. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx own: its beauty justifiesits existence. Instant accessibility Press 1985. XII,484p., ISBN 0-89774-158-7 and historical value are two other major advantages. The arrangement of material is chronological. It is In 1986 Pauline A. Cochrane received for this book both easy and helpful. Subject approach has been and "because of her many contributions to the field of provided through a meticulous subject index given at the classification throughout the last 25 years" the "Ran­ end along with an equally valuable name index. Chrono­ ganathan Award for Classification Research" from the logical arrangement allows the reader "to explore the Committee on Classification Research of the Internatio­ genesis and development of some of the most significant nal Federation for Documentation (FID/CR). ideas in the field". In the above chronological split we The book contains 30 contributions. 13 are journal see that the 1960's decade (10% of the period covered) articles, two are chapters from books, and the remaining is alone responsible for one third of the total contribu­ are conference papers, parts of reports, and previously tions. This was the decade of the Elsinore Conference unpublished papers, written between 1961 and 1984. (I965) when classification studies per se were in their The book is organized in five parts. The first part is heydays. The Elsinore Conference and the Sayers on the design of catalogues and indexes. It starts with a Memorial Vo lume (1961) have made two contributions contribution (written in 1965) on the question of each for this highly select anthology. This speaks of the compatibility of authority files for known-item searches importance of these two Sources as well as of their and for subject access, a problem that still is not solved period. Some of the other writings are papers presented for subject access. The other contributions in this part at Conferences such as Dorking (1957), Ottawa (1972), all deal with the question which characteristics a good and Augsburg (1982). One wonders if there was no online catalogue should have. Cochrane always has enduring and worthwhile paper at the Bombay Con­ stressed the point that subject access is important, not ference (I975)? only for information retrieval systems, bnt for cata­ Every chapter is prefaced by a succinct and encapsu­ logues too. The emphasis in catalogue automation lating note on the life and work of each of the authors should not be on dnplication of the methods used in the presenting very lucidly the essence of the essay that good old card catalogue, with its main entries and follows. The editors have not exhibited equal familiarity authority lists of personal and corporate names and with every author. Nevertheless, it remains a very subject headings. They are important and should not valuable fe ature of the book. It is ventured to suggest be abandoned, but for the online catalogue "subject that these prefatory essays be expanded and published as access and retrieval of information" should be a child of a separate book on the lives and works of subject ana­ "library automation and computerized information lysts. The suggested byproduct work may add another retrieval". For Cochrane this means that the structure of dimension to the literature on subject analysis, as does library catalogue records has to be redesigned for this present work. searching. The best features of the card catalogue and

There is no question of reviewing the contents - a the printed indexes, combined with many new features cross section of the best in the field. All the authors are made possible by the new technologies, will make big wigs, safe in the citadel of their beliefs. And like online catalogues that attract users and satisfy their Caesar's wife they are above criticism (suspicion). All needs. In 1983 Cochrane wrote the last paragraph of this these writings have had indelible influence on the theory part: "The challenge for the library profession now is and practice of subject analysis. "These illuminate the not how to convert card catalogs to online catalogs, but past and point towards the future trends." This docu­ how to convert unifunctional catalogs into multifunc­ mentary book portrays the picture of the subject in its tional catalogs where known-item and topical-subject various developments, stages, and ramifications. How­ searches can both be successfully completed". ever, the editors have not given their own assessment The second part of the book deals with the user. The of the development of the subject. They have not drawn main theme is: let designers of online catalogues listen to any overview from the book. It seems left to the chro­ the researchers who have found out how library cata­ niclers and scholars of the field to draw their own logues are used and who tell us which problems users picture and conclusions. The editors, some of the noted have. The part starts with 50 pages taken from Coch­ U.S. luminaries in the field, have fruitfully joined hands rane's lectures in India in 1973 on catalogue use studies, to produce a document of enduring value. It is likely to followed by two review articles on the same topic. The facilitate and stimulate further research in the field. main finding of the research on online catalogues is, that Speaking from the production angle it seems one of the with an online catalogue (or interactive catalogue, the

168 Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Book Reviews term Cochrane prefers) far more users are doing subject from an easy-to·use interactive catalogue that gives searching than with the card catalog. Probably the excellent results: high recall and high precision. reason for this finding is not that the users in the sixties The fourth part deals with the question whether did not want to make subject searches, but that the classification has a USe online. It contains excerpts of the interactive catalogue is better equipped for this type of reports on the project AUDACIOUS, published in 1967 searches. The possibility alone to search on all words of and 1968. This project (done with Robert R.Freeman) the title and not on the first only, has improved subject studied the question whether the UDC could be used in access. an automated catalogue. Still very interesting! In another The third part of the book deals with the central paper (from 1982) Cochrane shows how classification theme of the work of Pauline Cochrane : what can be can help the user who wants to browse in an int.eractive done to improve subject access. Subject access is defined catalogue . Why not use the classmarks present in many as "The approaches to subject matter in a collection. records of the catalogue, together with a possibility to The approach may be systematic (as in the classified find the right classmark through an online search in the arrangement of books on a library shelf) or the approach classification tables? may be topical (as in the subject headings in the card The last part of this book gives three contributions catalog) or the approach may be "natural or free" (as in from the project "Books are for use" (1976-1978) using the title words or words in an abstract or subject des­ an interactive catalogue in which the records were cription if they are for matching with query words augmented with terms taken from the table of contents online)" (p.2234). Both subject cataloguing and retrieval or the index of the book. The augmented catalogue by subject are part of subject access! This part contains performed impressively better than the catalogue with· nine contributions written between 1963 and 1984. out augmentation. Much of what is said in the older ones was revolutionary The publication of this book makes again clear, how in the time it was written, but those ideas are now important the ideas of Pauline Cochrane were and are widely accepted. In an article published in 1982 she for the development of the modern interactive catalouge. argues in favour of automatic interaction between Not only has she always been a supporter of better searcher and computer system to find the best search subject access in catalogues, but she also did a lot of terms. Finding the right search terms is still the most research that support her ideas. difficult problem for the users of interactive catalogues This collection of articles, etc. should be read by (as it was with the card catalogue). In the last article of everyone engaged in the development of interactive this part (written in 1984) Cochrane shows by the catalogues and by the students of courses on informa­ example of Papua New Guinea, that the question is not tion science. free text vs. controlled vocabulary, nor Boolean vs. Gerhard Riesthuis non-Boolean searches. The qu estion remains how to design a catalogue that for each question shows the relevant books and hides the non-relevant without much Dr.G.Riesthuis, Department of Books and Library Science, effort from the uSer. In my personal view we are still far University of Amsterdam, Singel 425, NL-1012 Amsterdam.

RECEIVED FOR REVIEW Austin, D. with assistance from �lary Dykstra : PRECIS. A Manual of Concept Analysis and Subject Indexi ng. 2nd ed .. On g. en. London, GB: The British Library. Bibliographic Services Div. 1984. XI.397p., ISBN 0-7123-1008-8 Ki rchgassner. G.: Einige neuere statistische Verfahren zur Er­ fassung kausaler Beziehungen zwischen Zeitreihen. Darstel lung Dykstra.H. : PRECIS. A Primer. Orig.en. London, GB : The British und Kritik. Gottingen, DE: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1981. 190p.• Library. Bibliographic Services Div. 1985. VI II,270p., Applied Statistics and Econometrics. H.19, ISBN 3-535-11251-3 ISBN 0-7123-1022-3

Al len.D.N. (Ed.); Compu ter Science and Statistics. Proceedings Capurro, R. : Henneneutik der Fachinfonnation. (Hermeneutics of ) of the 17th Symposium on the Interface. Orig. en. Amsterdam, Scientific Information Orig.de. Freiburg/Br.: Verlag K.Alber > etc.: North-Holland 1986. XII,342p. , ISBN 0-444-70018-8 1986. 238p. ISBN 3-495-47593-1

Butler, Ch .: Computers in linguistics. Orig.en. Oxford, GB: Barth. LM.; Wiche, R.I.P.: Problems, Functions, and Semantic Basil Blackwell 1985. IX,266p .. ISBN 0-631-14266-5 Roles. A Pragmatists ' Analysis of Montague's Theory of Sen­ tence �l eaning. Ori9 .en. Berl i n-New York : W.de Gruyter 1986. Holzberlein, D.: Com uter Software Catalo in : Techni ues and XVIII,198p., ISBN 3-11-009861-X Exampl es. Orig.en. Cat.& Classif.Quarterly Vol 6, No 2. flew York, NY: Haworth Press 1985/86, ISBN 0-86656-477-2 Hartmann, R.R.K. (Ed.); Lexicography: Principles and Practice. London,etc .; Academic Press 1983. XIX,228p. ISBN 0-12-328540-2 Goltvinskaya , T.S. ; Zhurzhalina, N.P. et al : Optimizaciya Bi­ bliotechno-bibl iograficheskoj klassifikacii i ee adaptaciya k Rig9s, F.W. : INTERCOCTA Glossar : Conce ts and Terms used in nacional 'noj specifike social isticheskikh stran: Sbor.Nauch. Ethnicit Research Pilot Edition . Ortg.en. Honol ulu.HI: The 0 trudov. (Optimisation of the Library-Bibliographical Classifi­ ut or. nlverslty awall. Department of Political Science catlOn and its adaptation to the national special ties of so­ 1985. XXIX,205p., International Conceptual Encyclopedia for cialist countries) Orig.ru. Moskva, SU: Gos.Biblioteka SSSR the Social Sciences, Vol .l im.V.I.Lenina 1986. 136p. Porksen. U.: Deutsche Naturwissenschaftss rachen. Historische und kritische Studlen. German Natura SClences Termi nology. Ful ler, V.: 4M Classification: A New Taxonomy of Knowledge. Orig.en. Berkeley , cA, 94708: The Author, 1060 Cragmont 1985. Historical and Critical Studies) Orig.de. TUbingen, DE: G.Narr separate pa9i nation (2 cm). VerI . 1986. 251p. , ISBN 3-87808-772-1

Lancaster, F.W. : Vocabulary Control for Infonnation Retrieval , Oorgham,�l.A. (Ed.): International Journal of Technolo �\ana e­ 2nd ed. Orig.en. Arl ington, VA: Information Resources Press rnent. Orig.en. Vol ,No 1 2. Geneva. C; n erSCl ence Enter­ 1986. XVI I.270p. , ISBN 0-87815-053-6 prises 1986. 264p.

Int. Classif. 13 (1986) No. 3 Book Reviews 169 0 FORM DIVISIONS 5 ON SPECIAL OBJECTS CS '-(TAXON-OMIES) ***

01 Bibliographies 171 51 On Taxonomies in the Form and Structure Area 02 Literature Revie�/S 171 52 On Taxonomies in the Energy and Matter Area 2 03 Dictionaries. Termi nologies 171 53 On Taxonomies in the Cosmos and Earth Area 3 04 Classification Systems & Thesauri (CS & T) 171 54 On Taxonomi es io the B;o Area 4 05 Periodicals and Serials 172 55 On Taxonomies io the Human Area 5 06 Conference Reports. Proceedings 173 56 On Taxonomies io the Socia Area 6 07 Textbooks (whole fiel d)* 173 57 On Taxonomies io the Econ. & Production Area 08 Other �'onographs (Whole field)* 174 58 On Taxonomies in the Science & Inform. Area 8 09 Standards, Guidelines 174 59 On Taxonomies in the Humanities Area 9 174

t THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 6 ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS CS & T

11 Order and Classification 61 Do CS & T in the Fonn and Structure Area 1 12 Conceptology in Classification 175 62 Do CS & T in the Energy and Matter Area 2 182 13 Mathematics in Classification 175 63 00 CS & T in the Cosmos and Earth Area 3 14 Systems Theory in Classification 176 64 On CS&Tin the Bio Area 4 15 Psychology and Classification 176 65 On CS & T in the Human Area 5 16 Development of Science and Classif. 176 66 On CS & T in the Soc io Area 6 182 17 Problems in Classification 67 On CS & T in the Econ.& Production Area 7 182 18 Classification Research 68 On CS & T in the Sci ence & Infonn. Area 8 182 19 History of Classification 176 69 On CS & T in the Humanities Area 9 182

2 STRUC.TURE AND CONSTRUCTION OF CS BiT" 7 CLASSIFICATION AND .LANGUAGE

21 General questions of CS & T 176 71 General Problems of Natural Lan9uage 182 22 El ements of CS & T 177 72 Semantics 183 23 Construction of CS & T 177 73 Automatic Language Processing 183 24 Relationships 177 74 Grammar Problems 183 25 Numerical Taxonomy 177 75 Question-Answering Systems, Online Technique� 183 26 Notation, Codes 178 76 Lexicon/Dictionary Problems 184 27 Revi sion, Updating, Storage & Maintenance 178 77 General Problems of Terminology 184 28 Compatibility and Concordance between CS & T 178 78 Subject-Oriented Tenninology Work 185 29 Evaluation of CS & T 178 79 Problems of Multilingual Systems 185

3 CLASSING AND INDEXING (METHODLOGY) 8 APPLIED CLASSING AND INDEXING (C & I)

31 Theory of Classing and Indexing 178 81 General Problems of Applied C&I 32 Subject Analysis 178 82 Data C&I 33 Classing and Indexing Techniques 179 83 Title C&I 34 Automatic Classing and Indexing 179 84 C&I of Primary Literature (Except 85) 35 Manual and Automatic Ordering 179 85 Book IndeXing 36 Coding 179 86 C&I of Secondary Literature 37 Reclassification 179 87 C&I of Non-Book Materi als 38 Index Generation and Programs 179 88 C&I in Subject Fields 39 Evaluation of ClaSSing and Indexing 180 89 free

4 ON UNIVERSAL SYSTEMS 9 CLASSIFICATION ENVIRONMENT

41 On Universal CS & T in General 180 91 Organization Problems in general . 42 On the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) 180 92 Persons and Institutions in Classif.& Indexing 43 On the Dewey Decimal Classification (DOC) 180 93 Or9anisation on a National & Internatl . Level 44 On the libr.of Congr.Classif. (LCC)& LCSH 180 94 free On 95 45 the Bliss Classlfication (BBC) 180 Education and Tra ining in Class1f.& Indexing ) 46 On the Colon Classification (RCC 181 96 free 47 On the library Bibl i ographical Classif.{LBC/BBK) 181 97 Economic Aspects in Classif.& Indexing 48 On Other Universal Systems 181 98 User Studies 49 free 99 Standardization in Classif.& Indexing

Personal Author Index 186 * Monographs on special topics at special subdivisions *** Divisions of 04, 5, 6, 78, 82, 88 acc. to Infonnation Coding ** CS & T stands for Classification Systems and Thesauri Classification (ICC) described and displayed in Int.Classif. C & I stands for Classing and Indexing 9(1982)2, p.87-93 and in Int.Classif.& Indexing Biblio9r. 1.

A further division of this scheme (by one and sometimes two levels) was publ ished in Int. Classif. 12(1985)No.3. p.147-151

170 Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification Literature o FORM DIVISIONS 03 Dictionaries, Te rminologies 86-925 034.42 01 Bibliographies Borisova,N.D., Gendl ina,I.E.• Kal inina,G.I., Matua ,N.A •• Smir­ nova,A. 1.: The s tem of terms in the s stematic five-language See al so86- 1062. 86-1315 vocabulary on UDes theory and pra ctlce. bng. en. Int.Fo rum In­ form.& Doc. Vol 11. No 2, 1986. p.13-16, 37 refs. 86-915 011 M. T. : 036.74 The Wordtree. rig. en.

86-916 012 86-927 038-817 Classification and Indexing Research. Current Bibliography of Projects. Orig. en. Int.Classif. Vol 13, No 2, 1986. p.99-100 � References Nos.210-223 with short abstracts.

86-917 013 86-928 038-83 Dahl berg , 1.: (Book Review of) Gerstenkorn. A •• Rol land. M.Th. Hi pgrave.R. : com utinq terms and acron ms: a dictionar . Orig. et al . Eds. : Thesaurus uide. Anal tical director of select­ en. London, GB: tlbrary As soc. 1985. 1r Jp .• ISBN 0-853� 5-696-7 e voca u arles or lnfonnatlOn retneva . ster am: SeYler Science Publ . 1985. XXXVI.748p, Orig. en. Int.Classif. Vol 13. 86-929 038-83 No 2, 1986. p.l05-106 DIN. Normenausschuss Informationsverarbei tungssysteme: DIN 44300. Teile 1-9 Entwurf : lnformationsverarbeitun . Be­ 016.3 �. ra erman an ar on norma on rocesslng. on­ cepts. Parts 1-9} Orig. de. Berl in, DE: 8euth VerI . 1985. 11+15+11+12+12+8+4+5+6p. Pt. l: General concepts. Pt.2: Concepts of information repre­ sentation. Pt.3: Concepts of data structures. Pt.4: Concepts. of programmi ng. Pt.5: Concepts of construction of digital com­ 86-919 016.715 puting systems. Pt.6: Concepts of storage. Pt. 7: Concepts of Subramanian,D., Buchanan, B.G.: A general reading list for ar­ computer times. Pt.8: Concepts of processing functions. Pt.9: tificial intelligence. Orig. en. Stanford,CA: Stanford Univer­ Concepts of flow diagrams. s1ty. Department of co mputer Science. Knowl edge Systems Lab. 1985. 63p., 185 refs.• Report KSL-85-54 86-930 038-83 The references with annotations are grouped as fol lows: 1) In­ troduction to AI. 2} Search and heuristics.- 3} Knowledge re­ presentation. 4) Planning. problem solving and automatic pro­ gramming. 5} Deduction and inference. 6) Expert systems. 7} Berl in. DE: Beuth Learning. 8} Natural language understanding. 9} Vision and ro­ 16p. botics, 10) Advanced topics. 86-931 038-843 86-920 016.757 DIN. Normenausschuss Maschinenbaui InformationsverarbeHun�s­ Buchanan, B.G.: Expert systems : Working systems and the re­ systeme : DIN 2140, Teil 1. Entwurf: BUro- und Datentechnlk. search literature. Orig. en. Stanford ,CA: Stanford University. Textverarbeitende Sys teme. Beqr iffe und Einteilung. (Offfce­ De partment of computer Science. Knowl edge Systems Lab. 1985. and Data Technology . Te xt Processors. concepts and Outline) 55p., 366 refs •• Report KSl-85-37 Orig.de. Berl in, DE: Beuth 1985. 4 p. Many expert systems have moved out of development laboratories into field test and routine use. About 60 such systems are listed. Academic research laboratories are contributing man­ 04 Classification Systems & Thesauri power to fuel the commerc ial devel opment of AI. But the quan­ tity of AI research may decline as a result unless the applied systems are experimented with and analyzed. (Author) 041 General Sys tems

86-921 016.757 86-932 041 Ex ert s stems a lications 1970-Februar 1986 Citations from Zentral inst.f.Bibl iothekwesen: Klassifikation fUr Staatliche e n lneerln ata ase . rlg.en. prlng le . a lona Al l emeinbi bliotheken und Gewerkschaftsbibl10theken - Teil Technlcal Infonnation Service 1986. 102p., NTIS PB 86-85739 Territorialbest�nde KAB Ter . Classification scheme for pub­ Contains 125 citations fully indexed and including a title lC 1 rarles an unlOn 1 raries - Section on Regional Hold­ list. ings) Orig.de. Berl in.DD: Zentral inst.f.Bibliothekswesen 1985. 91 +72p. 86-922 016.77 Lehmann. M •• Leube. K.: Kleine Bibliographie fachsprachlicher 86-933 041 Untersuchun en. {The little blbhographY of speclal language Verein der Bibl iothekare an !jffentl ichen Bibliotheken: SfB. studies Orig. de. Special Language - Fachsprache Systematik fUr Bibliotheken. Lfg.l. Sachgebiete: Erd- und � Vol 8. No 1-2, 1986. p.86-102 kerkunde, Geschichte. Literatur. Pada 0 ik Philoso hie,Volks­ unde. 2.neubearb.Aufl . Classification Scheme for Libraries, 018-83 ser.r: Geography, Ethnology. History, Li terature. Education. Philosophy, Fol klore) Orig. de. MUnchen, etc.: K.G.Saur Verl . 1978. 17+52+36+14+14+10p •• ISBN 3-7940-5241-2 .wes. 86-934 041 also those pertaining to the Verein der Bibliothekare an Offentl ichen Bibl iotheken e.V. : and concept systems. SfB. S stema tik fUr Bibliotheken. 2.Aufl . Lf .2: Medizin Ps ­ chologle. Sprache, Technik. Veterinarmedizin. Classification Scheme for Librarles. Ser.2: Medi clne.Psychology. Language.En­ 02 Literature Reviews gineering,Veterinary Med icine. 2nd ed .) Orig.de. MUnchen,etc.: K.G.Saur Verlag 1978. 15+l0+l9+27+4p. , ISBN 3-7940-5242-0

See also 86-1282, 86-1283 86-935 041 Verein der Bibl iothekare an Offentl ichen Bibli otheken e.V. : 86-924 021 sm. S stematik fUr Bibliotheken. Lf .3: Betriebswirtschafts­ Cruger Dale. D. , Wilson, B.-R.: A survey of the literature on ere. 0 ltl . Staat. Verwa tung. Religion. C aSSl lcatlon subject anal sis for 1984-1985. Orig. en. libr.Resources & Scheme for Libraries. Ser.3: Business Management. Political lechn .Serv ., �0 JUly/sept. , 1986. p.261-289. 155 refs. Science. State. Admi nistration. Rel igion) Orig. de. MUnchen. Unl ike earl ier state-of-the-art reports this survey gives etc.: K.G.Saur Verl . 1979. 33+16+28p •• ISBN 3-598-05178-6 short abstracts of some 155 sources (books. journal articles. di ssertations, microfiche documents, and papers presented at 86-936 041 conferences) grouped according to the following headings Verein der Bibliothekare an Uffentl i chen Bibl iotheken e.V.: (each mentioned with the number of references ): Classifica­ SfB. Sys tema tik fUr Bibliotheken. Lfg.4. Kunst. Musik. Sport. tion (55), Indexing (21), Subject headings (53). Thesauri Theater. {Classification Scheme for Libraries. Ser.4. Fine {26}. A short introduction highlights the major events during Arts. Music, Sports, Theatre} Orig.de. MUnchen. etc.: K.G.Saur those two years. Verl . 1979. 53+27+27+l4p •• IS8N 3-598-20571-6

Int. Class if. 13(1986}No.3 Classification Li terature 171 86-937 041 86-950 042.1-pl-65 Verein der Bibl iothekare an tlffentlichen Bibliotheken e.V. : Ins tytut Inforlllacj i Naukowej • Techni cznej Ekonomi cznej SfB. Sys tema tik fUr Bibliotheken. lfg.5: Biologi e.Naturwissen­ (IINTE): UOK 36. Zabezpi eczenie duchowych material nych schaften. Re cht.Wirtschaft. (Classification Scheme for Li brar­ warunkow z cia. Praca s oleczna. Pomoc s olezna. Mieszkania. ies. Ser.5: Bl010gy. Natural Sciences. Law.Economics) Orig.de. Ubespieczenia. UOC 36. Social rel ief and welfare. Social bet­ MUnchen,DE: K. G. Saur Verl .1984. 35+27+40+32, ISBN 3-598-20572-4 terment. Insurance. 2nd Pol ish Full Edition) Orig. pl . Warszawa, PL: IlNTE 1985. 113p. 86-938 041 SWI. Schla wortindex zu: S stematik fUr Bibliotheken SfB 86-951 042.1-pl-43 Al l emeine S stematik fUr tlffentliche Bibl iotheken ASB , S­ lnstytut Informacji Naukovwj, Technicznej i Ekonomicznej stema 1 ta t 1 lot e U1S ur • u Jec ea 1ng n ex (IlNTE) : UDK 58. Botanika. (UOC 58 Botany. 2nd Pol ish Full to The Classiflcation Sc erne for Libraries, The General Clas­ Edition) Orig. pl . Warszawa, PL: IINTE 1985. 110p. sification fUr Publ ic Libraries, Classification Scheme for the Municipal Library of Ouisburg) Orig.de. MUnchen ,etc.: K.G.Saur 86-952 042.1-pl-44 Verl . 1986. VI,424p .• ISBN 3-598-10632-7 Instytut Informacji Naukowej , Techni cznej i Ekonomicznej (I INTE) : UDK 59. Zoologi a. (UOC 59. Zoology. 2nd Pol ish Full 86-939 041 Edition) Orig. pl . Warszawa. PL: IlNTE 1985 Verein der Bibliothekare an Offentlichen Bibl iotheken e.V. : SfB. S stema tik fUr Bibliotheken. Lf .6: Hauswirtschaft Mi1i­ tarwesen, OZ1a po tl • OZ10 ogl e. assl lcatl0n c erne or 043 Dewey Decimal Classification Libraries. Ser.6: Household economics. Mi litary Sciences. So­ cial Politics. Sociology) Orig. de. MUnchen, etc.: K.G.Saur 86-953 043 1985. sep. pag. Beal l. J.: DOG 004-006 Data processing and compu ter science and changes in related disciplines. Rev .of Ed.19. Orig. en. 041 Alba ny, NV : Forest Press 1985. 66p., ISBN 0-910608-36-9

048 Spec ial Classification Sys tems and Thesauri DE: 86-954 048-2. -83 INSPEC Classification: a classification scheme for physics, 86-941 041-de-44 electrotechnol oqy. computers and control. Orl g.en. London, GB: Universitatsbibl iothek Bielefel d: Fachs stematik. U Zoolo ie. Institution of Electrical Engineers 1985.97p. , V Humanbiolo ie. W An ewandte Bio10 ie. Classification ISBN 0-B5296-300-9. sc erne for: 00 ogy, QV Human biology. Applied biology) Orig.de. Bielefeld.DE: Universi tatsbi b1 iothek 1979. 51+24+45p. 86-955 048-23, -31 Phys ics and astronomy classification scheme .Orig.en. New York. 86-942 041-de-12 NY: American Institute of Physics 1985. 49p., ALP Publ .R.261 .5 Universitatsbibliothek Bielefel d: Systematik. 1. Informations­ zentrum, 4.Bibliothek im Oberstufenkol le 10. Fachbibliothek 86-956 048-36 a ema 1. . U erar . assun . assl lca on sc erne or Palmer. C.S.(Ed.): GEOREF thesaurus and guide to indexing, 4th the informa tion center. 2 the college library, 3) the special ed. Orig. en. Alexandria. VA: American Geological Institute library for mathematics. 4th rev. version) Orig. de. Bielefeld. Tmr6. 512p .• ISBN 0-913312-78-9 DE: Universitatsbib1 iothek 1981. 60+175+43p. 86-957 048-46

86-958 048-519 86-944 041-de-2, -73/9 Fel ix. J.: Elaboration dlun thesaurus: ISIS thesaurus. (Compi­ Universitatsbibliothek Bielefel d: S stematik. 17 Physik. Tech­ lation of a thesaurus : the ISIS thesaurus) Ori9. fro Geneve, nik. 18. Chernie. (ClaSSification sc erne for physics, engineer­ CH: Ecole Bibl . 1983. 140p. ing and chemistry) Orig.de. Bielefeld,K DE: Universitatsbiblio­ thek 1982. 91+65p. 86-959 048-519 Catal st Resources for Women CRFW database thesaurus 6th ed. 86-945 041-de-2/4, -59 rlg. en. ew or . e a a ys 1 rary p. Universitatsbibliothek Bielefeld: Sys tematik.20/21. Al lgemeine Naturwissenschaften. Haushaltswissenschaft; 22.Geowissenschaf­ 86-960 048-56 ten. (Classlflcation scheme for the sciences ln general,house­ UNESCO:IBE education thesaurus Education and trainin for use hOld sciences and geosciences) Orig.de. Bielefeld, DE: Univer­ In com uterlzed indexin and retrieval 4th ed. Orig. en. sitatsbibliothek 1984. 63+37p. Pans, FR: 198 • 345p. , ISBN 92-3-102061-7

86-961 048-58 Eck, M.: Elaboration dlun langage dlindexation sur les arts martiaux. dans le cadre de la mise en place d'une base de don­ nees sur micro-ordinateur et dans la perspective de son evolu­ tion future + Thesaurus sur les arts martiaux. Orig.fr. Paris. FR: Instltut d'Etudes Politl!jues 1985. 60+59+49p.

86-947 -92 86-962 048-61 Un1versitatsbibliothek POPLINE thesaurus. 2nd ed. Orlg.en. Baltimore.MD: Johns Hopkins University. Population Information Program 1984. 241p.,looseleaf

Romance de. Biel

86-948 041-de-39 Universitatsbibliothek Bielefeld: Fachsystematk. LanderschlUs­ sel . Gesamtregister zu den Fachsystematlken. (ClasslflcatlOn 86-964 048-665 scheme . Country codes. ComprehenslVe index to all special Criminal justice peri odical index thesaurus. Orig. en. Ann Ar- schemes) Orig. de. Bielefeld. DE: Universitatsbibliothek 1984. bo r, MI: On lverslty Mlcrofilms International 1985. 31+175p. 86-965 048-66 Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Parlaments- und BehOrdenbi bl iotheken 042 UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (APBB). Deutscher Industrie- und Handelstag (DIHT), Arbeits­ Kreis Kammerbihliotheken: S stematik fUr Kammerbibliotheken. 86-949 042.1-pl-63 (Classification system for a chamber of commerce library) lnstytut Infonnacji Naukowej . Technicznej i Ekonomicznej Orig.de. Bonn, DE: Arh.gem.d.Parlaments- u.Behordenbibl . 1985. (IINTE): UDK 35. Admi nistrac'a ubliczna. Sztuka nauka 197p., Arbeitshefte 39 1- WOje a. u lC m1nlS ra lOn. n 0 1S The classification complies with the one for the records of tl0nT Orig. pl . Warszawa, PL: IINTE 1985. 212p. the "Deutsche Industrie- und Handelstag".

172 Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification Literature 86-966 048-715 The symposium with some 70 participants was organized by the Tesauro de Informaci6n Industrial : Centroamerica Re ublica International Organization for the Unification of Terminologi­ Domi nicana. Industrial thesaurus for Central America and the cal Neologisms (IOUTN) in cooperation with the Association of Ooml nlcan Republ ic). Orig. es. Guatemala: Instituto Centroame­(?). Polish Translators, Warszawa . 17 papers were presented. Its ricano de Investigacion y Technologia Industrial 1985 theme: "Concept - Term - Definition and their Value for Inter­ national Communication". 86-967 048-746 Geraskina, I.P. (Ed.), Gubareva, S.l. (Ed.): The sectoral STI 86-9B4 06.85-04-16/17 subject heading list in instrument making, automation tools A roc.of a C 1f'f3lT�*� i P and control systems. Orig. ru. 102p. Moskva, SU: CNIITElpribo- ������iii��T.i�,gi�Wx'ft;it.- . Orig. rostroeniya 1985 of de­ 86-968 048-765 legates and a survey on Kevin TITUS IV: list of search descrlptors. Orig.en,fr. Bill ancou rt, Jones. Judged by the titles be of FR: Instltut Textile de France 1984. 115p interest: 86-985 Addi s, T. : Extended relational analysis: a design ap­ 86-969 c., 048-88 proach to knowledge-based systems. - B6-9B6 Nurtagh, F. : Clus­ Richard, Schwob,J. : TELEDOC. lexi ue des descri teurs. 2nd tering and nearest neighbour searching. - 86-987 Enser.P.G.B.: ed. (TElEDOC. Descriptor list, 2nd printout Orig. fro Issy­ Experimenting with the automatic classiflcatlOn of books. - TeS-Moulineaux, FR: Centre National d'etudes des teli kommuni­ 86-988 Hancox, P., Smi th, F.: A case system processor for the cations. Direction de l'information, de la cooperation et des PRECIS indexing language. - 86-989 Rouault, J.: linguistic echanges techniques 1985. 443 col . methods in infomation retrieval systems. - 86-990 Aragon-Ra­ mirez, V. , Paice, C.D.: Design of a system for the online elu­ 86-970 048-969 cidation of natural language. - 86-991 Brooks, H.M., Daniels, Picheloup, D.: Ceramique grecque: Thesaurus. (Greek ceramics: P.J., Belkin. N.J.: Problem descriptions and user models: de­ a thesaurus) Orig. fro Paris, FR: LN. LD. , Conserv.Natl .Arts veloping an intelligent interface for document retrieval sys­ Metiers 1984. 116 p. tems. - 86-992 Mitev, N.N., Walker. S.: Information retrieval aids in an online public access catalogue: automatic intel li­ gent search sequenci ng. - 86-993 Bell. D.A.: An architecture 05 Periodicals and Serials for integrating data. knowledge, and information bases.

86-994 06.B5-06-29-; 141· 86-971 056.77 Popkov,Yu.S. (Ed.): Methodology of Systems Research : Al l-Union New Lan ua e Plannin Newsletter. Orig. en. Vol 1(1986)No 1, Symposium. Orig.ru. Mos kva, SU 1985. 23Bp. anasagango rle, sore, , India. contalns the summaries of papers. The new editor, Mr.D.P.Pattanayak, introduces this new start of the Language Planning Newsletter, published by the East-West 86-995 06.85-08 Center in Honol ulu, HI, until 1985. He invites contributions Int.Feder.library Assoc: IFLA General Conference 1985. Div.of from all over the wo rld, dealing with questions of language Bibliographic Control . Sections on Bibliography, Cataloguing planning in the widest sense. and Classification. Arlington,VA: ERIC 1985. 127p. , ED 262 796

06 Conference Reports, Proceedings

See also 86-1232, 86-1284

86-972 06.83-'03-22/23 Kuznetsov, S.O. : (Book review of) Informatics 7: Intell igent Information Retrieval . Proc. of Conf. Cambridge , 22-23 March& 86-997 06.85-11-11/14 1983. london: AstlE 1984. 150p. On g.en. Int. forum Inform . Bakewel l, K.G.B.: (Book review of) Rajagopalan. LS. (Ed.): Doc. Vol 11, No 2, 1986. p.44-47 Ran anathan's Philoso 1: Assessment. 1m act and Relevance. roc. n . on . ew e p. 86-973 06.83-09-5/7 Int.ciasslf.13(1986)No.2, p. 103-105

86-998 06.B5-11-15 Second Regi onal Conference of FID/CR New Delhi (India). Orig.en. Libr.Herald Vol 25, No 1 1986. p.46-47

86-999 06.85-11-15 06. Dahlberg, I.: Classification and Communication. 2nd Regi onal Conference of FLO/CR. Orlg.& en. Int.lnform. Communicat. Educ. Vol 5, No 1, 1986. p.95-99

86-1000 06.B5-11-15 Among Krishan Kumar: Second Re ional Conference of FlO CR. New Delhi terest in our context: (India, Nov .15, 9 flg.en. I A Bul l. Vol 2, 0.3- , p.120 86-975 Tague,J. : A semantic model and schema notation for bib­ liographic retrieval systems. - 86-976 Azmoodeh,M. , Lavington, 86-1001 06.86-01-16; 33 S.H. , Standring, M. : The semantfcbTiiary relationship model of Godert, W.: Ge enwiirti er Stand der bibliothekarischen Inhalts­ information. - 86-977 Omiecinski,E. , Scheuermann, P. : A global erschlieBung. Bericht Uber eine Arbeitssitzung. Present state approach to recOrdCTustering and file reorganization. - of subject analysis in libraries. Report on a workshop) 86-97986-978 Cooper, W.S.: ,Bridging the gap between AI and IR. - Orig.de. Z.f.Bibl.wes.u.Bibliogr. 33(1986)No 3, p. 188-191 Defude, B.: Knowledge based systems versus thesaurus: The workshop was organized in Darmstadt by the Special Inter­ an architecture problem about expert systems design. - 86-980 est Group on Library Classification of the German Society for

Fuhr,N. , Knorz,G.E. : Retrieval test evaluation of a rule.•� Classification. The report discusses each of the papers. automatic indexing (AIR/PHYS). - B6-9B1 Jones, K.P Bel l.

C.l.M.: The automatic extraction of words from texts especial­ 86-1002 .• 06.86-03-10/11; 778 ly for input into information retrieval systems based on in­ Fluck, H.R Faber. H.v. : Symposium "Fachsprache" und "Deutsch verted files. als Fachs rache". vom 10. bis 11. Marz 1986 in St. Gallen Sc welZ . ymposlum on pecla anguage an eman as a 86-982 06.85-03-17/19 Special Language") Ori9. de. Special Language - Fachsprache Allen. D.M.{Ed.); Compu ter Science and Statistics. Proceedings Vol 8, No 1-2. 1986. p.60-63

of the 17th Symposium on the Interface..• Orig. en. Amsterdam. etc.: North-Hol land 1986. XII,342p ISBN 0-444-70018-8 86-1003 06.86-03-11/12; 23 This symposium was hel d at Lexington, Kentucky. The proceed­ Krumholz. W.: Konferenz11.-12.3.1986, der Europ aischen Geme inschaften Uber ings volume. compri sing 45 papers is arranged in 15 sections. Thesaurus-Nutzung. Brussel . (Conference of the among which Statistics and Artificial Intelligence (4 papers). European Communities on Use and Mis-Use of Thesaul'i ) Orig. de. Numerical Methods (3 papers). Multivariate Density Estimation Int.Aufg.d.DGD Vol B, No 4-5, 1986. p.64-65 and Regression (2 papers ), and Categorical Data (4 papers). 86-1004 06.B6-05-10/15· 56 86-983 06.85-04-13/14; 77 Strater, H. : Tagung von FID/C37 "Erziehungswissenschaften" in Stoberski , Z.: 1st International Stm�O sium on Transnation5. 2. 1986.ali­ Verbindun mit FlO C3 "Sozialwissenschaften" 10.-15.5.1986 zation of Terminolog,y. Orig .en. Mu l l lngua vol No ar us. ee lng 0 e eV1SlOn omml ee on uca lOn p.113. �d e. Int.Aufg.DGD Vol 8, No 4/5, 19B6. p.72

Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification literature 173 86-1005 06.86-05-10/15 Reconstructing phylogenetic trees using.• variants of the "Four­ Arntz ,H.: Jubilaumsta un von FlO C3+92 99 "Sozialwissenschaf­ point-condition". - 86-1041 Lausen. B Degens. 0. : Variance ten und Geschichte. 10.-15.5.1986, Aarhus. Jubilee Meeting of estimation and the reconstruction of phylogenies. - 86-1042 the FlO Revision Committee Social Sciences and History Patzlaff, M.M.: Rekonstruktionen phylogenetischer Beziehungen (UaC 3+92/99» Orig.de. Int.Aufg .DGD 8(1986}No 4/5. p.70-71 mit graphentheoretischen Methoden. Ergebnisse und Probleme bei Report on the 50th meeting with participants from 10 coun­ der Chemosystematik des Cytochrom c. (Reconstruction of phylo­ tries. One remarkable act out of a huge work programme was the genetic relations by graph-theoretical methods : Results and transfer of UDC 65 Business Management to UOG 30 and 33. probl ems in the chemical systematics of cytochrome c) - 86-1043 Scherer.S., Binder. H. : Comparison of biological clas­ 86-1006 06.86-05-11/16; 61 sifications based on amino acid sequences and traditional tax­ Ohly,H.P. : Sitzun des Komitees FlO C30 31+39 "Soziokulturelle onomy . - 86-1044 Balderjahn ,I.: Cross validation of covariance W;ssenschaften", 11.-16.5.86. Aarhus. Meeting of the UDC Re­ structures in one and multi group analysis: The case of eco­ vision Committee on Sociocultural Sciences) Orig. de, logically concerned consumers. - 86-1045 Eckes, Th .: Das Sor­ Int.Auf.DGO Vol 8, No 4-5. 1986. p.71-72 tierverfahren zur Gewinnung von Proxlmi tatsdaten in der multi­ variaten psychologischen Forschung. (The sorting procedure for

86-1007 06.86-06-18/21 obtaining proximity data in multivariate.• psychological re­ Degens, P.O. , Hermes, H.J. , Opitz, O. (Ed.): Die Klassifika­ search) - 86-1046 Schmitt. H.P Oberwi ttler. C.: Numerical tion und ihr Umfeld. 1Proceedin s der 10.Jahresta un der Ge- taxonolllY of brain tumors: A challenge to contemporary mathe­ se sc a t Ur assl atlOn e Unster . Unl matical classification. - List of partiCipants. - Name and Classification and its environment. Proc. lOth Annual Meeting subject index. - Information on the Ges.f.KlassifikatiQn eV. of the Gennan Society for Classific.•ation) Orig. de, en. Frank­ furt. DE: INDEKS Verl . 1986. 416p IS8N 3-88672-016-0 (soft). 86-1047 06.86-06-18/21 Contains 39 papers (from about 60) presented at this Confer­ Dahlberg. I.: 10th Annual Conference. German Soci ety for Clas­ ence; 16 of which are1.: in English, arranged in nine sections. sification. Mlinster. 18-21 June 1986. Orig. en. Int.Classif. 86-1008 Dahlberg. Zukunftsperspektiven der Klassifikation Vol 13. No 2. 1986. p.96-98 und Indexierung. (Future perspectives of classification and indexing) - 86-1009 Panyr,J.: Wissen und ein Ansatz zu seiner 86-1048 06.86-08 Taxonomie im Berelch der klinstlichen Intel ligenz. (Knowledge Hol ley, R.P. : Meetings of the IFLA Division on Biblio9ra�hic and an approach to its taxonomy in the area of artificial in­ Control . SectlOn on Classification and Subject Catalogulng. tell igence) - 86-1010 Lockenhoff, H.: Zur Didaktik des System­ Chicago,1985. Oriy.en. Int.Classif. Vol 13. No 2,1986. p.93-94 ansatzes: Wissensgliederung. (Didactics of the systems ap­ proach: Outl ining knowledge) - 86-1011 Fugmann. R.: Die Funk­ tion von Semantischen Kategori�ndexierungssprachen und 07 Textbooks bei der Indexierung. (Function of semantic categories in in­ dexing languages and in indexing) - 86-1012 Krumholz. W. : Use and Mis-Use of.• Thesa uri. Bericht liber eine Konferenz. 86-1013 86-1049 07.21 Rescheleit. W Menner. L. : Vergleich der Wissensreprasenta­ Lancaster. F.W.: Vocabul ary ControlvA: for Information Retrieval . tionssprache FRl mit Dezimalklassifikation und Facettenklassi­ 2nd ed. Orig. en..• Arllngton. lntonnabon Resources Press fikation. (Comparison of the knowledge representation language 1986. XVIl,270p 188 refs. ISBN 0-87815-053-6 FRL with the UDC and a faceted classification) - 86-1014 Velt­ This second edition - unl ike the first one of 1972) - is de­ man. K.: A new classification for art. - 86-1015 Sc:li'iieTTing.H. : voted almost exclusively to the thesaurus or thesaurus-like Die aktuel le Funktion des Schl agwortkatalogs in einer wissen­ aids to natural language searching. Its 22 chapters cover the schaftlichen Universalbibliothek : Erforderl iche Prazisierungen fol lowing topics: Why vocabulary control? Pre-coordinate and und Erganzungen vorliegender Regelwerke. (The present function post-coordinate systems. Vocabulary structure and display. Ga­ of the al phabetical subject catalogue in a research library) - thering the raw material. Standards and guidelines. Organiza­ 86-1016 WeidemUller. H.U.: Die maschinelle Verarbeitung von tion of tenns : The hierarchical relationship. - The associate RSWK-Ketten in der Deutschen Bibl iothek - Datenstruktur und relationship. Terms: Form and compounding. The entry vocabula­ Pennutationsverfahren. (RSWK-application in the German library: ry. Homography and scope notes. Thesaurus display. Vocabulary Automatic pennutation of index-term chains). 86-1017 Riesthuis. growth and updating. The role of the computer. Identifiers and G.J.A. : Alphabetische Sachregister und Klassifikation. (Alpha­ checklists. The influence of vocabulary on the performance of betical subject indexes and classification) - 86-1018 Vasiljev. a retrieval system. Evaluation of thesauri. Natural-language A.: Online subject access to library holdings.----sO-TIf19 Riest­ searching and the post-controlled vocabulary. Hybrid systems. huis. G. , Colenbrander-Dijkman, A.-M. : Subject access to cen­ Compatibility and convertibility. Multilingual aspects. Auto­ tral catalogues: Incompatibility issues of library classifica­ matic approaches to thesaurus construction. Some cost-effect­ tion systems and subject headings in subject cataloguing. - iveness aspects of vocabulary control . - Bibliography. Index. 86-1020 Gasthuber. H. : Anwendung von Ordnungsprinzipien be; der betrieblichen Produktideenflndung. \ApPl1cation of order­ 08 Otber Monographs (whole field) ing principles in industrial innovation - 86-1021 Halz' . J.: Rahmenempfehlung zur Warenbeschreibung. (A reCoiiiiiiE!ndation for commodity descriptions) - 86-1022 Gesel l. J.: Neuauflage der 86-1050 08.11 Internationalen PatentklasslTlKaITon. (New edition of the In­ ternational Patent Classification) - 86-1023 Domokos-Gombosi. M.: Zur Metaordnung in der statistischen Datendokumentation. U.,(Metaorder 1n statistical data documentation) - 86-1024 Kipke. Wille. R. : Begri ffsverbande al s Ablaufschemata zur Gegen­ theory of library classifi­ standsbestimmung. (Concept lattice schemes.• for the determina­ cation systems. (3) the ap­ tion of objects) - 86-1025 Ganter,B Wn le.R. : Impl ikationen systems and (4) perspectives of und Abhangigkeiten zwischen Merkmalen. (Implications and dep­ using classificatory services. endencies of attributes) - 86-1026 Gernert,D. : Classification as a proof technique and a heuristic tool in graph theory. - 86-1051 08.21 86-1027 Krauth. J.: Eine Modifikation der nichtparametrischen �inanzanalyse nach Kendal l. (Modification of the nonpa­ rametric discrimination method of Kendall) - 86-1028 Krolak­

Schwerdt.S.: A graph-theoretic.• al location criterion for single refs. linkage. - 86-1029 Opitz.D Bausch, Th.: Nichtdisjunkte Klas­ sifikation mit qualitativen Daten. (Nondisjunct classification with qual itative data) - 86-1030 Spath, H. :"Maximizing parti­ tioning cluster criteria for quantitative data. - 86-1031 Stank. S. : Zur Oekomposition zeitlich variabler Mischungen. (The decomposition of time-varying mixtures) - 86-1032 Stein­ hausen. D. : Menligesteuertes Clusteranalysepaket fUr Mikrocom­ puter. (Menu-driven cluster analysis package for microcomput­ 86-1053 ers) - 86-1033 Vach. W., Degens, P.: Starte more robust esti­ Ingwer�en. mation of ultrametrics. - 86-1034 Bock. H.H. : �'ultidimensional scaling in the framework of cluster analysis. - 86-1035 Feger. H.: Zur Bestimmung von Praferenzstarken aus Rangreihen. (Esti­ mating relational structures from ordinal data) - 86-1036 Her­ den. G. : Dissimilarity coefficients for ordiannly scaled data. 09 Standards, Guidelines - 86-1037 Mathar. R.: Metric scaling in a class of constrained configuration. - 86-1038 Miebach. B.: Subgroup comparison in linear structural equatlOn models based on cluster analysis. - See also 86-929. 86-930. 86-931 86-1039 Schubert. L. : Ein Punkt-Vektor-Modell zu unterschied­ lichen Datenstrukturen im Rahmen der External Analysis. (A 86-1054 pOint-Ve tor-model for different.• data structures in external H.-J., Biela S. analysisj - 86-1040 Dress. A Haeseler. A.v. , Krueger. M.:

174 Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification Literature (Methodol ogical recommendations for the elaboration and appl i­ Vol 3D, No 1, 1986. p.39-55, 32 refs. cation of subject related indexing patterns) Orig. de. Berlin, Proposal of a Discourse Representation Theory for the purpose DO: Zentral inst.f. Inform.u.Dok.1985. 24p., ZIID-Schriftenreihe of making a fonnalism for knowledge representation suitable as a target for systematic translation from natural language ex­ pressions. '1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 86-1066 124; 757 Payne,E.C.: The integration of traditional simulation with ex­ 11 Order and Classification pe rt sys tems and AI knowl edge representation. Orig.en. In: Ap­ proximate Reasoning in Expert Systems. New York,etc.: Elsevier Science Publ. 1985. p.383-392, 8 refs. See also 86-1050 86-1067 124 86-1055 112 Wierzchori . S.T. : Mathmatical tool s for knowledge representa­ Dahlberg, W.: Natural la�1 and evolution. Towards a natural tlOn. Orig. en. In: ApprOXimate reasoning ln expert systems. classification of order, Pt.I!. Orig. en. Int.Classif. Vol 13, New York. NY: Elsevier Publ . 1985. p.61-70, 31 refs. No 2. 1986. p.65-62, 32 refs., 16 schemes 86-1068 124 86-1056 115 Efimova, S.M. : A network data model algebra for knowledge re­ Philosophical and socioloqical problems of human activity. presentation. Orig. ru. In: Semiot.aspekty formaliz.intellekt. Orig. ru . Krasnodar, SU: Kubanskij Universitet 1984. 168p. deyat.-st1. Moskva , SU 86-1069. 1985. p.75-78

86-1057 115 86-1069 124; 757 KVetnoj, M.S. : Activity as a system. Orig. ru. In: Philos.i Zadeh. L.A. : The role of fuzzy logic in the management of un­ socia 1 . prabl .chel ovech .deyat-sti . Krasnodar, SU 1985. certainty in expert sys tems. Orig. ru. In: Approximate reason­ p.5-21, 37 refs. lng 1n expert systems . New York, NY: Elsevler Science Publ . 1985. p.3-32, 92 refs. 12 Conceptology in Classification 86-1070 124 Rozenbl it,A.B.: A knowl edge representation system using graphs. See also 86-1279 Orig. ru. In: Semi ot.aspekty formaliz.intellekt.deyatel 'nostl. �lo skva, SU 1985. p.54-56 121 Raimundus lullus. Text­ 86-1071 124 Mei- Cheng, Y., Fu. K.S.: Conceptual clustering in knOWl edge orga­ nization. Orig. en. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intell igence (PAMI-7(5) 1985. p.592-598, 13 refs . 86-1059 121 Chakraborty, M.K. , Sarkar. S., Das, M.: Some aspects of fuzzy 86-1072 124; 757 relation and a few suggestions towards lts use. Orig. en. In: Tri lles, E. . Valueide, l.: On mode and impl ication in aptroxi­ Approximate reasoning in expert systems. New York ,NY: Elsevier mate reasoning. Orig. en. In: Approx1mate Re asomng ln xpert Pub] . 1985. p.139-157. 20 refs. Sy stems. New York ,NY: Elsevier Science 1985. p.157-66, 15 refs. Presentation of discussions on fuzzy equivalence, tolerance, order and functions. Suggestion of some mathematical tools 86-1073 124 applicable in decision ma king, clustering analys is, interval Levenick, J.R.: Knowledge representation and intell igent sys­ analysis and network theory. tens: from semantlc networks to cognltlve maps . PhD Thesls.

Orig. en. Ann Arbo.r,• MI: The University of# Michigan. Computer . 86-1060 121 Science 1985. 253p Univ.Microfilms Order ADG85-12454. 8510 Bocharov,V.A. , Vojshvillo, LK., Ivlev,Yu.V.: The modern stage of logic evol ution. Orig.ru. Vestn.MGU; Filos., No 5. 1985. 86-1074 124 p.4-14 Kass,R. , Katriel , R., Finin.T. : Breaking the primitive concept barrier. Orig.en. Philadelphia,PA: Univ.of Pennsyl vania. Dept. 86-1061 1232 orromputer and Information Service 1985. MS-CIS-86-36 Herbst, Th.: Defining with a controlled defining vocabulary in foreign learner's dictionaries. Ong.en. Lexicographica, No 2, 86-1075 124 1986. p. 101-1l9, 40 refs. �lu kaidono, M.: Representations of fuzzy data with fuzzy logic expression. Orig. en. In: Approximate reasoning in expert sys­ 86-1062 124. tems. New York,NY: Elsevier Science Publ . 1985. p.369-82,8 refs. 86-1076 124 Clancey , W.J. : Heuristic classification. Orig.en. Stanford ,CA: Stanford Unlv. , Depar�nent of Computer Science 1985. 68p. , ' 6 8 3280 •• NTIS P8"8 : 5 100 refs STAN-CS-85-1066 192 citations. Both the cognitive A broad range of well-structured problems - embracing forms of a��of knowledge� representation are consi- diagnoses, catalog selection, and skeletal planning - are sol­ ved in "expert systems" by the method of heuristic classifica­ tion. These programs have a characteristic inference struc­ 86-1063 124; 757 ture that systematically relates data to a pre-enumerated set Vicker, B.C. : Knowledge representation: A brief review. of solutions by abstraction, heuristic association, and re­ J.Doc. 42(1986)No.3. p. 145-159. 17 refs. finement. In contract with previous descriptions of classifi­ The problems of representing knowledge in computer systems are cation reasoning, particularly in psychology. this analysis common to information science, artificial intel ligence, psy­ emphasizes the role of a heuristic in routine problem solving chology and linguistics. The paper offers a brief review of as a non-hierarchical, direct association between concepts. the structures and techniques that have been developed in In contrast with other descriptions of expert systems, this these different disciplines. It looks at the semantic struc­ analysis specifies the knowledge needed to solve a problem, ture of sentences. ar rol es, categories and relations in sub­ independent of its representation in a particular computer ject analysiS. at semantic primitives, and at knowledge repre­ language. The heuristic classification problem-solving tHodel sentation for reasoning. The paper concludes with a note on a provides a useful framework for characterizing kinds of prob­ prototype expert system that makes use of some of these rela- lems, for designing representation tools, and for understand­ tionships. (Author) ing non-cl assification (constructive) problem-solving methods.

86-1064 H.J. : 124 86-1077 124 levesque, Foundations of a functional approach to knowl­ Finin, T. , Silvennan, D. : Interactive classification: a tech­ edge2, re1984presentation.. Orig. en. Arti ficial Intell igence Vol 23. nique for the acquisition and maintenance of knowl edge bases. No p.155-212. 27 refs. Orig. en. Philadelphia. PA: Univ.of Pennsylvania. Dept.of Com­ Presentation of a new approach to knowledge representation puter and Information Service 1985. MS-CIS-84-17 where knowledge bases are characterized not in terms of the structures they use to represent knowledge, but functional ly, 86-1078 128-16 in terms of what they can be asked or told about some domain. VOJShVl110, E.K.. Degtyarev. M.G. : Some logical and 9nosiolog­ The author also considers extensions to the framework such as ical pr oblems of the theor:v of measurement. Or1g. u. Vest.MGU: defaults and definitional facilities. Fi los., No 5, 1985. p.49-56, 18 refs.

86-1065 124 86-1079 128-61 Guenthner,F. , Lehmann, H., Schonfeld, W.: A theor� for the re­ Makarczyk, W.: Metaphor which denotesI bindinq. as used for la­ presentation of knowledge . Orig. en. IBM J.Res. Development bel ling the type s of 1 nterpe rsona reiatlons. un g. en. Int.

Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification Li terature 175 Classif. Vol 13. No 2, (CaeTA News) 1986. p.101-102 86-1097 164 Terms like social bond, integration, cohesion, etc. constitute a kind of fami ly of tenns based on the same metaphor.

86-1080 128-82 Semenyuk,E.P.: Infonnatics: its scope and essence. An analysis of the current situation. Orig.en. Automatic documentation and 19 History of Classification mathematical linguistics Vol 18, No 4, 1985. p.l-13, 42 refs.

86-1081 128-826 See also 86-1090. 86-1216, 86-1268 Wallace, D.P. : A preliminar� examination of the meaning of us­ er friendliness. Orlg. en. In: Parkhurst,C.A. , Cooper,L., He I­ 86-1098 193; 382 ler, P.: Proc.ASIS Ann.Meeting 22. �Jh ite Plains, NY: Knowl edge Wel lisch, H.H. : The oldest printed indexes. Orig. en. Indexer Industry 1985. p.337-341, 13 refs . Vol 15. No 2. 1986. p.73-82, 14 refs. 86-1082 128-878 Dijkhuis. W.: Electronic publishing - a taxonom� of defi ni­ tions. Seeing the words from the woods . Ong. en. In: Onhne 2 STRUCTURE AND International Conference. london. GB,5-7 Nov.1985. Pinner, GB: Online Publ . 1985. p. 169-181, 5 refs. CONSTRUCTION OF CS & T. 21 General questions of CS & T 14 Systems Theory in Classification See also 86-1049 See also 86-994 86�10g9a 211; 24 86-1083 141 Tsalenko, M.Sh.: Canonical representation of irreducible sys­ Aver'yanov. A.N. : S�stems cognition of the world: �le thodo1ogi­ tems and classificat10n schemes. Orig. ru, transl . into en. il:u­ cal problems . Orig.ru. �loskva ,SU: Izd.-vo POl1t.Ut.1985.263p. tom.Doc.& r

15 Psychology and Classification 86-1099b 212 Polyakov,O.�l., Dunaev, V.V. : Classification schemes : syn thesis through relations. Orig.ru. Nauchn .-tekhn.inform.,Ser.2, No 6, 1985. p.15-21, 5 refs. 86-1084 151 Db ective truth in science: the dialectics of creation and 86-1099c 212; 22 su stantlatlon. r1g.ru. Sverdlovs .SU: Ural skij Universitet. Rowley,J.E.: PRESTEL and hierarchical classification: an exam­ Sbornik Trudov 1984. 149p. ination of menu based information retrieval systems. Orig. en.? Includes the fol lowing papers: 86-1085 Lyakhova, L.N. : Theory In: 7th Int.Online Inform.Meeting. Oxford, New Jersey 1984 as a form of cognition of truth. - 86-1086 Andryukhina, l.M. : p.185-197, 26 refs. The role of the scientific thinkirlgSfyTe in achieving the truth of a theory. - 86-1087 Bryanik. N.V. : The truth and sys­ 86-1099d 214 temic nature of scientific knowledge. - ---86-1088 Kiselev. V.A. : Chernyj, A. I.: Information retrieval thesauri as spec ialized Aesthetic criterion of truth. knowledge bases. un g. ru. In : probl .sozdaniya retrosp.poisk massivov v avtomatiz.centrakh NTI.Ch.2. Mos kva,SU 1985.p.23-26 86-1089 153 Ziben, V.V.(Ed.): Social determination of cogntion: Conference19-20 86-109ge 215 proceedings. Papers of a sc1entHlc conference. field on Suntsov,�I.E. : A model ling lanquage for compl ex information sys­ Sept. 1985. Orig.ru. Tartu, SU, 298 p. tems. Orig.ru. Probl .infonn.s1stem, No 1,1985.p.80-110,8 refs. Description of GNOM , an input language for modelling systems 16 Development of Science and Classification oriented towards the study of systems whose structure contains a large number of objects and information relations.

86-1099f 215 86-1090 161; 19 Bazarnova, S.V. , Mdivani , R.R.: Oiscipl inary descriptor lan­ Mayerhofer. J.: Geschichte und Theorie des sozialen Wissens. �ua es as access tools for the AISON databases. Orig. ru. In: 6 (History and theoryI, of social knowledge) Orig. de. ro I.sozda nlya retrosp.po1sk.mass1vov v avtomatiz.centrakh Biblos Vol 35, No 1986. p.36-62, 28 refs. NTL Ch.2. Moskva , SU 1985. p.83-85

86-1091 161 86-1099g 215 Jaryelin, K. , Repo, A.J. : A taxonomY of knowledge work support Kodina, L.I.: A typol••ogy of subject heading lists. Orig. ru. tools. In: Challengens Inform.Soc. Proc.ASIS Ann.Meeting 1984. Nauchn.-tekhn.inform Ser.1. No 7, 1985. p.28-29, 18 refs. Wh 1te Plains,NY: Knowledge Ind.Publ . 1984. p.59-62, 13 refs. 86-1099h 215 86-1092 162 Spurgen,C.: Index language devices in various thesauri : a com­ Kedrov, B.M.: A classification of sciences. K.Marx 's forecast parative stUdy. Orig. en. Annals of Libr.Sc1.& Doc. for the science of the future. Orig.ru. Moskva,SU: Mys'l 1985. Vol 31, No 3-Il, 1984. p.77-92, 17 refs. 543p. Presents a checklist to compare and contrast different thesau­ Examination of the historical , logical and methodological , and ri, such as Thesaurofacet, TEST, INSPEC Thesaurus, ROOT The­ other aspects of the interrelation of the sciences as well as saurus and Energy Information Oabta Base Subject Thesaurus. the evolution of science classification and its basic trends. Presentation of a systems approach to the study of the inter­ 2151 relations of sciences.

86-1093 162 Bernshtejn, E.S.: Towards the place of the gap analysis method in the logical structu6, re of knowledge . Orig.ru. Nauchn.-tekhn . p. I-3 Inform .,Ser.2, No 1985. p.1-14. 23 refs. 86-1099j 217 86-1094 1622 ValoviEova, A.: The function of indexing languages 1n the cre­ Karpov, Yu ., Baturin, A., Eichler, T.: Structural studies of ation and utilisation of lnternatl 0nal 1nformation systems : problem-oriented bibl10Qraphic files uS1ng cluster analys1s of the INFORMOOS experience. Orig. sk. In: INFOS '85. Bratislava, termlnolog1car networks. Orl g. ru. In: Database '83. Budapest CSSR 1985. p.140-148, 4 refs. 1984. p.602-608, 5 refs. 86-1100 1 218 86-1095F., 1623 Silvestre, M.: Evolution des lan a es: de 'arborescence au Narin, Carpenter, �l .: Are technology and science becoming texte libre que s anguages pour que s serV1ces. e evo u­ indistinguishable? Orig. en. In: Challenges Inform.Soc., Proc. tion of languages: from a tree-structure to free text ) Orig. ASIS An n.Me etlng 1984. White Plains, NY: Knowledge Ind.Publ . fro In: Congres-exposit.int.sur les banques de donnees et le 1984. p.199-203. 4 refs. videotex, 9-16 Apr.1985. Pari s: Infodial-videotex 1985. p.9-11 86-1096 163 218 Popova, N.L.: Extra�olation as a vehicle of scientific cogso:ni­ tion and an 1985.integra lve factor 1n SC1ence. Orlg. ru. K1ev, Na uk.Dumka 111p .

176 Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification Literature retrieval systems) Orig. pt. Rev .Esc.Bibliotecon.UFMG Vol 14, and -phrase frequency lists by document search profi les. Ori9 . No 2, 1985. p.169-186 ru. Nauchno-tekhn.inform. ,Ser.2. No B. 1985. p.28-31

22 Elements of CS & T 86-1117 237 Ornager,S., Johne,M. : Changes in thesaurus construction caused by the use of Boolean searchlng. On g. en. In: 7th Int.unllne See also 86-1099c Inform.Meetlng. Oxford, New Jersey 1984? p.167-173, 13 refs. tlb-ll02 222 86-1118 •• 237 Gopinath, M.A. : Case studies in the development of multidisci­ Mol og;n, S.S Popova, L.B. , Sherbachenko,K.I.: The procedures pl i nary subjects. Orig. en. libr.Sci.with a Slant to Doc. of automatic generation of MASNTI linguistic databases. Orig. Vol 21, No 3, 1984. p.145-191, 12 refs. ru. In: Probl .sozdaniya retrosp. poisk. massivov v avtomatiz. The development of multidisciplinary subjects is illustrated tsentrakh NTI. Ch.2. Moskva. SU 1985. p.77-79 by the case studies in four different subject-fields, namely General Systems Theory, Sociobiology, Solar Energy Studies, 86-1119 237 and International Relations. Each of these subjects illustrate Rohou, C.: �l �a :i'.!e�sst �i�on:T-�a �u �to� m� a�t�i �s �''];;;-e �d�e �s ---it�h�'�s�a u� r� u" ,s. (Automatic different modes of formation: Distillation, Fusion, Entity thesaurus processing Orig. fro Pari s, FR: Institut d'Etudes Cluster, postulated by S.R.Ranganathan. Pol itiques 1985. 129p. 86-1103 225 B6-1120 238 Dziuba, D.: The facet formula and the semantic frame. Orig.pl. Anders, M.: Probl eme der Erarbeitun des mehrs rachi en The­ AktuaJ .probJ . inform.i dok. Vol 30. No 1.1985. p. 23-30, 9 refs. saurus Staat un ec t es el ro ems 1n e a orat­ ing the multilingual thesaurus State and Law of the ISGI, Pts. 86-1104 a 225 1 and 2) Oriy.de. Infonnatik 33( 1986)No 1. p.54-8. No.3, p.94- Cheval lot,F. : La classification facettes.4, (Faceted classifi- 98, 22 refs. cation) Ori9. fro Archlbard Ma gazlne, No 1986. p.41-44 86-1105 226 Matsumoto, K., Hiyamoto. S., Nakayama, K., Hoshino,S.: Statis­ tical analYsis of keywords of classical Chinese texts in the commentaries of Ru ang-tl v,n-fu-Ching. url g. Ja. Llbr.lntorm. Sci.(Japan), No 22, 1984. p. l-lO 241 ideas,knowl­ 23 formaliz.in- Construction of CS & T tel lekt.deyat-ti. oskva, SU 1985. p. 56-59 See also 86-1003, 86-1222, 86-1228 86-1122 242 Gorbushin Borodkin. L. I.: , 86-1106 231 I Ahlback, T. : Index languages and Vroblems01 of thesauri. Orig. ru. fio Kirjastotiede ja informatiikka 4, No 2. 1985. p.53-57 No 1, 1985. p.l04-111. 32 refs.

86-1107 232 86-1123 242; 244 Allmere, R.A. : Towards the problem of processing free classi­ Popovskaya, Kh.: SYnonYmous and hierarchical relationships in fication experimental data . Orig. ru. In: l1ngv.l pSlkhollngv. descri2, i9&5tor . languages.30 Orig. ru. Nauchno-tekhn.inform., Ser.2, struktury rechi. Moskva. SU 1985. p.55-65, 6 refs. No p.E-iS. refs.

86-1108 232 86-1124 .• 242 Krylov, Yu.N.: Driyanskiy, V.M., Zhogov, G.V Koltun, A.ya.: Numerical esti­ mates of the paradigmatic relatlonships and thelr use in docu­ mentary information search systems. Ori9.ru. Nauchno-tekhn.ln­ form. ,Ser.2, No 10. 1985. p.6-16 86-1109 2324 Polyakov, O.M., Dunaev.V.V. : Related terms in a 6,1985.classific ation 242 scheme. Orig. ru. Nauchn. -tekhn. Intonn.,ser. z,No p.15-Z1 86-1110 233 Sapel kin. V.S.: Classification schemes: logic schedules used to describe new technologi es. How to build them. Orig. ru. . p. 153-156, Nauchn.-tekhn.inform. ,Ser.l, No 10, 1985. p.25-28 86-1126 244; 29 86-1111 234 Beloozerov, V.N. : Mismatch analysis of IR thesauri 's paradig­

Belonogov,G.G. ,.• Zagika, LA. , Kiznetsov. B.A. , Novoselov, A.P. , matics. Orig.ru. Nauchno-tekhn.terminologiya,No 5,1985. p.6-10 Shturman, Ya .P Pozdnyak. M.V., Khoroshilov. A.A.: VINITI 's automated lexicographic service. Orig. ru. In: Probl.cozdam­ 86-1127 244 ya retrospk .poisk.nassivov v avtomatiz.tsentrakh NTI. Ch.2. Valsuba, K., Kotva. St.: Experimental verification of semantic Moskva, SU 1985. p.30-32 rel ation retrieval in the Technical Advancement MIS. Orig. cz. Cs. Inform. Vol 27, No 4, 1985. p.97-105, 8 refs. 86-1112 235 Agafonov. V.N. : Designing a subject heading list: the princi­ 86-1128 247 ples and an experiment. Orig. ru. In: Probl .sozdaniya retrosp. Brooks ,T.A.: Relational database design in information science pOlsk.masslvov v avtomatiz.tsentrakh NTI. Ch.2. Moskva.SU 1985 education. Orlg.en. J.Educ.for Libr.& Inform.Sci. Vol 26, No 1 p.85-87 1985. p.3-15, 21 refs. 86-1113 235 86-1129 247

Lancaster, L.W. : Thesaurus construction and use. A condensed Alagic. S.: Relational database•• technology. Orig. en. Berlin, course. Orig. en. Paris: Uneso 1985. 89p. etc.: Springer 1986. ca 275p 114 figs. ,ISBN 3-540-96276-X Contains a set of 84 "exhibits", which could be converted into slides or transparencies. and a text to explain and ampl ify 25 Numerical Taxonomy the exhibits. The text is devided into fourteen topical units deal ing with the different aspects of thesaurus construction and use. See also 86-1180 86-1114 235 86-1130 251 Itayem, M.A. : Establishment and develOPment of thesauri. Orig. Jajuga, K. : Bayes classification rule for the general discrete ar. Arab Ma9 .lnform.Sci. Vol 5. No 2, 1984. p.81-106, 9 refs. case. Orig.en. Pattern Recognition 19(1986)5. p.413-415.1 ref.

86-1115 L: 237 86-1131 254 Artowicz, Stages in creating an indexing language for com­ Nicol is. J.S. : Dynamics of hierarchical systems . An evolution­ pu ter-based2. 1984. information1I systems. Orig. pl . Zag. inform.nauk. , ary approach. Orig. en. Berlin, etc.: Springer 1986. ca 415p., No p.3-24. rets . Springer Series in Synergetics. Vol .25, ISBN 3-540-13323-2

86-1116 •• 237 86-1132 .• 258-26 Bevzenko. E.A. , Gal 'perina, T .A., Kruchen;ckaya. E.A Kuznec­ Willett, P Wintennan, V., Bawden, D. : Implementation of non­ ova. B.A. , Khoroshilov, A.A.: Automatic compilation of keyword hierarchic cluster analysis methods in chemical information

Int.Classif. 13(1986}No.3 Classification Li terature 177 use of descriptors in subject analysis and retrieval . Discus­ ses general utilization, advantages and disadvantages, com­ puter usage, trends, accuracy requirements, retrieval require­ men ts. cost saving. (Author, abbr.) 86-1133 258-528

Logan, E.l. . Shaw, W.M.Jr. : On the statistical val idity .•of co­ author partitions. Orig. en. In: Cha llenges lnform.Soc ASlS Ann.Meeting 1984. White Plains, NY: Knowledge Ind.Publ . 1984. 3 CLASSING AND INDEXING p.208-211. 16 refs. 31 Theory of Classing and Indexing 86-1134 258-733 Laktionova, O.E., Obukhov.V.A.: Using a cluster when forecast­ ing on the basis of pa tent infonnation. Orig.ru. In:Vses.Konf. See also 86-1054 po issled.na osnove pat.i dr.nauch.-tekhn.inform.tekhn.urovnya razrab. , Moskva. SU 1985, p,211-212 86-1135 258-826 Maslennikova, V,G. : Optimisation of the document flow distrib­ ution between computerised information centers on the basis 9.of cluster ana1YS1 S, ong. ru. Na uch,-tekhn ,lnfonn.,Ser,2, No 86-1147 . 314 1985, p,16-2U, 14 refs, McCarthy, C.: The rel iability factorI, in subject access. Orig. en. College & Res.Libr. Vol 47. No 1986. p.48-56, 18 refs. 26 l\Iotation, Codes 86-1148 315

Bhattacharyya.• .G. : POPSI: a system for depth indexing. Orig.en. See also 86-1229 Int.lnform Communic.& Educ.Vol 4,No 2,1985. p.144-155,5 refs.

86-1136 261 86-1149 .• 317 Ktirner, H.G. : Letter to the Editor concernin M.P.Sat; 'a's Diodato, V Pearson, K. : Source indexing in science journals "Brevit of notation in Colon Classification" Orig. de. Int. and indexing services : a survey of current practice. Orig. en. Classif, Vol 13. No 2. 1986, p.94-95, 8 refs. Science & Technol .libr.Vol 6.No 1-2,1985/86.p.l03-118.22 refs. In a study of 685 science journals it was found that about 25% 86-1137 262 of the journals employ source indexing, especially in the phy­ Kai-Tung Huang. J.: The diagonal symbol encod1ng system (OSES) sical and environmental sceinces. The author of an article is - a simpl ified 3-Corner Coding Method and its feasibility for usually the initial provider of the indexing data. Indexing CJK adoption. Orig. ch. Tushuguan-xue yu zixun kexue. Taiwan services indicate that source indexing is a guide to indeXing, Vol 11, No I, 1985. p.33-50 it is usually neither disregarded completely nor blindly ac­ cepted by indexers. (Orig.abstr. ,abbr.) 86-1138 264 Ion, P.D.F.: The use of TeX 1n MathSci: a way of solvinq the 86-1150 �I .: 318 Svenonius, E., Baughman. B., Molto, Title page sanctity. problem of6, displa1-2,y of1985 special. sYmbol s. Drig. en. Sci .technol . T1br. Vo l No p.203�0 4 The distrubtion of access points in a sample of English lan­ guage monographs. Orig.en. Cat.& Classif. Quarterly 6(1986)No 3 86-1139 267 p.3-21. 9 refs. Chen-Chau Yang: Appl ication and design consideration CJK for infonnation interchange code. Orig. ch. Tushuguan-xue yu zixun 86-1151 318 kexue, Taiwan Vol 11. No I, 1985. p.24-32 SacherschlieBun in norddeutschen Bibliotheken . (Subject anal­

YS1S 1n ort Gennan 11 ranes ng.•• e. Ber in.DE: Deutsches 27 Revision, Updating, Storage Bibliotheksinstitut 1985. ca 120p OBI-Materialien; 48. ISBN 3-87068-848-3 & Maintenance The volume contains some of the papers presented 1982 at a See also 86-1237 meeting in Sandelmark. 86-1152 Nietiedt, U. : Die "Systematik fUr BUchereien" - SfB. - 86-1153 Lorenzen,H.-J. : Die EinfUh­ 86-1140 271; 28 rung der Sf8 in Offentl icfieil1ff6liotheken. - 86-1154 Ender1 e. Mamedova. M.G. , Skorokhod'ko. E.F.: A method for o�tim;sation R. : Die EinfUhrung der SfB aus der Slcht einer lektorin. - of 8,IR 1985.thesauri. Orig. ru. Nauch.-tekhn.infonn.,Ser. , 86-1155 Reimers ,U. : Die EinfUhrung der SfB aus der Sicht einer No p.12-17. 6 refs. betelllgten BUcherei. - 86-1156 Wiegand,G. : Die Umstel lung der Sachersch1iessung an der Kieler Universitatsbibliothek. - 86-1157 Seusing,E. : SacherschlieBung und Uberregionale IuD­ 86-1141 •• 272 Kruske. H Post. W.: Erfahrungen und Ergebnisse bei der Aktu­ Aufgaben der Bibliothek des Instituts fUr Weltwirtschaft an ahsierung eines Fachthesaurus. Qrig.de. In: TH Ilmenau; INER; der Universitat Kiel . 14.Kollowuium Uber Inform.u.Dok .. Ilmenau, ODR: Inst.f.Inform. wi ss. , Erfindungswes.u.Recht (INER) 1985. p.79-86, Dokumentation/Information H.65 32 Subject Analysis 86-1142 276 Kl e inbart. P.: !jPLro�l�,�g�o�m�, "� onf --Tt0' �' ;�n�t fkl l�;�g� n*t ' �t�h��saurus sof�t­ 86-1158 321 �. � - (ir ') ' '� � , ���¥,;;;;�� ,, Orig.en. J.Infonn.Sci. 11 1985 No 2, p.45-53, 19 refs. Cochrane, P.A. : Sub'ect access.• - free text and controlled. Orig. en. In: Kinsel la. J. Ed Univ.of Bath. Centre for Cat­

alogue.• Research; Online public access to library files. Conf. 28 Compatibility and Concordance between Proc Univ.of Bath. 3-5 Sept.1984. Oxford, GB: Elsevier Int. CS &T Bull 1985. p.83-95. 6 refs. See also 86-1140 86-1159 3212

86-1143 •• 281 Beloozerov. V.N. ; Nosikov. S.M Fedosimov, V.I.: Compatibili­ ty between the IR thesauri of GASNTI agencies. Orig. ru. In: Probl . cozdaniya retrosp. poisk. massivov v avtomatiz.centrakh NTI. Ch.2. Moskva, SU 1985. p. 18-21 Discussion of some of the implications of van Dijk's work for bibliographic classification theory. A descriptive model of 29 Evaluation of CS & T the cognitive process of classifying documents is presented. 86-1160 3212 See also 86-1126. 86-1195 Capurro, R. : Henneneut1k der Fach1nfonnat10n. (Henneneutics of Scientific Information) Orig. de. Freiburg/Br.: Verl .K.Alber

86-1144 .• 1986. 238p., ISBN 3-495-47593-1 Rumyantseva. N.L Zyablova, L.E several retrieval languages. 86-1161 322 Ser.2, No 11. 1985. p.18-22. 4 Kreje i, F.: H�Yr:¥.liii���f:]��;l-!� sign. Orig.en. 86-1145 296; 397 p.331-343, 20 Andrian, A.C.: Sys tematiC classification or descriptor classi­ fication? PtI 19.s.l and3 2. Orig.en. Probleme de Informare si Docu­ 86-1162 322.02 mentare vo No and 4. 1985. p.82-95, 124-135 Gebhardt, F.: Semantisches Wissen in OatenbankenA - Ein Litera­ Compares systematic classification (e.g.using UDC) with the turbericht. {Semantlc knowledge 1n databa ses - 11terature re-

178 Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification Literature port)•• Orig.de. St.Augustin,DE: Ges.f.I'lath.u.Datenverarb. 1985. 60p G�1D-Studien Nr.108. ISBN 3-884S7-108-7

86-1163 323 8lair, D.C. : Indeterminacy in the subject access to documents. recognition for the analysis of speclal-subject Orig. en. Infonn.Process.& Management Vol 22, No 3, 1986. Orig. de. In: TH Ilmenau, INER; 14.Kolloquium Uber Inform.u.

p.229-241, 16 refs. Dok., Ilmenau,DD, 26.-28.11..• 198S. Themenkreis 2b. Ilmenau, DO: InsLf.Inform.wiss Erfindungswes .u.Recht 1985. p.35-42, 10 33 Classing and Indexing Techniques refs ., DokumentationjInformation 65

See also 86-918, 86-1001, 86-1051, 86-1052 35 Manual and Automatic Ordering

86-1164 333; 24 Brookes, B.C.: Jason Farradane and relational indexing. Orig. 86-1181 353 en. J.Infonn.Scl. Vol 12, 1986. p.15-18 Beck, H.: review of) lorenz 86-1165 333 Schnel ling, H.N.: Pattern Indexing: Towards universal struc­ tures and transparency of indexing: Li terary scholarsh1p as a case 1n p0 1nt. Orig. en. Cat.& Classif.Quarterly Vol 7, No 1, 86-1182 353 1986. p.35-44, 10 refs. Durecanska,A. : ClaSSification and phvs1cal arran(jement of lit­ erature for children 1n pubhc I1branes. ong. sk. Cltadel 86-1166 337 Vol 34, No 4, 1985. p. 152-153. 8 refs. Beck, H.: PRECIS - eine comeuterunterstUtzte verbale I 1Sacher­ schlieBun smethode auf lin ulstlscher Grundla e rei u. 2. 86-1183 354 PRECIS - a computer-supported verbal subject analysis method De Chalonge,F.: The automation project for the subject file of based on linguistics, Pts.l and 2) Orig. de. Zbl. Bibl .wes. document records at La Documentation Francaise. Orig. fro Vol 100, No 6; 8, 1986. p.264-267; p.333-339, 7 refs. Pa ns, FR: Conserv.natl .arts met1ers 1984. 137p. ,N(�m. I.N.T.D. 86-1167 337 Bidd, D. , Chevigny, L.de, Marshal l, M. : PRECIS for subject ac­ 36 Coding cess in a national audiovisual information system. Orig. en. Canadian libr.J. Vol 43, No 3, 1985. p.I77-184, 21 refs. 86-1184 368-26 86-1169 I� .: 337 Ugi, I.K.: Hierarchisch strukturierte S eicherun und Ermitt­ Richmond. Ph.A. : (Book review of) Dykstra, PRECIS: A Pri­ lung von chemischen Reaktionen. Hierarchically structured mer. London: Brit.Libr.1985. VIII,262p. Orig. en. storage and retrieval of chemical reactions) Orig. de. Eggen­ Cat.& classif.Quarterly Vol 7,No 1,1986. p.75-76 stein-Leopol dshafen: FIZ Energie, Physik, Mathematik Karlsruhe 1985. 190p., refs.p.181-190, BMFT-FB-ID 85.5 34 Automatic Classing and Indexing 37 Reclassification

341 See also 86-1234 and infor­ 38, 6/1, Proc. 86-1185 376 vol No 986. p.219-221, 3 refs. NacLeod. R.A. : Reclassification at Chancel lor Col lege library:I, background and 1984 project. Orig. en. NALA Bul l. Vol 4. No 86-1171 341 1984. p.60-63, 3 refs. Keitz, W.v. : Automatic indexing and theI, dissemination of in­

formation. Orlg.en. Inspel 20(1986)NO p.47-6/, 14 refs. 86-1186 •• 376 �1cMillan, S NcMillan, J.: Reclassification and the Universi­ 86-1172 341 ty of Queensland Librar�. Drig. en. Austral .Acad.& Res.libr. Panyr, J.: Probabilistische NodelleIR in Information-Retrieval­ Vol IS, No 3. 1984. p.l 5-142, 14 refs. Systemen. (Probabi 11Sflc models 1n systems) un g. de. Nachr.Dok. Vol 37, No 2, 1986. p.60-66, 42 refs. 38 Index Generation and Programs 86-1173 341 See also 86-1098 86-1187 382 Grande, S.: The inverted index: a semiotic approach. Orig. en, 86-1174 3432 fro Canadian J. InfOI1lI.Sci. Vol 10, 1985. p.37-43, 15 refs. Khoroshilov, A.A. , Novoselov, A.P. : Automatic normalisation of The function of the index is examined both technically and predicative words. Orig.ru. In: Probl .cozdaniya retrosp.poisk. philosophically as a tool for navigation and spatial ori enta­ massivov v avtomatiz.tsentrakh NTI.Ch.2.Moskva,SU 1985.p.34-35 tion in large textual databases. The role of the index is in­ vestigated in the following areas: (l) information systems de­ 86-1175 3433 sign and implementation. (2) user comfort, (3) history, psy­ Nanasyan, N.S.: On the pattern of mono-subiect distributions chology and development of literacy, and (4) marketing of new of text terms. with special reference to English-language teChnology. quantum generator texts. Orig. ru. Nauch.-tekhn.inform. ,Ser.2, No 7, 1985. p.16-19, 13 refs. 86-1188 382; 812 Sadowska, J.: A subject index to2. the1984. classif ied catalo7 gue. 86-1176 3434; 83 Orig. pl . Zag .lntorm.nauk., No p.3b-31, refs . Salton. G., Zhang, Y.: Enhancement of text representations us­ ing related document titles. Orig.en. Infonn.Process.& Manage­ 86-1189 383 ment Vol 22. No 5, 1986. p.385-394, 31 refs. Congreve, J.: Problems of subject access: (i) automatic gener­ ation of printed indexes and online thesaural3 control. Orig. 86-1177 346 en. Program Vol 20, No 2, 1986. p.204-210, refs. Dryzek. H.: Automatic indexing of documents in the MSIS NIR system. Orig.pl . Aktual .Probl . Infonn.Dok ., No 6, 1985. p.19-23 86-1190 383 Guy, R. F., Cairnes,T.P.: The roduction of rinted sub'ect in­ 86-1178 348 dexing by microcomputer. Drig.en. Electronic Library 2 1985 No Lerman, I.C.: Essai po ur une pr esentation generaTe de la clas­ 5, p.346-3S0. 4 refs. sification des donnees. (Study towards a general presentation of the classiflcation of data) Orig.fr. Inform.ScLHum. ,No 66, 86-1191 388-826 1985. p.7-40 Atkinson, St.D., Knee, �1. (Comps.): Subiect index to databases available from uter search service. Albany,NY: SUNY. Uni­ comp . ED 86-1179 (Irlf()"'''dtlC� and 348 verslty libraries 1986. 106p . 267 825 Platanla,G. : Informatica12/l9B5)No e araldica.2, p.. !h-134 heraldry) Orig .it. Inform.Doc.autom atic (I.r,\ltlcation by di 86-1192 388-86 Use of a method of in IH",j('" tu dl-rive co ng the ele­ Hartmann. K. : Pressedatenbank: Online Retrieval und ged ruckte of coats of ann'> eventually at a col­ Regi ster. (Databank for the press: onllne retneval and prlflt­ ments d Luropea lection which constitLIti.><; n heraldry. ed indexes) Orig.de. Nachr.Dok. 35{1984)4-5. p.211-216,2 refs.

Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification Literature 179 39 Evaluation of Classing and Indexing 43 On the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)

86-1208 43. 172 86-1193 3922 Simonetti,C.M.: Le fortune di Dewey. (Fortunes of Dewey) Orig. Middleton, it. Biblioteche Ogg; Vo l 3, No 4, 1985. p.23-52, 90 refs. 86-1210 43.277

�1omeni. M.K. : Adaetations of DOC in the Middle East. ••Orig. en. 86-1194 396 Champaign, IL: UnlV.of Illinois 1985. 44p. , 112 refs

Katzer,J., Oddy,R.N., Oas Gupta,P. : Study of free-index•• phras­ Occasional Papers No.170, ED 262 825 es. Syracuse, NY: Univ.of Syracuse 1985. 93 p 29 refs., NTIS PB 85-240117 86-1211 43.277 Kaula. P.N. : (Book review of) Momeni, M.K. : Adaptations of DDC 86-1195 396; 29 in the l1iddle East. Champaign, IL: Univ.of Illinois 1985. 44p. Bryant, Ph.(Ed.): Keyword catalogues and the free language ap­ Orig. en. Herald Libr.Sci. Vol 25, No 1-2, 1986. p. l0D-101 proach. •• Orig.en. Bath. GB: Centre for Catalogue Research 1985. SSp ISBN 0-86197-048-9 86-1212 43.753 Markey, K.: Findings of the Dewey Decimal Classification on­ line project. Orig. en. Int.Cataloguing Vol 15. No 2, 1986. 4. ON UNIVERSAL SYSTEMS p.15-19. 5 refs. 86- 1213 43.753 �larkey. K. : The Dewey Decimal Classification as a library us­ 41 On Universal CS 8< T in General er's tool in an onl1ne catalog. On g. en. In: Challenges In­ form.Soc. 1984 ASIS Ann.Meeting. White Plains. NY: Knowledge Ind.Publ. 1984. p. 121-125, 14 refs. 86-1196 411 86-1214 43.92 Bishoff, L.J.: Repo rt of the October 1985 meeting of the Deci­ mal Classificat10n Editorial Pol icy Committee. Orig. en. RTSD Newsletter Vol 11, No 3, 1986. p.27 86-1197 411 Patel , C.R. : Library classification:G,D. a theoretical overview. 86-1215 43.92 Drig. en. In: Bhargava, et al; Dlmens lOns 1n 11brary and Library Association Dewey Decimal Classification Committee:an­ information science. Indore.India: Anamika Publ .1986,p.113-121 nual report 1985. Orig.en. libr.Assoc.Record Vol 88.1986.p.157

86-1198 411 44 On the Library of Congress Classification Praal , B.R.: National bibliography! Universal classification? Orig. n1 . Open Vol 16. 1984. p.267-74 (LCC) and the Library of Congress Subject Headings 42 On the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)

86-1216 44.192 See also 86-925. 86-1004. 86-1005. 86-1006 Smith. D.A.: Processin Services 1905: uttin the librar 's

house in order• and the countr s cata 0 1n in ear Li rar 86-1199 42 of Con ress Orig. en. Library Resources & ec n.Serv. Cullen. T. : Have1985; UDC. 1986. wi ll travel . Orig. en. State Llbr. Vol 29, No 3, 1985. p.248-263, 41 refs. Vol 33; 34. p.3u-31 ; p.ll-13 86-1217 44.6-82 86-1200 42.213 Larson.C.A. , Bailey, E.J.: The Librarv6 of Congress& Z schedule: ZWirner. W.: Com uterisierun der Dezimalk1assifikation OK it's time for a change . Ong. en. L1 r.Resources lechn.Ser­ UOt). (ComputerlZa lOn 0 t e r1g. e. nt. u . vices Vol 29, No 4. 1985. p.369-383. 17 refs. Vol 8. No 4-5. 1986. p.67-69 At its meeting in The Hague of May 12. 1986. the UDC Management 86-1218 44.98 Group decided to implement the first part of the 4 purposes Knutson, G.S.:a Access po ints and book use: does the catalog outlined in this report. viz. the availability of an author­ record make d1fference? or1 g.en. In:Assoc.of college & Res. ized UOC-version as a database with fixed formatted fields. in Libr ., 4th Nat1.Conf. Baltimore, MO. 1986 .. Energies for Tran­ order to publ ish the Extensions and Corrections to the UOC in sition 1986. p.35-43 a simple and comfortable way. 86-1219 448.07 86-1201 42.3 Chan. L.M.: Library of Congress Subject Headings: principles UOC numbersfir for ODe the c1assificationy of selectedOSSR terms. as de­ and appl ication. 2nd ed. Orig. en. Littleton, CO 1986. 511p., termined the Methodo logy Co unc11 of the State Pub­ ISBN 0-87287-543-1 lic Sc;ent1f1c and Technical Libraryk during the per10d 1983- The book is divided in 3 parts, Pt. I: Principles. form . and 1984.ur1g.ru. Nauchn.1 tekhn .B1bliote 1 SSSR .No 6.1985.p.39-41 structure. Pt. II: Appl ication, Pt.III: LCSH in the online en­ vironment. 86-1202 42.38

OSIR UDC. • index. Orig.en. Lower Hutt: DSIR Library Centre 1985. 86-1220 448-93 2 vols DSIR Bibliographic Network publ . 7A+7B,ISBN 0-112-059-X Price, H.: Sub.lect access to lazz and popular mUS1C materials on L1brary of CongressI, Catalog records . Orig. en. Fontes Artis 86-1203 42.4 cs Musicae Vol 32, No 1985. p.42-53 list of the compl ete Czechoslovak edition of the FIbA table •• UDC. 419. Ong.sk. Spravod .S1oven.techn.knizn No 4.1984. p.3-5 45 On the Bliss Classification (BBC) 86-1204 42.6-984 Wel lisch. H.H. : The Universal Decimal Classification and its apr1ic1. ation2. to1984. Jewish materials. Orig. en. Judaica Librianship 86-1221 45.11; 46 Vo No p. 94-95 Bury, S. : Ranganathan's theories embodied in both Colon Clas­ sification and the 2nd edition of Bliss' Bibliographic Classi­ 86-1205 42.77 ficat1on. Orig.en.Herald Libr.Sci.25(1986)1-2. p. I-13.55 refs. Oimit. M.: The terminoloQv of the Universal Decimal Classifi­ Compares CC and BC2 in respect of 1) Sequence of Main Classes, cation. Or1g .sh. Bibl10tekar (Belgrade) 36(1984)No 1-3.p.37-39 2) Appl ication of Canons of classification. 3) Provision for the growth of subjects. 4) Termi nology used, 5) Facet analysis 86-1206 42.812 and citation order, 6) Phase relation and synthesis principle, Schiopu. I.: The visual method in the organization of U.D.C. 7) Notational features and techniques, 8) Mnemonics and co­ catalogues. The colour. a means to guide the user within the extensiveness of numbers, 9) Handling and updating of schemes. whole structure of the UDC. Orig. roo Prohl .de Inform.s; Doc. Detailed examination of the disciplines of sociology and med i­ Vol 19. No 2. 1985. p.41-52 cine in the two schemes. Point out the areas in which BC2 has advantages over CC and vice versa. 86-1207 42.93 Wimmer. F.: Die universelle Dezimalklassifikation UDC als 86-1222 45.231 Instrument einer geme1nsamen Sachersc lieBung 1n e nem B1 10- Aitchison, J. : A classification as a source for a thesaurus: Atheksverb und. Orig. de. OK-Mitt. Vol 3D, No 5, 1986. p.15-18 The Bibliograph1c classlflcat10n of R.E.BI1SS as a source of pledge for the use of the UDC in a network cataloguing sys­ thesaurus terms and structure. Ong. en. J.Doc. tem. Vol 42, No 3. 1986. p. 160-181. 14 refs.

180 Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification Literature 86-1223 45.417; 46 od in a form based electronic document file system . Orig. en. Sethi, A. R.: 8S through the prism of CC. Orig. en. ILA 8ul l. In: CO�'PAC·84. Silver Spring. �m, USA 1984. p.190-195, 4 refs. Vol 21, No 3-4, 1985. p.81-89 The TOSPIA hierarchic scheme for document classification with three or four levels of hierarchy is described. If there is an 46 On the Colon Classification (RCC) increase in the number of documents and classes with a changed structure of organisation the document search time may in­ crease significantly. In order to achieve a rapid search. it See also 86-997, 86-1221. 86-1223 is important to restructure the classification system. The following restructuring operations are discussed: relocation 86-1224 46.07 of all documents from one class to another; merging of two Chand, M.P. , Sachdeva. B.R. (assist.by): Colon Classif1 ication: different classes, decompostion of a class into two classes. +' Tts;;,;s�t�,�"�c�t "�'r 1e",,�an�d;'-,1w�o�' �k �i n�9�.--,,2n�d,-,e�d, ,-. Ori g. en. New De hi: Ster­ A formalized description of the two operations is given. Ilng Publ . 1984. 139p. 86-1238 483 86-1225 46.07 Kazakov.E.N. : Use of a generalised thesaurus to develop a com­ Tripathi, S.I1. : Book review of Chand, M.P. : Colon1: Classifi­ pu ter-based infonnation system. Orig. ru. In: Prob1 .cozdaniya cation: Its structure an wor 1n9. n e ew e ter 1n9 retrosp.poisk maSS1VOV v avtomatiz.tsentrakh NTt. Ch.2. 1984. Orig. en. Herald Libr.Sci. Vol 25, No 1-2.1986. p.99-100 Moskva. SU 1985. p.38-40 86-1226 46.07 86-1239 485

Chatterjee, A.: Book review of1: Kaula, P.N. : • A treatise on Ho-shang Lu: An essay on the revision of the Chinese Chrono­ Colon Classificat10n. ew De Ster n9 198 rlg. en. logical SubdiviSlon Table. Orlg. en. J.Educ.Medl d & llbr.Sci. IASLIC Bul l. Vol 31, No 1, 1986. p.39-40 Vol 22, No 4, 1985. p.361-366 86-1227 46.07 86-1240 386 Vya s, S.D. : (Book review of) Satija, I� .P.: l1anual of practical Coates, E.J.: FlO 8road System of Ordering Panel (FIO/BSO): Colon Classification. New1-2, Delhi: Sterling 1984. Orig. en. Her­ looking back 12 years and forwa rd. Orig. en. lnt.Forum In­ ald Llbr.Sci. Vol 25, No 1986. p.46-41 form.& Doc. Vol II, No 3, 1986. p.64-67, 12 refs. 46.23 86-1241 486 Kristal'nyj, B.V., Gendlina, I.E.: The GASNTI subject authori­ ty as a classification system. Orlg. ru. In: Probl.sozdanlya retrospekt.poisk.masslvov v avtomatiz.tsentrakh NTI. Riga, Mo­ skva. SU 1985. p.8-9

86-1229 46.26 86-1242 486 Kaur, A.: Notation of Colon Classification from 1933-1986. Karapetyan, R.R., Klykov, l.V. : The GASNTl Subject Authority Orig. en. Int.Librarian Vol 2, No 4, 1986. p.I-16 normative-methodololical base. Oriy. ru. In: Probl .sozdaniya l1akes a study of 142 references from various an9les. retrospk.pol sK.mass vov v avtomatiz.tsentrakh NTL Ch.2. Moskva, SU 1985. p.68-69 86-1230 46.98 Satija, M.P. : Use of Colon Classification. Orig. en. 86-1243 486 Int.Classif. Vol 13, No 2, 1986. p.88-92, 25 refs. lishanskij, A.S. : Experience in the use of the GASNTl Subject Statistics on the use of the CC have been made based on some Authority for document and query indexing. Orig.ru. In: Probl . directories and other studies in the area of New Delhi and sozdaniya retrosp.poisk.massivov v avtomatiz.tsentrakh NTI. Rajasthan. The figures indicate that apparently the use of CC Ch.2. MoskVa, SU 1985. p.15-16 in India has been overestimated in the literature.

47 On the Library Bibliographical Classif. (LBC/BBK)

47.06 86-1245 486; 98 Kristal 'nyj , B.V. , Lobova ,L.V. , Klykov,L.V.: The present state and future usage of the GASNTl Subject Authority. Orig. ru. Nauchn.-tekhn.infonn. ,Ser. l. No 9, 1985. p.8-10 86-1246 486 Beloozerov,V.N. , Nosikov, S.M. : Using GASNTl 's general system­ ic language facilities. In: Probl .sozdaniya retrosp.poisk.mas­ 86-1232 47.06 SlVOV v avtolllatlz .tsentrakh NTL Ch.2. Moskva 1985. p.79-83 Zhurzhalina, N.P.: A meeting of social countries on BBK. Orig. ru. Sovetskaya Biblio9rafiya, No 1, 1985. p.90-93 86-1247 486 Gli 86-1233 47.08 Goltvinskaya, T.S. , Zhurzhal ina, N.P. et al : Optimizaciya Bi­ bliotechno-bibliografichesKoj klassifikacii i ee adaptaciya k tiz. ''''''N"h nacional 'noj spec ifike social istichesk1kh stran: Sbor.Nauch. trudov. (Optimisation of the Library-Bi bl iographical Classifi­ 86-1248 486 canon and its adaptation to the national specialties of so­ Sudnietse. Zh.F., Tishchenko. M.K. : On the use of the GASNTI cialist countries) Orig. ru. Moskva, SU: Gos.Biblioteka SSSR Subject Authority in the Latvian Republ ic STI Sys tem. Orig.ru. im.V.I.Lenina 1986. 136p. In: Probl .sozdaniya retrosp.poisk.massivov v avtomatiz.tsen­ trakh NTI. Ch.2. Moskva, SU 1985. p.11-13 86-1234 47.373 Sivokonin, Vu.T., Polyanov, V.P. : Managing the conversion of a 86-1249 486 scientific library's catalogues and collections to the LBC Kazakov, LN., Zotova, N.N. : Compl ex use of the GASNTI Subject tables. Ortg. ru. Sov.8ibliotekoved., No 4, 1985. p.67-76, 142 Authorit1. y in VNITsentr's informatlOn processes. Orig. ru. In: Prob sozdaniya retrosp. poisk.massivov v avtomatiz. tsentrakh 86-1235 47.91 NTL Ch.2. �'o skva, SU 1985. p.9-U Zuparova, M.A. , Kattakhodzhaeva, I. I.: Progress in the intro­ duction of BBK classification in Uzbekistan's centrallzed li­ 86-1250 487 brary system. Orlg.ru. Sov. Bibl iotekoved., No I, 1984. p.91-96 Mole�lski. K. : International e Patentklassifikation auf den DIN­ Normen - Einte1lun der Technik mi t Hl lfe von 58 500 S mbol en. 86-1236 47.91 The International Patent Classification on DIN Standards - Schulz,H.: Drei wicht; e Aktivit�ten zur Durchsetzun der 8BK.rlg . Classification of technology with the aid of 58 500 symbols) (Three impor an ac Vl les owa r lmp emen ng t e refs. Orig. de. DlN-Nitt. Vol 65, No 11, 1986. p.566-568 pe. Zb1 .8;bl.wes. Vol 100, No 3. 1986. p.104-113. 2 Since 1982 most of the DIN Standards carry a class number (on their last page) concerning the IPG. So far some 1200 DIN­ 48 On Other Universal Systems Standards have been classed by the IPG.

86-1251 Or487ig. Rumyantseva, N.L.: Use of the IPC in patent1 searching. 86-1237 482; 273 ru. In: Vses.konf.po lssled. na osnove pat. dr.nauch.-tekhn. •• Tanakd,!\. � dJ)5::.ullIent Sato.M., Nomura,E classification meth- inform.tekhn.urovnya razrab. Moskva, SU 1985. p.208-211

InLClassif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification literature 181 86-1252 487 lien. PARTHES. �1Unchen. K.G.Saur 1985. 146p. Ortg. de. Vajsberg,A.M., Genin, B.l. , Shirokova, M.A. : On computer-aided Int.Classif. Vol 13, No 2. 1986. p.105 developme nt of IPC reference and search aids. Orig. ru. In: Probl. Sozdanlya retrosp.poi sk. maSS1VOV v avtomatiz. tsentrakh 86-1268 662; 19 NTI. Ch.2. Moskva, SU 1985. p.52-43 Nelson, G.K., Richardson, J.V. : Adelaide Hasse and the early history of the U.S. Su�erintendent of Documents classification 86-1253 487 scheme. ong. en. Gov. ubl .Rev. 1986. No 13, Ja/F. p.79-96 Bandurina, loS., Shmeleva, I. I.: Changes in the British patent classlfication. Orig. ru. Vopr.1zobretatel'stva, No 8, 1985. 67 7 p.43-45, 4 refs. On CS 8< T inthe Econ. 8< Production Area 86-1254 489 86-1269 673 Castonguay, R. : A comparative guide to classification schemes Sapelkin,V.S.: The principles of constructing subject headings for local government documents collections. Orig.en. Westport. als logical frameworks for the systematic description of 00- CR: Greenwood 1984. 144p., ISBN 0-313-24208-9 .iects of new technology. Orig. ru. Nauchn.-tekhn.inform.Ser.l. No 10. 1985. p.25-28. refs. 86-1255 489 langer, W.: Entwurf fUr eine Neufassung der Systematik fUr 68 ON CS 8< T in the Science 8< Inform. Area 8 Kinder- und Jugendbibliotheken. (Draft version of a new edi­ tion of the Classification for Children's libraries) Orig. de. Schulbibliothek Aktuel l, No 2, 1985. p.108-1ll 86-127011 .: 6826 Salk, Zur Klassifikation von Dokumentationssystemen. Orig. de. Bib1iothek. Forsch.u.Praxis Vol 10, No 1-2, 1986. p.91-96 6 ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS CS &: T 86-127l 6847 Haskel l. G. : Cooking up film subject headings. Orig. en. Film 61 On CS 8< T in the Form and Structnre Area 1 li brary Quarterly Vol 17, No 2. 1984. p.30-32 86-1272 6B6 86-1256 6152 Yadav. S.B.: Classifying an organization to identify its in­ fonnation requirements: a comprehensive framework. Orig. en. �O�"""g�� J.Manag.Infonn.Syst. Vol 2. No 1. 1985. p.39-60, 44 refs. er study and elaboration of a c],,,sHi;c'ti 61B Paris: Conserv.Natl .arts metiers use of 6B6.. 7th library. 86-1273 ong. en. In: Int.online Inform.Meeting. xford, New Jer- Delecour. S. : sey 19841. p.465-469

64 On CS 8< T in the Bio Area 4 Paris: Conserv.Natl .Arts. Metiers 1984.

69 On CS 8< T in the Humanities Area 9 86-1259 646

Kama10va, K.Sh., Beloozerov. V.N. : Ex erience with the des; n• of a base thesaurus for a subject amal amation A ricu1ture 86-1275 692 Orig. ru. In: Probl .sozdaniya retrosp.poisk.massivov v avtoma­ Harrel l. G.: The classification and organisation of adult fic­ tiz.tsentrakh NTI. Ch.2. Moskva, SU 1985. p.57-59 tion in large Amencan public libraries. Orig. en. Publ ic li­ braries vol 24, No 1, 1985. p. 13-14, 5 refs. 86-1260 646 692 Thomas, S.E. : Use of the CAB Thesaurus at the National Agri - 86-1276.• cultural library. Orig. en. Quarterly Bul1.IAAlD Vol 3D, No 3. Ito. K Ueda, S.: Development of a thesaurus for the fine 1985. p.61-65 arts. Orig. ja. libr. Infonn.ScL (Japan), No 22. 1984. p.47-60 86-1261 646 86-1277 692 Wightman. P. : Commonwealth agricultural bureaux thesaurus. Sapp, G.: The levels of access: subject approaches to fiction. Orig. en. Tennino1 .trad., No 2. 1985 Orig. en. RQ Vol 25, No 4. 1986, p. 488-497, 50 refs.

65 On CS 8< T in the Human Area 5 86-1278 694 Stanle J.l. : African art and AAT (Art and Architecture The- saurus . Orig.en. Art Documentation Vol 4.No 3.1985. p.l03-105 86-1262 653 Magami, Y. : Problems associated with changed MeSH terms ; the case of "Hyperthennia.I. Indeced"2, 1986. and "Fever Therapy" . Orig. ja. un l1ne Kensaku Vol No p./O-74 7 CLASSIFICAT AND LANGUAGE 86-1263 6549 Jaeggin. R.B. : C.R.C.D.Rehabi1itation Classification Scheme. 71 General Problems of Natural Language Orig. en. Bibliotheca Medica Canadiana 7(1985)No 3. pl .99-103 Outline of the history and background of the scheme and sum­ marises the reasons for proceeding with a new scheme. 86-1279 711 ANlogi SSSRc and langua13� e. Papers of a seminar. Orig. ru. Moskva. SU: 86-1264 656 1985. p. Examination of methodological problems lying on the interface between logic and linguistics. 86-1280 711 Zvegintsev. V.A. : language as a factor in the computer revolu­ tion. Orig. ru. Nauch.-tekhn .1ntonn.,Ser.2, No 9, 1985. p.I-7, 12 refs . 66 On CS 8< T in the Socio Area 6 86-1281 714 86-1265 66 Finn, V.K. (Ed.): Semiotic aspects of intellectual activity Grigoras. F., Simion.N.: Remarks on the possibility of compi l­ fonnali sation. Proceedings of a seminar. Orig. ru. Moskva. SU 1985. 43Zp. ing a thesaurus forI, social sciences. Orig.ro. Probl .de Infonn. Sl Doc. Vo l 19, No 1985. p.1l-20 The seminar dealt with aspects of fonnalisation of discourse and text understanding in natural language. 86-1266 66 Smirenskij. V.B.: Design criteria for the SATsNION lingu istic 715 Artificial Intel l igence software. Orig.ru. In: probl .sozdanlYa retrosp.polsk.masslVov. v avtomatiz.tsentrakh NTI. Ch.2. I1::Iskva, SU 1985. p.40-42 See also 86-919. 86-1062

86-1267 662 86-12A2 715.02 Soergel , D.: (Book review of) Deutscher Bundestag. Gruppe Da­ Hilker,E.: Artificial intelligence: a review of current infor­ tenverarbeitung: Struktur des Thesaurus fUr Parlamentsmateria- mation sources. Orig.en. Collection Building 7(1985)3. p. 14-30

1B2 Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification literature 86-1283 715.02 75 Ouestion-Answering Systems,IO�line Te chn. Smith. l.C.: A uide to information sources0 in artificial 0 in- tel l igence. Ong. en. CT. ec no . T r. p.79-100, 35 refs. See also 86-1212, 86-1213

86-1304 751 72 Semantics Matveeva. L. A., Smi rnova. E. D.: sem'ntic 7' n' l Y'�i '' -pr�ob�l e�m 'm'i0 ,,-f �7���� ��n��.• Nol� ¥ � interroga tive logic. Orig. ru. iVestn.l·lGU:m Filos 5, 1985. p.39-48. 13 refs. 86-1284 721; 06 Vasil 'eva, l.M.(Ed.): Lan ua e semantic cate ories and methods 86-1305 753; 842 1.. •• of their study. (Al l-Union Conference, 28-30 �Iay 1985 . Orig. Bechtel . H., Zoeke, t'larhan. H Kleinschmager. H. : Online ru. Ufa. SU 1985. 114p. patent searching - useful but still in its infancy. Ori� World Patent Inform. Vol 7. No 1-2, 1985. p.68-82 86-1285 721 The usage of Derwent 's World Patent Index and of the Chemical Barth, E.M. , Wiche, R.I.P.: Problems, Functions, and Semantic Abstracts database for searching patents related to chemical Roles. A Pragmatists' Analysis of Montague 's Theory of Sen­ substances is outlined as well as the retrieval procedure for

tence Meaning..• Orig. en. Berlin-New York: W.de Gruyter 1986. patent documents in the mechanical and electrical engineering XVIII,198p ISBN 3-11-009861-X field in the Derwent and Inpadoc databases. 86-1286 721 86-1306 753; 842 Sgal l. P. : Artificial intelligence and semantics. Orig. en. Bryant, J.H. , Terapane, J.F. : Online searching in the U.S.Pat­ In: Arti ficTal Intel ligence and IntomatlOn control Systems ent and Trademark Office. Orig. en. World Patent Inform. for Robots. New York. NY: Elsevier Science Publ . 1984. Vol 7. No 1-2. 1985. p.133-138, 1 ref. p.329-332, 31 refs. Presented are also the results of two studies using lEXPAT. the full text data base of recent U.S.patents. The first study 86-1287 721 focuses on what segment of the patent text is needed for high TuT 'chinskij, G.L.: In what sense is a theory of sense pos­ levels of recall and preciSion in text searching. The second sible? (Orig.ru) In: Filos.osnovaniya nauch.teorii. Novosi­ reports the impact of a combined classification and text � SU 1985. p.l08-127, 23 refs. search strategy on recall and precision.

86-1288 726 86-1307 753 Sys tems analysis of the scientific text. Orig.ru. Vladivostok, Kascus,�I.A. : (Book review of) Cochrane. P.A. : Redesign of cat­ SU: Kaf. in.yaz .Dal 'nevost.nauch.tsentr.AN SSSR 1984. 189p. alogs and indexes for improved online subJect access: Selected pape rs of A. Cochrane. Pauline Phoenix, AZ: I,Oryx Press 1985. 86-1289 726 Orig. en. Cat.& Classif.Quarterly Vol 7, No 1986. p.80-81 Feathers. K.M. : The semantic features of text: their interac­IN: tion and influence on comprehending. Orig.en. Bloomington, 86-1308 755; 842 Indiana UniversTty ED.D. 1985. 786p., University Microfilms Wittmann, A. , SchlkarskT, L.: Effects of languagel P barrier in Order No.ADG85-D7850. 8510 searchTng free-text data bases. ur Ig. en. wor d atent Intorm. Vol 7. No 1-2, 1985. p.145-150, 4 refs. 86-1290 726 As most data bases al lowing online dialog searching are based Nefedova. L.F.: Semantico-syntactic relations in the semantic on English texts. users not speaking English as their mother blocks of a scientific text. Orig. ru. In: Semantiko-sistem. tongue may be at a loss. The authors propose to establish otnosheniya v yaz .. Sverdlovsk. SU 1984. p.54-59. 10 refs. free-text searchable data bases enabling the searcher to use his Gennan mother tongue, in addition to graphical infomation 86-1291 726 to be presented on the screen. Schneider,H.-J. et al : Textverstehen:lnteressensgesteuerte Va­ riation der Analysetiefe. (Text comprehension: variation of 86-1309 756 analysTs gUIded by Tnterest) Orig. de. Eggenstein-Leopoldsha­ Oberhauser, 0.: Klassifikation in Online-Informationssystemen . fen: FIZ Energie, Physik, Mathematik GmbH 1985. (ClassTf1catlOn 1n online infonna tion systems) Orig. de. Int. 119p., BMFT-FB-ID 85-001 Classif. Vol 13. No 2, 1986. p.79-87, 13 refs. The report contains the fol lowing contributions: Pt.l discusses the fol lowing questions: To what extent are 86-1292 Rol linger, c'-R. : Zur Simulation natUrlicher loJi ssens­ classification schemes as a means of subject access to be systeme. - 86-1293 Rol linger, c'-R. , Schneider, H.-J.: Text­ found in bibl iographic databases? What is the nature of these verstehen - Interessensgesteuerte Variation der Analysetiefe. systems and their notation? Pt.2 shows several advantageous 86-1294 Kilbury. J.: Direktes Parsen mit ID/LP-Grammatiken. applications of using classification codes in bibliographic 86- 1295 Schmiedel, A., Luck, K.v.: Wissensreprasentation fUr online searching. Pt.3 deals with modifications and changes Zustande und Ereignisse in einer dynamischen Welt. - 86-1296 of classification systems, which constitute the ma in problem GUnther, S. : Zum zeitlichen Aspekt der Reorasentation von Tex­ when using them in online searching. Thus the searcher is in­ •• S.: ten. - 86-1297 FUrnsinn, M Khenkhar, �I ., Ruschkowski. fanned how to apply classification for improving search stra- GEOSYS - Ein Frage-Antwort-System mit raumlichem Vorstel lungs­ tegies but also how to overcome such difficulties. (Author) venmogen. - 86-1298 Emde, W.: Maschinel 1es lernen in METAXA. 86-1311 .• 756 86-1299 726 Okhrits,E.V Shatberashvili, O.B. : Online access to databases Sorokoletov,V.P. : A tYPO lO9fof scientific and technical texts with the use of built-in thesauri. Orig.ru. In: Prob1 .sozdani­ and translation. Orig. ru. n: Aktual.probl .nauch.-tekhn.pere­ ya retrosp.polsk.masslvov v avtomatiz.tsentrakh NTI. Ch.2. voda . Voronezh. SU 1985. p.46-47 Noskva, SU 1985. p.48-49

86-1313 1.1., 756 73 Automatic Language Processing Popov, Kravchenko. A.E., Pavlov, A.N.: Aspects of imple­ mentation and use of a documental-lexical information base. UrTg. ru. In: Probl.sozdamya retrosp.polsk.masslVov V avtoma­ 86-1300 731 tiz.tsentrakh NTI. Ch.2. Moskva, SU 1985. p. 56-57

Butler, Ch. : Computers in lin.•g uistics. Orig. en. Oxford, GB:

Basil Blackwell 1985. IX,266p ISBN 0-631-14266-5 86-1314 •• 756 Zharov. L.V., Matveenko, V.A Makhmudzade, R.A.: The language 74 Grammar Problems trocessor of a classifier question-answering system. Orig. ru. n:probl.sozda nlya retrsp.polsk.massTvov v avtomatlz.tsentrakh See also 86-926 NTI. Ch.2. Moskva, SU 19B5. p.54-55 86-1301 744 Demchenko, l.I.: Towards information measurements of lan9uaye 757 Expert Systems units. Orig. ru. In: Yazykov, semantlka i rechevaya deyate ' nost': Vopr.rus.yaz.i lit.. Kishinev,SU 1985. p.32-38,24 refs. See also 86-920, 86-921. 86-1063, B6-1066, B6-1069 86-1302 744 B6-1315 757.01 Kasimova, G.K. : Verbs with the meaning of information: a clas­ Emrich, M.l. : Expert systems bibliography: 1981-1984. Orig.en. sification and subJect relatlOnshlps. UrT g. ru. Na uch.-tekhn . Oak Ridge,TN: Oak Ridge Natl .Lab.1985. 134p. ,NTIS DE 850-18160 inform.Ser.2. No 7, 1985. p.34-37, 5 refs. An extens ive listing of references is presented. For increase utilization of the citation. several indexes are included. Ca­ 86-1303 746 tegorization of ci tations into subject groups (including ma­ Dierich. E.: Investiiations of Phrase-combinint connections in chine learning. uncertainty and fuzzy logic, and Fifth gene­ Gennan techn ical tex s. UrTg. en. Int.Forum In onn.& Doc . ration computing) are provided along with a glossary of terms Vol 11. No 2, 1986. p.8-12, 8 refs. for the field.

Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification Literature 183 86-1316 757 Aktual .Probl . lnfonn.Dok., No 6, 1985. p. 12-18 Fournier, C.: Les systemes experts. (The expert systems) Orig. Nethods of automatization of linguistic Harks carried on with­ fro Doc.bibl . Vol 31, No 3, 1985. p.133-135 in the process of generating glossaries used for machine pro­ cessing of natural-language texts are presented. The applica­ 86-1317 757 tion of the described algorithm enables the assignation of Appelrath, H.-J., Kriz, J.: Wissensbasierte Ex ertens sterne. grammatical attributes to any word-fonn as well as the qual i­ (Knowledge-based expert systems Drig,de. Neue ZUrcher Zeitung fication of its morphol ogical structure. The method under exa­ Oct. 29, 1986 mination is used when generating thematic databases. It en­ General survey on characteristics of expert systems, their re­ ables not only a considerable shortening of the time which is alization, applications, and their state of development. necessary for the realization of glossaries but also the im­ provement of their qual ity. It may be well to add that costs 86-1318 757; 247 of the correction are much smaller if the described method is Zemankova-leech, M., Kandel , A.: Fuzzy relational databases - used. (Authors) a key to expe rt systems, Orig. en. Koln. DE: Verlag TOV Rhein­ land 1984. 178p. 86-1333 765

Kazakevich, O.A. : Machine-readable dictionaries a surve.• of 86-1319 757 forei n ubl ications . Orig. ru. Nauch.-tekhn.infonn Ser.2, Le Beux. P., Fontaine. D.: Un s sten� d'ac uisit on des con­ No 9, 1985. p.25-29 naissances our s stemeS ex erts, A knowledge acquisition system for expert systems rig. fro T.S.I. Tech .sci .infom. 86-1334 5.5., 765 Vol 5. No 1. 1986. p.7-20 Matveenko ,T.F., Molog;n, Mushkova, L.H. : l�aintaining the terminological dictionary of the Interdi scipl i nary Computer­ 86-1320 757 ized STI Sys tem. Orig. ru. In: Probl . sozdaniya retrosp.polsk. t-lichie. 0.: Current develo ents in artificial intel li ence massivov v avtomatiz.tsentrakh NTI.Ch.2,Moskva,$U 1985.p.72-74 and eXJert systems. Orig.en. In: Cawkel l. A.E. Ed, ; Handbook of IntormatlOn !echnology and Office Systems. Amsterdam, NL: 77 General Problems of Terminology North-Hol land 1986. p.763-777

86-1321 757 See also 86-922, 86-971, 86-983 Stohr, LA.: Decision support and knowledge-based sys tems. Orig. fro J.Management Infonn,Syst. Vol 2. No 4, 1986. p.5-7 86-1335aH. , 77.07 Picht, Draskan, J.: T >!g #���! Orig.en. :� !!!\!!!i �c-J-' lh- g!!; 86-1322 Guildford, GB: Universi': stics and Vitek. M.: Possibilit seekin s stems International Studies en. In: Approx mate eason1ng 1n xpert Elsevier Science Publ . 1985. p.499-504. 77 .07 H. Draskau J. : Tenninol­ 86-1323 7578-13 En and 1985. 265 . o 1- . p. -78 Altman, N.S.: Expert systems and statistical eXDertise.cA: Pt. l:

Statistical expert.• systems. ong. en. stanford, DnlV.ot Stanford 1985. 29p NTIS AO-A 159 503 77.07 86-1324 757 liebowitz. J.: Useful approach for evaluating expert systems . Orig. en. Expert Systems Vol 3, No 2. 1986. p.86-96, 25 refs.

86-1325 757 86-1337 77.92 Richer,�1.H.: An evaluation of expert system development. Orig. Infoterm: Terminological activities. Orig. en. Int.Infonn,Com­ en. Expert Systems Vol 3, No 3, 1986. p.166-182, 60 refs. munic.& Educ. Vol 5. No I, 1986. p.101-103

86-1326 758-2 86-1338 77.93 Infoterm Survey Denmark. Orig. en. Tenninol .et Traduct •• No 2. Aitchison, T.M.: Online Z.and 1984. the database pro3 ducer. Orig. en. J.lnform.Sci. Vol 9, No p.J5-BO, rets. 1986. p.69-93 A number of contributions from Denmark, originally published in TermNet News No.12/1985: 86-1339 Picht, H.: Termi nology re­ 76 Lexicon/Dictionary Problems search and termi nol09Y training. - 86-1340 Hamburger,A.: The terminology tasks of the Danish Language Commi ssion. - 86-1341 Picht. H. : Practical tenninology work. - 86-1342 Enlel ,G. , Ni­ 86-1327 763 strup-Madsen. B.: Dantenn (the Danish Term1nol.Bank . 86-1343 Bevzenko , LA .• Gal 'perina, LA., Kruchenitskaya, E.A. , Kuzne­ Reuss,H.J.: Standardization activities within the field of tsov, B.A. , Khoroshilov, A.A.: Automated construction of key­ terminol09Y. - 86-1344 Spang-Hanssen, H.: IuD and terminology. words frequency vocabularies used for document descr1pt1ons. Orig. ru. Nauch.-tekhn.inform. ,Ser.2, No 8, 1985. p.28-31 86-1345 77 .95 Nedobity,W,: Termin010rY transfer and terminological training. 86-1328a 763 Orig. en. Tenn1nol.et aduct. , No 2, 1986. p.43-50, 7 refs. Sedelow. S.Y. : 19,Comp utational2, 1985. le XlcoQraphy• Orig. en. Comput.& Paper presented at the TERMIA Conference, Luxembour9 , 1984. Humanities Vol No p.9/-10 86-1346 77.99 86-1328b 764 Felber. H.: The activit of ISO TC 37 "Terminolo Princi les Matveenko . T. F.: The terminological dictionary of the Trans­ and Coordina 10n ng.en. enn1no ,et ra uct., 0 sectoral Automated Scientific and Technical Information SYS­ p.115-ll7. 4 refs. te'll. On g. ru. In: Probl .sozdaniya retrosp.poisk. massivov v avtomatiz.tsentrakh NTI. Ch.2. Moskva. SU 1985. p.74-77 86-1347 77.99 Gor'kova. V.I.: Terminology unification and standardisation. 86-1329 764 Orig. ru. In: Probl.sozda niya retrsp.poisk.massivov v avtoma­ tiz.tsentrakh NTL Ch.2. l0f0skva, SU 1985. p.3-7

86-1348 •• 77.99 8urtseva, I.P Petukhova, T.1.: Topical questions of the sci­

entific and technical examination of draft standards.• for tenns 86-1330 764 and definitions.Orig.ru.Nauch.-tekhn.terminol No 5.1985.p.1-6 86-1349 771 Zhuravlev, V.F.: Philosophical and logical pro blems of termi­ p. nological science. Orig.ru. Nauch.-tekhn.terminol •• No 8.1985. p.1-6 86-1331 765 Abramova. N.N. , Bevzenko. LA. : Automating the comel lation of 86-1350 771 phrasal dictionaries on nonfonnallsed texts. ong. ru. In: Anyushkin,E.S.: Terminology and language culture. Orig.ru. In: Probl . sozdaniya retrosp. poisk.massivov v avtomatiz.tsentrakh Aktual .probl .nauch.-tekhn.perevoda. Voronezh, SU 1985. p.30-31 NTI. Ch.2. Moskva. SU 1985. p.63-65 86-1351 772 Peshkova, N.S.• Spiridonova,E.S.: Basic characteristics of the 86-1332 .• .• 765 Bielonogow .G.G Zagika.E.A Kuzniecow, B.A. , Nowosiolow,A.P. terminological vocabulary. Orig. ru. In: Akfual.proOl .naucn.­ Szturman, J.P. : Automatic generation of glossaries. Orig. pl . teknn .perevoda , voronezh. SU 1985. p.42-43

184 Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification Literature 86-1352 .• 772 86-1367 78-733 Levitskaya. A.P lhachklna, V.A.: Some ways of terminological Fe1 H. : vocabulary updating. Drig. ru. In: Aktual .probl .nauch.-tekhn. perevoda . Voronezh. SU 1985. p.42 °9Y 86-1353 772 "'hSf>",:he Vol 8,1'10 1-2,1986. p. Sager.J.C: International scientific terminol02y: Prospects and limitation. Or lg. en. Neotenn. No 1. 1984. p. 0-25 86-1368 78-746 Proposal that an international clearing house could coordinate Zhuravleva. Z.V. : Sys tems terminological analysis: research in .• N 1985. the diffusion of international scientific tenninology. but it progress. Orig. ru. Nauch.-tekhn.tenmnol o 9, 27p . should not interfere in the coining process. Trends and ten­ dencies in tenn creation should be mapped, with a view to de­ 86-1369 78-814 scribing prevalent rules in term creation. (Author) ' Prasad, K.N. : Glossary of library classification tenns. Orig. en. Libr.ScLwHh a Slant to Doc. Vol 21, No 3. 1984. 86-1354 773 p.129-134. 4 refs. Greule, A., Ahlvers-Liebel. E .. Sprachpflege als Wissenschaft. Review of the development of tenns in the field of library (Language culture as a scientlfTC fleld) Orlg.de. Sprachdlenst classification in India based on a comparative census of the Vol 30. No 5. 1986. p.129-141 tenns contained in the three editions of the Prolegomena to Summary of the contents of a book on this title stressing the Library Classification (1937. 1957. 1967). Presents the con­ fol lowing topics; What does it mean "Language culture as a clusion that the field of library classification conforms to scientific field"? On the history of Germanistic language cul­ the science of glossematics. ture. Survey on contemporary German language cul ture activi­

ties. On a scientific foundation of language culture. 86-1370 •• •• •• 78-814; 42 Borisova.N.D Gendl ina.I.E Matua.N.A Kalinina,G.I.. Smir­ I.: 86-1355 775; 78-29 nova, A. Ordnung und Uni fizi erung der wi ssenschaftl i chen

Kiyak. T.R. : The level of motivation to choose•• and order inter­ Terminologie am Beispiel der Ausarbei tung des fUnfsprachigen national terms. Or lg.ru. Nauch.-tekhn.inform Ser.l.No 10,1985. Fachworterbuches fUr Theorie und Anwendun s raxis der Univer­ p.15-19 sa1-Dezimal-Klassifikation. Order and unification of scien­ tlflC tenn1nO\ogy exemphfied in the elaboration of the five­ 86-1356 776 lanluage special dictionary for theory and practice of the UDC Orig. de. Dok./lnform. No.66 1985. p.l08-115

Orig. de. Vol 37, No 1, 1986. p.9-13 86-1371 N. L. 78-824 Styazhkin. Zhuravleva, V.S. : Optimisation of the fi le of 86-1357 777 present-day key archival termsI. and their definitions: logical Miyajima. T. : Ober die Entwicklun der 'a anischen Fachs ra­ aspects . Orlg. ru. In :Metodo vopr. arkhlVoved. 1 org.dok. v arkh. chen. (On the development of Japanese special languages Orig. f1oskva. SU 1984. p.142-161, 14 refs. cre:--Special Language - Fachsprache 8(1986)1-2. p.2-15. 4 refs. 86-1372 78-826 78 Subject-Oriented Terminology Work r,lie,F.: lur Terminolo ie und T 010 ie von Fakteninformations­ systemen. owar s ermlno ogy an typo ogy 0 actua 1n or­ mation systems) Orig. de. Nachr.Dok. Vol 36. No 2. 1985. See also 86-996. 86-1002. 86-1205, 86-1355 p.66-72, 12 refs. A proposed ty pology of information systems illustrates the 86-1359 78-26 differences and simi larities among' various factual databases. loenin9. K. L.: ACS Committee on Nomenclature: Annual Report Any classification depends on the choice of characteristics for 1985. Orig. en. J.Chem.Infonn.Comput.Sci . Vol 26, 1986. used and can only be judged on the basis of its ability to ac­ p.83-86, 44 refs. complish a given goal . Using examples, the difference between structural and functional characteristics is discussed. Clas­ 86-1360 78-32 sHication according to the aspect of search process leads to Tkacheva,L.B.: Extralingu istic and intralinquistic features of two relatively stable groups: fact retrieval systems and fact a tenninological system and then role In the search for egu T­ processing systems. A further categorization within these valents. Dri9. ru. In: Aktual .prob1.nauch.-tekhn.perevoda. Vo­ groups results in a total of seven types ranging from referral ronezh, SU 1985 . p.40-49 databases (for works of art. products and articles. raw mate­ rials, events and occurrences. geographic and demographic data 86-1361 78-446 to statistica1 .databases (statistics and numeric data).

Cross, D.G. : Terminolo.• gy in fisheries statistics. Orig. en. Tennino1 .et Traduct No 2, 1986. p.19-25 86-1373 H. : 78-826 Popowska, Data bases - tenninological problems, classifi­ 86-1362 78-53 cations and online services. Orig. pl . Aktual .Prob1 . Inform. lurquin, G.: International isation et tenninolo ie. (Interna­ Dok. , No 5, 1985. p.22-30 tionalization and terminology Orig. fro Neoterm. No 2, 1985. The article deal s with three problems concerning data bases: p.II-17, 15 refs. differences relating to data bases defining in computer and infonnation science with attention paid to the reasons for 86-1363a 78-53 thses differences; selected attempts to build up a classifica­ Anderson, J.: Data dlctionaries - a way forward to write mean­ tion of data bases; and presentation of selected data on on­ in and tenninolo Into medl cal InfonnatlOn s stems. Or Ig.en. line services. Meth. lnform. Med. Vol 25, 1986. p.137-138 Editorial) , 7 refs. Points to the necessity to properly define medical termi nolo­ 86-1374 78-916 gy. especially also for the necessary unity of recording and Roberts, R.: The1985. termi nol05� of translation. Orig. en. r-1eta interpretation in medical data documentation. Vol 30. No 4, p.343-3 I , 78-53 79 Problems of Multilingual Systems

The Round event to 86-1375 791 MIE'85. Participants were: R.A.Cote, J.-R.Scherrer. Termi nolo ie et traduction. Enquete aupres des traducteurs. F.Roger. D.J.Rothwe1 l. H.Peterson. and F.l-lingert. erminology and translation: an inquiry among translators) Orig. fro Charenton, FR 1985. 27+18p. , NIOIST-83 2 94 0251 86-1364 78-63 terminoloQV. Chaffey, P.: TranslatlOn•• of admimstratlVe Orig. 796 en. Tenni no1 .et Traduct No 2, 1986. p.37-41 of a mu ltilin uaT thesaurus. Reports about experiences made in Norway. Vol 19, No I, 1985. p.21-35

86-1365 78-7 Fugger,B. : Probh �mes et conse uences lin uisti ues d'une "nou­ Continuation of groups 8 and 9 in Int.Classif.1987-1 vel le" tennlno ogle economigue rancalse. Pro lems an con­ sequences of a new French terminology for economics) Drig. fro Special Language - Fachsprache 8(1986)No 1-2. p.15-26.17 refs. Please, correct: The volume indications of the Chinese journal "Zhong Guo Keji Qi ng Bao Xue Hui Kan" are incorrect in the 86-1366 78-71/2 last issue of this service (Nos. 86-659. -663, -664, -688, SChol tes-Schmid. G. : Die 8eschreibun von Wi rtschaftsfachs0 ra­ -690, -693. -732, -734. -742, -747, -762, -806, -845. -887.The chen.(The description 0 spec1a anguages econom cs e. journal started with Vol .1 in 1982 ( -not 198I !) and is cur- Special Language - Fachsprache 8(1986)No 1-2. p.35-44. 4 refs. rently (1986) in its 5th year!

Int.C1assif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification Literature 185 Personal Au.thor Index

Abramova. N.N. 86-1331 Dahlberg,I. 86-917 86-918 Jaeggin. R.B. 86-1263 Michie, D. 86-1320 Schol tes-Schmid,G. 86-1366 Addis, T. 86-985 86-999 86-1047 Jajuga. K. 86-1130 Middleton. H.R. 86-1193 Schubert. L. 86-1039 Agafonov. V.N. 86-1112 86-1008 Jaryelin. K. 86-1091 Mie, F. 86-1372 Schulz. H. 86-1236 Ahlback. T. 86-1106 Dahlberg. W. 86-1055 Jones. K.P. 86-981 Hiebach, B. 86-1038 Sedelow. S.Y. 86-1328a Aitchison,J. 86-1222 De Chalonge.F. 86-1183 Mitev. N.N. 86-992 Semenyuk. LP. 86-1080 Aitchison,T.M. 86-1326 Defude. B. 86-979 Kai-Tung Huang. J. 86-1137 Miyaj ima. T. 86-1357 Seth i. A.R. 86-1223 Alagic. S. 86-1129 Degens. P.O. 86-1007 Kara-�lurza. S.G. 86-1097 Molewski , K. 86-1250 Seus ing. E. 86-1157 Allen.D.�'. (Ed.) 86-982 Delecour. S. 86-1273 Karapetyan. R.R. 86-1242 Mologin, S.S. 86-1118 S9al l. P. 86-1286 Al lmere, R.A. 86-1107 Demchenko. L.1. 86-1301 Karpov. Yu. 86-1094 Momen ;, H.K. 86-1210 Sil 'dmy ae. I. 86-1121 Altman. N.S. 86-1323 Dierich.E. 86-1180 86-1303Kascus. M.A. 86-1307 �loore, D.C. 86-926 Silvestre. M. 86-1100 Anders, M. 86-1120 Dijkhuis. W. 86-1082 Kasimova. G.K. 86-1302 Mukaidono, M. 86-1075 Simonetti . C.M. 86-1208 Anderson. J. 86-1363 DimH:. M. 86-1205 Kass. R. 86-1074 Murtagh, F. 86-986 Sivokonin. Yu.T. 86-1234 Andrian, A.C. 86-1145 Diodato, V. 86-1149 Katzer. J. 86-1194 Smirenskij, V.B. 86-1266 Andryukhina, l.�1. 86-1086 Domokos-Gombosi.M. 86-1023 Kaula. P.N. 86-1211 Narin, F. 86-1095 Smith, D.A. 86-1216 Anyushki n. LS. 86-1350 Dorgham, �1 .A. (Ed.) Kaur. A. 86-1229 Nedobity, W. 86-1345 Smith. L.C. 86-1283 Appel rath, H.-J. 86-1317 Dress. A. 86-1040 Kazakevich. O.A. 86-1333 Nefedova, L.F. 86-1290 Soergel , D. 86-1267 Aragon-Rami rez. V. 86-990 Driyanskiy.V.M. 86-1124 Kazakov. E.N. 86-1238 Nelson, G.K. 86-1268 Someya. K. 86-1173 Arntz, H. 86-1005 Dryzek. H. 86-1177 86-1249 Nicolis, J.S. 86-1131 Sorokoletov. V.P. 86-1299 Artowicz. E. 86-1115 DUluc-Andrieu.M.-Th. Kedrov. B.M. 86-1092 Nietiedt. U. 86-1152 Spang-Hanssen, H. 86-1344 Atkinson, 5t.D. 86-1191 86-1272 Keitz. W.v. 86-1171 Spath, H. 86-1030 Aver'yanov .A.N. 86-1083 Durccanska.A. 86-1182 Khoroshilov,A.A. 86-1174 Oberhauser, O. 86-1309 Spurgen, C. 86-1099h Azmoodeh. M. 86-976 Dykstra. M. 86-1329 Ohly, H.P. 86-1006 Stank. S. 86-1031 Dziuba. D. 86-1103 Kilbury. J. 86-1294 Okhrits, E.V. 86-1311 Stanley, J.L. 86-1278 Bakewel l.K.G.8. 86-997 Kipke. U. 86-1024 Omi ecinski. L 86-977 Stegu. M. 86-996 Balderjahn, I. 86-1044 Eck, M. 86-961 Kirchgassner, G. Opitz, O. 86-1029 Steinhausen, D. 86�1032 Sal k. M. 86-1270 Eckes. Th. 86-1045 Kiselev. V.A. 86-1088 Ornager, S. 86-1117 Stobersk1, Z. 86-983 Bandurina,L.S. 86-1253 Efimova. S.M. 86-1068 Kiyak. T.R. 86-1355 Stohr, E.A. 86-1321 Barrantes, N. 86-957 Emde. W. 86-1298 Kleinbart. P. 86-1142 Palmer. C.S.(Ed.) 86-956 Strater. H. 86-1004 Barth. E.M. 86-1285 Emrich. M.L. 86-1315 Knutson. G.S. 86-1218 Panyr. J. 86-1009 86-1172 Styazhkin, N. I. 86-1371 Bazarnova.S.V. 86-1099f Enderle. R. 86-1154 Kodi na. L. I. 86-1099g Patel . C.R. 86-1197 Subramanian. D. 86-919 Beall. J. 86-953 Engel . G. 86-1342 Korner. H.G. 86-1136 Patzlaff. M.H. 86-1042 Sudnietse, Zh.F. 86-1248 Bechtel . H. 86-1305 Enser, P.G.B. 86-987 Krauth. J. 86-1027 Payne, LC. 86-1066 Suntsov, H.L 86-109ge Beck.H. 86-1166 86-1181 Feathers. K.H. 86-1289 Kravchenko. N.D. 86-1244 Peshkova, N.S. 86-1351 Svenonius. L 86-1150 Beghtol . C. 86-1159 Feger. H. 86-1035 Krejci. F. 86-1161 Picheloup, D. 86-970 Bell, D.A. 86-993 Felber.H. 86-1346 86-1367 Krishan Kumar 86-1000 Picht.H. 86-1335a 86-1339 Tague, J. 86-975 Belonogov ,G.G. 86-1111 Fel ix. J. 86-958 Krista] 'nyj. B.V. 86-1241 86-1341 Thomas, S.E. 86-1260 Beloozerov. V.N. 86-1126 Finin. T. 86-1077 86-1245 Platania, G. 86-1179 Tkcheva, L.B. 86-1360 86-1143 86-1246 Finn. V.K. (Ed.) 86-1281 Krolak-Schwerdt.S. 86-1028 Polyakov, 0.�1. 86-1099b Tri11es, E. 86-1072 86-1259 Fluck. H.R. 86-1002 Krueger, J. 86-1052 86-1109 Tripathi. S.M. 86-1225 Bernshtejn,E.S. 86-1093 Fournier. C. 86-1316 Krumhol z. W. 86-1003 Popkov.Yu.S. (Ed.) 86-994 Tsalenko. M.Sh. 86-1099a Bevzenko .E.A. 86-1116 Fugger. B. 86-1365 86-1012 Popov, I.L 86-1313 Tul 'chinskij .G.l. 86-1298 86-1327 Fugmann. R. 86-1011 Kruske. H. 86-1141 Popova, N.L. 86-1096 Bhargava, G.O. 86-1196 Fuhr. N. 86-980 Kryl ov. Yu .N. 86-1108 Popovskaya. Kh. 86-1123 Ugi , I.K. 86-1184 Bhattacharyya,G. 86-1148 Fuller. V. Kuznetsov. S.D. 86-972 Popows ka, H. 86-1373 Biagetti. M. T. 86-915 FUrnsinn. M. 86-1297 Kvetnoj. M.S. 86-1057 Porksen. U. Vach, W. 86-1033 Bidd, D. 86-1167 Praal , B.R. 86-1198 Vajsberg, A.M. 86-1252 Bielonogow .G.G. 86-1332 Ganter. B. 86-1025 Laktionova , O.E. 86-1134 Prasad, K.N. 86-1369 Valovicova, A. 86-1099j Bishoff, L.J. 86-1214 Gasthuber, H. 86-1020 Lancaster,F.W. 86-1049 . Price, H. 86-1220 Valsuba, K. 86-1127 Blair. D.C. 86-1163 Gebhardt, F. 86-1162 86-1113 Vasil 'eva. L.M. (Ed.) Bocharov. V.A. 86-1060 Geraskina,LP. (Ed.) 86-967 Langer, W. 86-1255 Reimers. U. 86-1155 86-1284 Bock. H.H. 86-1034 Gernert. D. 86-1026 Larson, C.A. 86-1217 Rescheleit, W. 86-1013 Vasiljev, A. 86-1018 Borisova ,N.D. 86-925 Gesel l. J. 86-1022 lausen, B. 86-1041 Reuss. H.J. 86-1343 Veltman, K. 86-1014 86-1370 Glinskij. V.A. 86-1247 Le Beux, P. 86-1319 Richard, C. 86-969 Vickery. B.C. 86-1063 Borko. H. 86-1170 Godert. W. 86-1001 86-1050 lehmann. M. 86-922 Richer. M.H. 86-1325 Viet. J. 86-963 Brookes, B.C. 86-1164 Goltvinskaya. T.S. 86-1233 Leman. I.C. 86-1178 Richmond, Ph.A. 86-1169 Vitek, M. 86-1322 Brooks. H.M. 86-991 Goncharuk, LD. 86-1146 levenick, J.R. 86-1073 Riesthuis, G.J.A. 86-1017 Vladimirova. LV. 86-1330 Brooks. l.A. 86-1128 Gopinath, M.A. 86-1102 Levesque. H.J. 86-1064 86-1019 Vojshvillo, E.K. 86-1078 Bryanik. N.V. 86-1087 Gorbushin, N.G. 86-1122 levitskaya. A.P. 86-1352 Riggs. F.W. Vya s, S.D. 86-1227 Bryant. J.H. 86-1306 Gor 'kova, V.1. 86-1347 Liebowi tz. J. 86-1324 Rijsbergen,C.J.van 86-974 Bryant. Ph. (Ed.) 86-1195 Grande. S. 86-1187 lishanskij, A.S. 86-1243 Roberts. R. 86-1374 Wallace. D.P. 86-1081 Buchanan. B.G. 86-920 Greule. A. 86-1354 Lockenhoff, H. 86-1010 Rohou. C. 86-1119 Weatherup,J. (Camp.) Buffet. P. 86-1099i Grigoras. F. 86-1265 loening, K.L. 86-1359 Rollinger, C.-R. 86-1292 86-927 BUhler. H. 86-1335b Guenthner, F. 86-1065 Logan, LL. 86-1133 86-1293 WeidemUller, H.U. Burtseva,I.P. 86-1348 GUnther, S. 86-1296 Lorenzen. H.-J. 86-1153 Rost. G. 86-923 86-1016 Bury, S. 86-1221 Guy. R.F. 86-1190 Lul l, Ramon 86-1058 Rothwel l. D.J. 86-1363b Weiner. G.F. 86-1125 Butler, Ch. 86-1300 lurquin, G. 86-1362 Rouaul t. J. 86-989 Wel lisch. H.H. 86-1098 Hadler. P. 86-1231 Lyakhova, L.N. 86-1085 Rowley. J.E. 86-1099c 86-1204 Capurro, R. 86-1160 Hamburger, A. 86-1340 Rozenbl1t, A.B. 86-1070 Wie9and, G. 86-1156 Castonguay. R. 86-1254 Hancox. P. 86-988 MacLeod, R.A. 86-1185 Rumyantseva. N.L. 86-1144 Wi erzchori .S.T. 86-1067 Chaffey. P. 86-1364 Harrel l. G. 86-1275 Magami . Y. 86-1262 86-1251 Wightman. P. 86-1261 Chakraborty.M.K. 86-1059 Hartmann. K. 86-1192 Makarczyk, W. 86-1079 Willett, P. 86-1132 Chan, L.M. 86-1219 Hartmann, R.R.K. (Ed.) Mamedova , H.G. 86-1140 Sadows ka. J. 86-1188 Wimmer, F. 86-1207 Chand, �1 .P. 86-1224 Haskel l. G. 86-1271 Manasyan, N.S. 86-1175 Sager. J.C. 86-1353 Wittmann, A. 86-1308 Chatterjee, A. 86-1226 Heinrich, G. 86-1051 Manecke. H.-J. 86-1054 86-1264 Chen-Chau Yang 86-1139 Herbst, Th. 86-1061 Markey. K. 86-1212 Salton, G. 86-1176 Yadav. S.B., 86-1256 Cheng, Y. 86-1071 Herden. G. 86-1036 86-1213 Sapel kin. V.S. 86-1110 Yu. Y.Y. 86-1356 Chernyi. A.I. 86-973 Hil ker. L 86-1282 Martinovic. S. 86-1376 86-1269 86-1099d Hipgrave, R. 86-928 Maslenni kova ,V.G. 86-1135 Sapp, G. 86-1277 Zadeh, L.A. 86-1069 Cheval lot. F. 86-1104 Ho-shang Lu 86-1239 Mathar. R. 86-1037 Satija,M.P. 86-1228 86-1230 Zemankova-Leech, M. Clancey , W.J. 86-1076 Hoffmann. l. 86-1336 Matsumoto, K. 86-1105 Sato. M. 86-1237 86-1318 Coates, E.J. 86-1240 Holley. R. P. 86-1048 Matveenko, T. F. 86-1328b Scherer, S. 86-1043 Zharov, L.V. 86-1314 Cochrane. P.A. 86-1158 Holzberl ein, D. 4 86-1334 Sch i opu. 1. 86-1206 Zhuravlev. V.F. 86-1349 Con9reve. J. 86-1189 Holzl. J. 86-1021 Matveeva. l.A. 86-1304 Schmiedel, A. 86-1295 Zhuravleva ,Z.V. 86-1368 Cooper, I1 .S. 86-978 Mayerhofer, J. 86-1090 Schmitt, H.P. 86-1046 Zhurzhalina,N.P. 86-1232 Crafts-Lighty, A. 86-1257 Ingwersen. P. 86-1053 HcCarthy, C. 86-1147 Schneider, H.-J. et al Ziben.V.V. (Ed.) 86-1098 Cross. D.G. 86-1361 Ion, P.D.F. 86-1138 McMillan, S. 86-1186 86-1291 Zuparova. M.A. 86-1235 Cruger Dal e, D. 86-924 Itayem, M.A. 86-1114 Mel lo Ferreira Pinto, M.C. Schnel ling, H.M. 86-1015 Zvegintsev,V.A. 86-1280 Cullen, T. 86-1199 Ito, K. 86-1276 86-1101 86-1165 Z'�irner. W. 86-1200

166 Int.Classif. 13(1986)No.3 Classification Literature