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The Consciousness of Water: Narrative Flows, Environmental Change, and the Voices of Yemen

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The Consciousness of Water: Narrative Flows, Environmental Change, and the Voices of Yemen University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2013 The onscC iousness of Water: Narrative Flows, Environmental Change, and the Voice of Yemen Tricia Nellessen University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Fresh Water Studies Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Nellessen, Tricia, "The onC sciousness of Water: Narrative Flows, Environmental Change, and the Voice of Yemen" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 811. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/811 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF WATER: NARRATIVE FLOWS, ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, AND THE VOICES OF YEMEN THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF WATER: NARRATIVE FLOWS, ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, AND THE VOICES OF YEMEN A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology By Tricia Nellessen University of Arkansas Bachelor of Arts in Communication, 1995 University of Arkansas Master of Arts in Communication, 1999 May 2013 University of Arkansas ABSTRACT Icebergs are melting in the Arctic. The Gulf of Mexico is warming and producing hurricanes such as Katrina. The delta of the southern United States is drying. And, Yemen will be the first country in modern history to experience a complete lack of accessible ground water, as soon as 2017 possibly. Yemen’s situation has been tracked by scholars and governments since the 1960s. Despite this fact, cities have expanded in Yemen and the population has increased its use of water while little has been invested in desalination or infrastructure to offset growth. Climate change has affected humans for thousands of years; but, in an age of rapid information flow, the conflicting narratives regarding water have stymied preparations for the impending crisis in Yemen. Although many analysts have predicted the failure of the state of Yemen based on civil unrest and increasing poverty, it is the change within the environment that promises to alter this historic culture which has survived numerous state entities. The growing presence of Al-Qaeda, a 40% unemployment rate, and a possible civil war between north and south all provide impetus for destabilization, yet the loss of ground water will alter this sedentary tribal area regardless of these other issues and ultimately change the society’s structure. The entire globe will face climate change in the years to come and increasing tension regarding water resources. The narratives from Yemen provide insight into the dynamics of a society facing significant climate change, and the outside forces with which the society interacts. This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. Dissertation Director: _________________________________ Dr. Ted Swedenburg Dissertation Committee: _________________________________ Dr. Kirstin Erickson _______________________________________ Dr. George Sabo ©2013 by Tricia Nellessen All rights reserved DISSERTATION DUPLICATION RELEASE I hereby authorize the University of Arkansas Libraries to duplicate this dissertation when needed for research and/or scholarship. Agreed __________________________________ Tricia Nellessen Refused __________________________________ Tricia Nellessen ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks to my advisor, Dr. Ted Swedenburg, for his unwavering support and guidance as well as the numerous cups of coffee and hours of consultation. To my committee, Dr. Kirstin Erickson and Dr. George Sabo, I send thanks for the many lists of books and time spent offering their expertise and thoughts. I will always be grateful to Ted, Kirstin, and George for inspiring me to write as well as for reading, editing, re-reading, and polishing my dissertation. To the University of Arkansas’s Doctoral Fellowship Fund and the King Fahd Center for Middle East Studies, none of this research could have been achieved without the generous funding and support that I received. Dr. Joel Gordon taught me the fascinating history of the Middle East and gave words of encouragement throughout my doctorate, and Dr. Stephen Boss and Dr. Tom Paradise graciously provided their insights to help me understand Yemen’s geology and geography. Dr. Jo Ann D’Alisera’s ethnographic writing class inspired me to be an ethnographer and gave me the descriptive toolkit to write this dissertation. I am grateful to Dr. Daniel Varisco, Dr. Anne Meneley, and Dr. Steve Caton for offering their insights into Yemen. I must also thank my family for its support, specifically my mother and Craig for continuously encouraging me. Finally, I could not have completed my research without the many Yemeni contacts I developed who graciously offered their time and their opinions. DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the people of Yemen who shared their time, their homes, and their stories with me. Inshallah, we will share tea again in a peaceful Yemen, free of conflict. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 What the World Sees as Yemen’s Major Problems .................................................................... 4 The Economy .......................................................................................................................... 7 Declining Security ................................................................................................................ 12 The Problem That Will Prevail, Lack of Water ........................................................................ 18 Where’s the Water Going? .................................................................................................... 19 The Anthropology of Water ...................................................................................................... 22 Chapter Overview ..................................................................................................................... 25 II. A STATE OF DISTRACTION .............................................................................................. 28 An Overview of the Water Landscape ...................................................................................... 32 My Introduction to NWRA ....................................................................................................... 37 Concerns about Inadequacy ...................................................................................................... 47 Fears of Shifting Power ............................................................................................................ 52 Narratives of Resignation ......................................................................................................... 56 III. DEVELOPMENT AND DISILLUSION ............................................................................. 62 1970s and 1980s: A Rush to “Modernize” .............................................................................. 70 Innovations in Domestic Supply ........................................................................................... 73 Agricultural Demand and Irrigation...................................................................................... 77 1990s: Unification and Realization .......................................................................................... 81 2000s: Growing Importance in the Region .............................................................................. 91 Concerns of Development Workers ...................................................................................... 93 IV. CARTOONS AND RAINDROPS ....................................................................................... 98 Creating the Campaign Message ............................................................................................ 103 Awareness Implementation ..................................................................................................... 112 Part One: Teachers and Youth ........................................................................................... 113 Part Two: Media & Public Events ..................................................................................... 115 Part Three: Religion ........................................................................................................... 124 V. PERCEPTIONS OF WATER ............................................................................................... 128 Beyond Rowyan ...................................................................................................................... 133 We Live In a Desert…Droughts Are Normal ..................................................................... 139 Droughts Come and Go Like Governments........................................................................ 144 Allah Will Provide .............................................................................................................. 151 Somali Refugee Perceptions ................................................................................................... 157 VI. A DROP IN THE BUCKET ..............................................................................................
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