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Estudio Del Streaming De Audio Y Video Sobre Redes Heterogeneas”

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Estudio Del Streaming De Audio Y Video Sobre Redes Heterogeneas” UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR INGENIERÍA TÉCNICA DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN SISTEMAS DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN PROYECTO FINAL DE CARRERA “ESTUDIO DEL STREAMING DE AUDIO Y VIDEO SOBRE REDES HETEROGENEAS” AUTOR: MARÍA DEL CARMEN GÓMEZ CRUZ TUTOR: GUILLERMO CARPINTERO DEL BARRIO 3 de Noviembre de 2010 TÍTULO: “ESTUDIO DEL STREAMING DE AUDIO Y VIDEO SOBRE REDES HETEROGENEAS” AUTOR: MARÍA DEL CARMEN GÓMEZ CRUZ. TUTOR: GUILLERMO CARPINTERO DEL BARRIO. La defensa del presente Proyecto Fin de Carrera se realizó el día 3 de Noviembre de 2010; siendo calificada por el siguiente tribunal: PRESIDENTE: Luis Hernández Corporales (Área de Tecnología Electrónica). SECRETARIO: José Antonio García Souto (Área de Tecnología Electrónica). VOCAL: José María Armingol (Área de Automática). Habiendo obtenido la siguiente calificación: Presidente Secretario Vocal 3 Agradecimientos He de expresar mi profundo agradecimiento a todas aquellas personas que me han dado la oportunidad de desarrollarme, tanto intelectual como personalmente. Su influencia ha sido de vital importancia para poder llegar al punto en el que me encuentro, finalizando una carrera y el proyecto culmen de la misma. Aunque son muchas las personas que me han ayudado en mi trayectoria, quiero reconocer específicamente el valor de algunas de ellas: • Mi familia, en especial a mi madre, Santi y Carlos, por su apoyo y empuje incondicional. • Guillermo Carpintero, mi director de proyecto, cuya importancia es vital en la finalización de este proyecto. • A mis profesores y amigos, sobre todo a Ramón y Raúl, que siempre estuvieron ahí para resolver las dudas e hicieron más grata mi vida universitaria. • A la Universidad Carlos III, que ha puesto a mi alcance los recursos que han permitido alcanzar el nivel de formación necesario para enfrentarme al mundo real. • Mis compañeros de trabajo, los cuales me han motivado a hacerlo lo mejor posible, con sus ejemplos y excelencia en las distintas áreas. Y a todos aquellos que olvido nombrar. Mª del Carmen Gómez Cruz 5 Resumen Las operadoras han encontrado nichos de negocio en la integración de múltiples servicios avanzados, como pueden ser Voz sobre IP, Vídeo bajo demanda, datos de alta capacidad, distribución de televisión de alta definición, etc. Esto supone una adaptación constante de sus redes de comunicación de banda ancha para soportar mayores anchos de banda, con mayor alcance, con menores pérdidas, en definitiva con mayores prestaciones; y promueve el desarrollo por parte de los fabricantes de audio y vídeo, de nuevas técnicas de procesado digital de señal que aseguren los requerimientos exigidos para la coexistencia de más servicios de los que podemos imaginar. Este proyecto pretende proporcionar a su lector una descripción de la panorámica actual de las herramientas de codificación de audio y vídeo, de las redes de transporte de banda ancha existentes, y su tendencia para soportar las cada vez mayores exigencias del mercado en servicios avanzados. 7 Índice de Contenidos CAPÍTULO 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................. 13 1.1 La transmisión de la señal de Televisión: el comienzo de la historia ................................................. 13 1.2 La transmisión de Televisión por Satélite .............................................................................................. 15 1.3 La transmisión de Televisión por Cable ................................................................................................. 15 1.4 La Televisión Digital ................................................................................................................................. 16 1.5 La Televisión en Internet .......................................................................................................................... 17 1.6 La evolución de las redes de datos y de Televisión .............................................................................. 18 CAPÍTULO 2 CODIFICACIÓN DE AUDIO Y VÍDEO .......................................................... 20 2.1 Introducción ............................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.1 Técnicas de Codificación de Audio ................................................................................................ 20 2.1.2 Técnicas de Codificación de Vídeo ................................................................................................ 23 2.2 Algoritmos de Codificación de Audio .................................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 ITU-T G.711: Codificación de Audio en telefonía convencional de conmutación digital .... 26 2.2.2 ITU-T G.722: Codificación de Audio en RDSI y otras redes estructuradas ........................... 30 2.2.3 ISO/IEC MPEG-1 Audio ............................................................................................................... 31 2.2.4 Nuevos algoritmos MPEG: AAC ................................................................................................... 36 2.2.5 Otros algoritmos de codificación de audio propietarios: Vorbis, FLAC, WMA, etc. ............ 42 2.3 Algoritmos de Codificación de Vídeo .................................................................................................... 46 2.3.1 MPEG-1: Vídeo CD ......................................................................................................................... 46 2.3.2 MPEG-2: DVD, TDT, etc. .............................................................................................................. 51 2.3.3 MPEG-4: Vídeo por Internet, Videovigilancia y Videoconferencia. ........................................ 57 2.3.4 ITU-T Rec. H.261, H.263 y H.263p: Videoconferencia ............................................................. 63 2.3.5 MPEG-4 AVC (i.e. H.264 o MPEG-4 parte 10) .......................................................................... 65 2.3.6 JPEG 2000: imagen médica ............................................................................................................. 69 8 CAPÍTULO 3 TRANSPORTE DE AUDIO Y VÍDEO DIGITAL ............................................ 78 3.1 Contenedores multimedia ......................................................................................................................... 78 3.2 El Transport Stream (TS) ......................................................................................................................... 83 3.3 Multiplexación estadística ......................................................................................................................... 87 3.4 Algoritmos de corrección de errores (FEC) .......................................................................................... 89 CAPÍTULO 4 LA TELEVISIÓN DIGITAL EN ESPAÑA ....................................................... 94 4.1 Conjunto de Estándares DVB ................................................................................................................. 94 4.1.1 Introducción ....................................................................................................................................... 94 4.1.2 DVB-T: televisión digital terrestre .................................................................................................. 95 4.1.3 DVB-S y DVB-S2: televisión digital por satélite .......................................................................... 97 4.1.4 DVB-C y DVB-C2: televisión digital por cable ............................................................................ 98 4.1.5 DVB-H y DVB-SH: televisión digital para dispositivos móviles .............................................. 99 4.1.6 DVB-IPTV ....................................................................................................................................... 100 4.1.7 Otros estándares: ATSC e ISDB-T .............................................................................................. 100 4.2 Vías de Acceso ......................................................................................................................................... 101 4.2.1 Satélite ............................................................................................................................................... 101 4.2.2 Cable .................................................................................................................................................. 109 4.2.3 Terrestre ............................................................................................................................................ 117 4.2.4 Móvil .................................................................................................................................................. 122 4.2.5 Tecnologías IP (XDSL) .................................................................................................................. 124 CAPÍTULO 5 SERVICIOS HABITUALES MULTIMEDIA ................................................... 131 5.1 Introducción ............................................................................................................................................. 131 5.2 Distribución de contenidos .................................................................................................................... 132 5.2.1 Difusión ...........................................................................................................................................
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