DOCSLIB.ORG

Aicardi Syndrome the Elusive Mild Case Br J Ophthalmol: First Published As 10.1136/Bjo.78.6.494 on 1 June 1994

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aicardi Syndrome the Elusive Mild Case Br J Ophthalmol: First Published As 10.1136/Bjo.78.6.494 on 1 June 1994 494 Bnitish3Journal ofOphthalmology 1994; 78: 494-496 Aicardi syndrome the elusive mild case Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.78.6.494 on 1 June 1994. Downloaded from Allison V Menezes, Robert W Enzenauer, J Raymond Buncic Aicardi syndrome is a severe congenital disorder the macula. Clinically, her vision appeared characterised by infantile spasms, chorioretinal normal as she seemed to fix on and follow objects lacunae, and agenesis ofthe corpus callosum. We well. present the case of a 10-year-old girl whose The pattern of the EEG recordings was symptoms included a poorly controlled seizure abnormal, asymmetric with an epileptogenic disorder, typical lacunar retinopathy, partial focus in the left hemisphere and some seizure hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, and mild activity in both hemispheres. There was no developmental delay. This case alerts ophthal- serological evidence of metabolic or infectious mologists to the presence of a mild form of the disease. A computed tomography (CT) scan of typical Aicardi syndrome that can be diagnosed the head revealed mild asymmetric dilatation of by the characteristic chorioretinopathy. Our the ventricles and no evidence of tuberous patient's symptoms also raise important sclerosis. She was discharged with a diagnosis of questions about genetic counselling and other infantile spasms ofunknown cause. undiagnosed cases ofinfantile spasms. Over the next 5 years, her seizures continued to occur once a day. Assessment at age 6 years showed significant developmental delay Case report functioning at a 31/2to 4 year age level. A 3-3 kg girl was born to healthy parents in the At age 10 years, she was re-evaluated at the 37th week of gestation. The infant had no HSC neurology clinic. Her seizures then occur- neonatal problems and appeared to develop red five to six times a day. Owing to her normally until 5 months of age. Two older inattentiveness, she was classified as a slow siblings were both healthy. learner at school. An EEG showed frequent Over the next few months, she developed spike activity in the left temporal lobe with infantile spasms, and the parents noted that her secondary generalisations, suggesting a partial development appeared to have stopped. At complex seizure disorder. A CT scan performed 8 months of age, she was admitted to The to rule out a focal lesion was thought to be within Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, normal limits (Fig 1A). Canada (HSC), for investigation. Neurological She was referred to the neuro-ophthalmology examination revealed normal (or slightly service at HSC for another evaluation because of decreased) muscle tone and normal deep tendon her history of retinal lesions. Her visual acuity reflexes. On ocular examination, she had was 20/400 in the right eye and 20/30 in the left http://bjo.bmj.com/ numerous yellow lesions in the fundi that spared eye. She had anisometropic hyperopia in the on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Department of Ophthalmology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada A V Menezes R W Enzenauer J R Buncic Correspondence to: J R Buncic, MD, Eye Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Fig IA Fig IB Canada M5G 1X8. Figure 1 (A) Computed tomogram (CT) ofourpatient's head indicating no significant abnormality compared with (B) CTscan Accepted for publication ofthe head in a typical case ofAicardi syndrome. Note the parallel orientation ofthe ventricles indicating the absence ofcorpus 26 January 1994 callosum. Aicardi syndrome - the elusive mildcase 495 Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.78.6.494 on 1 June 1994. Downloaded from Fig 2A Fig3A Fig2B http://bjo.bmj.com/ Figure 2 (A) Mild chorioretinal lacunae evident in our patient, compared with (B) typical presentation of chorioretinal lacunae. right eye, which probably resulted in her right amblyopia. She was orthophoric and had a on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. normal anterior segment examination. Examina- tion of the fundi revealed chorioretinal lacunae scattered around the posterior pole that were more marked in the left eye than the right eye Fig3B (Fig 2A) and did not involve the maculae. Optic Figure 3 (A)Magnetic resonance (MR) scan ofourpatient's nerves were normal. head indicating hypoplasia ofanterior corpus callosum (see arrow) compared with (B) MR scan ofthe head in a typical Based on these findings, the diagnosis of a case ofAicardi syndrome. Agenesis (almost total) ofcorpus variant or mild expression of Aicardi syndrome callosum. was considered. Since no clear abnormality of the corpus callosum was found on CT scan, a magnetic resonance (MR) scan was obtained. anomalies in our patient, although mild, support The MR scan did show hypoplasia ofthe anterior the diagnosis. The presence of mild develop- corpus callosum (Fig 3A). Vertebral column x mental delay corresponds with the mild expres- rays showed mild lumbar scoliosis and a hypo- sion ofthe other findings. plastic right 12th rib. The characteristic chorioretinal lacunae are unique to this syndrome and are therefore prob- ably pathognomonic of the disease.2 They are Comment usually multiple, rounded, unpigmented, yellow The combination offindings ofinfantile spasms, white lesions. Their size varies from one tenth to partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (Figs iB, three disc diameters, they are often clustered 3B), and typical chorioretinal lacunae (Fig 2B) in around the posterior pole, and are usually but a female child fulfils the diagnostic criteria for not always bilateral. Other ocular abnormalities, Aicardi syndrome.' Costovertebral anomalies as such as colobomas of the optic nerve (44%)2 and well as marked psychomotor retardation are microphthalmos (20%)2 have been described in common in these patients.2 The vertebral patients with Aicardi syndrome. 496 Menezes, Enzenauer, Buncic In 1986, Chevrie and Aicardi reviewed 184 their mortality is probably high. However, cases of patients diagnosed with Aicardi syn- follow up has been limited. Our patient would drome and noted that others had described certainly be expected to have a much more infantile spasms and typical lacunae in six girls favourable prognosis. Her biggest handicap Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.78.6.494 on 1 June 1994. Downloaded from whose corpus callosum appeared normal from a appears to be her developmental delay of 4 to 5 CT scan.2 Because magnetic resonance imaging years and her marked inattentiveness. (MRI) was not available to illustrate accurately The genetic component of the disease will the corpus callosum, they were not able to become an important issue should she have differentiate among a true mild expression of the children of her own in the future, if she is indeed syndrome (with partial agenesis of the corpus fertile. If Aicardi syndrome is an X linked callosum), an incomplete form of the syndrome dominant disease, as is thought to be the case,3 (normal corpus callosum), or a different syn- 50% of her offspring could be expected to carry drome altogether. The MR scan, in our case the abnormal X chromosome. At present, showing partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, genetic studies for our patient are not available, confirms the diagnosis of a mild expression of so we have no way of knowing whether she is an Aicardi syndrome. example of incomplete penetration or whether However, two questions arise. The first is her genetic defect is an atypical one. We there- whether the lesions, though mild and sparse, do fore cannot predict the effect of her disease on in fact signal the presence of Aicardi syndrome. her offspring. Our patient has been reviewed by several The triad of typical chorioretinal lacunae, paediatric ophthalmologists; we are convinced infantile spasms, and hypoplasia of the corpus that her lesions are a mild expression of the callosum in a girl with only mild developmental lesions characteristic of the syndrome. The delay has led us to a diagnosis of a mild expres- second is the partial agenesis of the corpus sion of Aicardi syndrome. It is important that callosum. The corpus callosum normally ophthalmologists be aware of the existence of develops from the anterior to posterior direction. these mild cases since they are the ones which can In our case, therefore, hypoplasia of the anterior secure the diagnosis by identifying the chorio- corpus callosum with a normal posterior section, retinal lesions pathognomonic of Aicardi suggests that the corpus callosum initially syndrome. developed and then regressed. However, there of focal cerebral atrophy. was no other evidence This paper was prepared with the assistance of Medical Publica- Since the exact nature of the corpus callosum tions, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. malformation in the syndrome remains unclear, the atypical nature of our patient's corpus 1 Aicardi J, Lefebvre J, Lerique-Koechlin A. A new syndrome: callosum does not rule out the diagnosis of spasms in flexion, callosal agenesis, ocular abnormalities. Aicardi syndrome. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1965; 19: 609-10. 2 Chevrie JJ, Aicardi J. The Aicardi syndrome. In: Pedley TA, The prognosis is generally poor for children Meldrum BS, eds. Recent advances in epilepsy. Vol 3. with the typical Aicardi syndrome. Although Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1986: 189-210. 3 Neidich JA, Nussbaum RL, Packer RJ, Emanuel BS, Puck JM. http://bjo.bmj.com/ some degree ofvision is present in most patients, Heterogeneity of clinical severity and molecular lesions in psychomotor retardation is usually severe, and Aicardi syndrome. J Pediatr 1990; 116: 911-7. on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. British Journal ofOphthalmology 1994; 78: 496-497 Elevation of the right ptotic eyelid with clenching the teeth Hiroko Kurome, Seiji Hayasaka The jaw-winking phenomenon of Marcus Gunn patient was born after an uneventful delivery Department of is typically seen as a retraction of one upper on 6 August 1987.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Practitioners' Section
    407 408 GENETICS OF MENTAL RETARDATION [2] [4] PRACTITIONERS’ SECTION epiphenomena. A specific cause for mental a group heritability of 0.49. The aetiology of retardation can be identified in approximately idiopathic mental retardation is usually 80% of people with SMR (IQ<50) and 50% of explained in terms of the ‘polygenic GENETICS OF MENTAL RETARDATION people with MMR (IQ 50–70). multifactorial model.’ The difficulty is that there A. S. AHUJA, ANITA THAPAR, M. J. OWEN are too few studies to provide sufficiently In this article, we will begin by considering precise estimates of the likely role of genes ABSTRACT what is known about the genetics of idiopathic and environment in determining idiopathic mental retardation and then move onto discuss mental retardation. Given the dearth of Mental retardation can follow any of the biological, environmental and psychological events that are capable of producing deficits in cognitive functions. specific genetic causes of mental retardation. published literature we are reliant on Recent advances in molecular genetic techniques have enabled us to understand attempting to draw conclusions from family and more about the molecular basis of several genetic syndromes associated with mental Search methodology twin studies, most of which are very old and retardation. In contrast, where there is no discrete cause, the interplay of genetic Electronic searching was done and the which report widely varying recurrence risks.[5] and environmental influences remains poorly understood. This article presents a relevant studies were identified by searching Recent studies of MMR have shown high rates critical review of literature on genetics of mental retardation.
    [Show full text]
  • ICARE: Interagency Collaborative to Advance Research in Epilepsy 2014 Member Reports
    ICARE: Interagency Collaborative to Advance Research in Epilepsy 2014 Member Reports Table of Contents National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) ............................................................... 2 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) ..................................................................................... 4 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) ................................................................... 7 The National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)................................................ 9 Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) .............. 10 National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) ................................................................................................... 12 Other Federal Participants Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) CDC Epilepsy Program .............................................................................................................................. 13 National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (NCBDDD) ....................................... 17 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ................. 20 Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Epilepsy Centers of Excellence (ECoE) ......................................... 22 Nongovernmental Organizations American Epilepsy Society (AES) ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Disorder
    Genetic disorder Single gene disorder Prevalence of some single gene disorders[citation needed] A single gene disorder is the result of a single mutated gene. Disorder Prevalence (approximate) There are estimated to be over 4000 human diseases caused Autosomal dominant by single gene defects. Single gene disorders can be passed Familial hypercholesterolemia 1 in 500 on to subsequent generations in several ways. Genomic Polycystic kidney disease 1 in 1250 imprinting and uniparental disomy, however, may affect Hereditary spherocytosis 1 in 5,000 inheritance patterns. The divisions between recessive [2] Marfan syndrome 1 in 4,000 and dominant types are not "hard and fast" although the [3] Huntington disease 1 in 15,000 divisions between autosomal and X-linked types are (since Autosomal recessive the latter types are distinguished purely based on 1 in 625 the chromosomal location of Sickle cell anemia the gene). For example, (African Americans) achondroplasia is typically 1 in 2,000 considered a dominant Cystic fibrosis disorder, but children with two (Caucasians) genes for achondroplasia have a severe skeletal disorder that 1 in 3,000 Tay-Sachs disease achondroplasics could be (American Jews) viewed as carriers of. Sickle- cell anemia is also considered a Phenylketonuria 1 in 12,000 recessive condition, but heterozygous carriers have Mucopolysaccharidoses 1 in 25,000 increased immunity to malaria in early childhood, which could Glycogen storage diseases 1 in 50,000 be described as a related [citation needed] dominant condition. Galactosemia
    [Show full text]
  • A Rare Case of Aicardi Syndrome
    International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Case Report Unlike the Textbook Triad: A Rare Case of Aicardi Syndrome Niharika Prasad1, Sanjay Purushothama2 1Senior Resident, Department of Radio-Diagnosis All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 2Assistant Professor, Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore Corresponding Author: Niharika Prasad ABSTRACT Aicardi syndrome (AS) is an X-linked inherited disorder characterized by infantile spasms, chorioretinal lacunae, and agenesis or hypogenesis of the corpus callosum. Since the description of the first case of Aicardi syndrome in 1965 not many have contributed to the list, hence preserving its rarity. The purpose of this case report was to demonstrate the spectrum of MRI findings and follow up in the course of Aicardi syndrome. Key words: Corpus callosum; agenesis; Aicardi; microcephaly; infant INTRODUCTION limits and CSF testing did not yield any Aicardi syndrome (AS) was first clues to diagnosis. No chromosomal disease described by Jean Aicardi in 1965 and is pattern was discovered on analysis. Detailed characterized by agenesis or hypogenesis of birth and development history was elicited the corpus callosum, chorioretinal lacunae, from parents. No episode of seizures had and early infantile spasms. Most of AS occurred although they confirmed delayed patients develop normally until 3 months of milestones compared to a normal infant. age, and then, epileptic seizures and Plain MRI study of brain and orbits on a developmental delay start. It is an X-linked Siemens Magnetom Avanto 1.5T system dominant genetic disorder and lethal in revealed partial agenesis of corpus callosum males and, therefore, almost exclusively and unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia.
    [Show full text]
  • Soonerstart Automatic Qualifying Syndromes and Conditions
    SoonerStart Automatic Qualifying Syndromes and Conditions - Appendix O Abetalipoproteinemia Acanthocytosis (see Abetalipoproteinemia) Accutane, Fetal Effects of (see Fetal Retinoid Syndrome) Acidemia, 2-Oxoglutaric Acidemia, Glutaric I Acidemia, Isovaleric Acidemia, Methylmalonic Acidemia, Propionic Aciduria, 3-Methylglutaconic Type II Aciduria, Argininosuccinic Acoustic-Cervico-Oculo Syndrome (see Cervico-Oculo-Acoustic Syndrome) Acrocephalopolysyndactyly Type II Acrocephalosyndactyly Type I Acrodysostosis Acrofacial Dysostosis, Nager Type Adams-Oliver Syndrome (see Limb and Scalp Defects, Adams-Oliver Type) Adrenoleukodystrophy, Neonatal (see Cerebro-Hepato-Renal Syndrome) Aglossia Congenita (see Hypoglossia-Hypodactylia) Aicardi Syndrome AIDS Infection (see Fetal Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) Alaninuria (see Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency) Albers-Schonberg Disease (see Osteopetrosis, Malignant Recessive) Albinism, Ocular (includes Autosomal Recessive Type) Albinism, Oculocutaneous, Brown Type (Type IV) Albinism, Oculocutaneous, Tyrosinase Negative (Type IA) Albinism, Oculocutaneous, Tyrosinase Positive (Type II) Albinism, Oculocutaneous, Yellow Mutant (Type IB) Albinism-Black Locks-Deafness Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy (see Parathyroid Hormone Resistance) Alexander Disease Alopecia - Mental Retardation Alpers Disease Alpha 1,4 - Glucosidase Deficiency (see Glycogenosis, Type IIA) Alpha-L-Fucosidase Deficiency (see Fucosidosis) Alport Syndrome (see Nephritis-Deafness, Hereditary Type) Amaurosis (see Blindness) Amaurosis
    [Show full text]
  • Case Report: Aicardi Syndrome Presenting As Cleft Lip and Palate
    Case Report Open Access J Neurol Neurosurg Volume 3 Issue 5 - May 2017 DOI: 10.19080/OAJNN.2017.03.555625 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Juan Pablo Appendino Case Report: Aicardi Syndrome presenting as Cleft Lip and Palate Danielle Weidman1 and Juan Pablo Appendino2* 1Paediatric Resident, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Canada Submission: March 02, 2017; Published: May 30, 2017 *Corresponding author: Juan Pablo Appendino, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Pediatric Epilepsy and Child Neurology, Alberta Children’s Hospital 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Tel: Fax: 403-955-7609; Pager: 403-212-8223 #14691; Email: Abstract Aicardi syndrome (AS) is an unusual neurological disorder that was originally described in 1965 by Dr. Jean Aicardi. This disorder is characterized by a triad of abnormalities: agenesis of the corpus callosum, chorio retinal lacunae, and infantile spasms. There are infrequent reports of cleft lip and palate in patients with AS. This report details a case of a patient with AS who presented with left-sided cleft lip and palate and right eye coloboma to her pediatrician; however, the diagnosis of AS was not suspected until later when the she presented with appropriateInfantile Spasms. diagnosis. The discussion will focus on the existing literature of AS with cleft lip and palate and ophthalmological findings offering a learning point to the pediatric community in regards with her clinical, neuroimaging and neurophysiological findings for an earlier and Introduction Aicardi syndrome (AS) is a relatively rare disease that was presents to the pediatrician for medical advice.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genetics of Rett Syndrome
    TheThe GeneticsGenetics ofof RettRett SyndromeSyndrome JohnJohn ChristodoulouChristodoulou Head, NSW Rett Syndrome Research Unit Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children’s Hospital at Westmead Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Sydney ClinicalClinical DiagnosisDiagnosis •• specificspecific developmentaldevelopmental profileprofile basedbased onon aa consistentconsistent constellationconstellation ofof clinicalclinical featuresfeatures •• diagnosticdiagnostic criteriacriteria developeddeveloped •• classicalclassical andand variantvariant RTTRTT phenotypesphenotypes – atypical Rett syndrome – “speech preserved” variant – congenital onset variant – male Rett syndrome equivalent GeneticsGenetics ofof RettRett SyndromeSyndrome X:X: autosomeautosome translocations:translocations: - t (X; 22) - Xp11.22 - t (X; 3) - Xp21.3 Deletions:Deletions: - del (3) (3p25.1 - p25.2) - del (13) (13q12.1 - q21.2) mtDNAmtDNA mutationmutation screening:screening: - 16S rRNA - A2706G (1 patient & mother) ExclusionExclusion mappingmapping inin familialfamilial cases:cases: (incl. Brazilian family with 3 affected sisters) - gene likely to be in Xq28 or Xpter “Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG binding protein 2” (Amir et al, Nature Genet 1999: 23; 185 - 188) 6 mutations identified in 21 sporadic classical cases - 4 de novo missense mutations in methyl-binding domain (MBD) - 1 de novo frame-shift mutation in transcription repression domain (TRD) - 1 de novo nonsense mutation in TRD MECP2MECP2 MutationsMutations
    [Show full text]
  • Aicardi Syndrome
    Aicardi syndrome Description Aicardi syndrome is a disorder that occurs almost exclusively in females. It is characterized by three main features that occur together in most affected individuals. People with Aicardi syndrome have absent or underdeveloped tissue connecting the left and right halves of the brain (agenesis or dysgenesis of the corpus callosum). They have seizures beginning in infancy (infantile spasms), which tend to progress to recurrent seizures (epilepsy) that can be difficult to treat. Affected individuals also have chorioretinal lacunae, which are defects in the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). People with Aicardi syndrome often have additional brain abnormalities, including asymmetry between the two sides of the brain, brain folds and grooves that are small in size or reduced in number, cysts, and enlargement of the fluid-filled cavities (ventricles) near the center of the brain. Some have an unusually small head (microcephaly). Most affected individuals have moderate to severe developmental delay and intellectual disability, although some people with this disorder have milder disability. In addition to chorioretinal lacunae, people with Aicardi syndrome may have other eye abnormalities such as small or poorly developed eyes (microphthalmia) or a gap or hole (coloboma) in the optic nerve, a structure that carries information from the eye to the brain. These eye abnormalities may cause blindness in affected individuals. Some people with Aicardi syndrome have unusual facial features including a short area between the upper lip and the nose (philtrum), a flat nose with an upturned tip, large ears, and sparse eyebrows. Other features of this condition include small hands, hand malformations, and spinal and rib abnormalities leading to progressive abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis).
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diseases
    Genetic Diseases You are now familiar with the role of DNA in our bodies; how it is replicated and expressed within a cell. You also know how DNA can accumulate mutations and what this can do to the protein that may be coded by that sequence. Also keep in mind how DNA is organized into multiple chromosomes. During mitosis and meiosis, it is crucial that chromosomes be separated equally between the daughter cells. In our current unit, we will discuss how traits (carried on our chromosomes) are inherited from one generation to the next. You will learn how to predict the probability of a trait being passed on and how this information is practical for potential parents and genetic counselors. Through this assignment, you will choose a genetic disease which you will research. You will create a wiki page about your disease and post it on the Pingry server. In addition you will give a brief (5 minute) oral presentation to the class. And provide a brochure of your disease and syndrome. During your research, look for the following: • What is the genetic cause of the disease? • What gene is mutated or chromosome altered? • What is the pattern of inheritance of the disease (dominant or recessive)? • What are the symptoms and characteristics of the disease? • What are the current methods of treatment/cure for the disease? Guidelines for the wiki page that you will be creating: • Treat your wiki as if you are presenting the information live to a group of people. • Create your own work. If you use material from another source, be certain that you give proper credit to that source.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Disorder Pamphlet Project
    Genetic Disorder Pamphlet Project Purpose: To create a pamphlet that describes a specific genetic disorder, much the same as a pamphlet found in a doctors office. G rading: Y ou w ill be graded on the follow ing four areas: - N eatness 20% - Cover all 6 folds 10% - Pictures 10% - Information 60% The information w ill be broken into five sections: how the disorder is diagnosed, possible treatments, w hat causes the disorder, current research, and five interesting facts. W here do I find Information? - Y ou are required to have at least one book source and no more than tw o w eb sources. Y ou must include a w orks cited section on the back of the pamphlet, w hich displays the sources you used for your information. - Pictures are good to have, but remember that most of your grade is based on the information you find. W rite w ell, because you w ill be docked points for poor grammar. W hat G enetic D isorders Can I Research? There is a list of some possible disorders listed on the next tw o folds. If you w ould like to research a disorder not listed, all you need to do is ask and get the okay from the teacher. Possible D isorders: Long QT Syndrome Marfan Syndrome Achondroplasia Moebius Syndrome Achromatopsia Mucopolysaccaridosis (MPS) Acid Maltase Deficiency Nail Patella Syndrome Adrenoleukodystrophy Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Aicardi Syndrome Neurofibromatosis Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Niemann-Pick Disease Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Osteogenesis Imperfecta Apert Syndrome Progeria Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia Proteus
    [Show full text]
  • Genomeposter2009.Pdf
    Fold HumanSelected Genome Genes, Traits, and Landmarks Disorders www.ornl.gov/hgmis/posters/chromosome genomics.energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Aicardi Syndrome: MR Assessment of Brain Structure and Myelination
    532 Aicardi Syndrome: MR Assessment of Brain Structure and Myelination Margaret Anne Haii-Craggs,1 Michael Geoffrey Harbord,2 John Paul Finn, 1 Edward Brett,2 and Brian Ernest Kendall 1 Aicardi syndrome is characterized by the combination , in An EEG performed after starting ACTH therapy showed high­ girls, of agenesis of the corpus callosum, epilepsy, and typical amplitude slow waves over both hemispheres with freq uent sharp choroidal lacunae. Other associated brain abnormalities that waves. An intermittent burst suppression pattern was clinically as­ have been described include gross asymmetry of the cerebral sociated with flexor spasms. MR performed at 6 months showed that the body of the corpus callosum was small and the genu and splenium hemispheres, irregular ventricular contours caused by sub­ were absent (Fig. 1A) . A midline cyst was shown lying posterior to ependymal heterotopic nodules, cysts in the hemispheres and the corpus callosum , extending behind and above the third ventricle, the posterior fossa, cerebellar hypoplasia, papillomas of the of signal intensity higher than CSF on both T1- and T2-weighted SE choroid plexus, holoprosencephaly, microphthalmia, and neu­ images. The origin of the cyst was unknown, and was possibly ronal migrational abnormalities [1-5]. Detailed neuropatho­ hamartomatous (Figs. 1A and 1 B). Myelination was appropriate for logic reports have not previously described abnormal myeli­ age, being symmetrically present in the middle cerebellar peduncles, nation as a feature of this syndrome [1-3]. We report three the posterior limb of the internal capsule, and the cerebellar white cases in which MR Imaging provided detailed information on matter (Figs.
    [Show full text]