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Proceedings of the Symposium on Advances in Vineyard Pest Management February 6–8, 2010 Midwest Grape and Wine Conference Osage Beach, Missouri

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Proceedings of the Symposium on Advances in Vineyard Pest Management February 6–8, 2010 Midwest Grape and Wine Conference Osage Beach, Missouri Proceedings of the Symposium on Advances in Vineyard Pest Management February 6–8, 2010 Midwest Grape and Wine Conference Osage Beach, Missouri Workshop Sponsors Institute for Continental Climate Viticulture and Enology College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri Missouri Wine and Grape Board University of Missouri Extension Proceedings of the Symposium on Advances in Vineyard Pest Management Feb. 6–8, 2010 Midwest Grape and Wine Conference Osage Beach, Mo. Editors: R. Keith Striegler Andy Allen Satisha Jogaiah Jackie Harris Institute for Continental Climate Viticulture and Enology College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri Missouri Wine and Grape Board Proceedings 1 On the cover: Top row (left to right) (1) Phomospsis viticola damages basal internodes and leaves of vines early in the season and infects both berries and cluster rachises. (2) Canker disesases caused by Botryosphaeria spp. and Eutypa lata cause slow death of cordons and trunks, with decreasing yields as fruiting wood dies. Middle row (left to right) (3) Foliar feeding by the aerial form of grapevine phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, causes severe deformation of leaves on susceptible cultivars. (4) Sour rot, a disease complex caused by a combination of fungi, yeasts and bacteria, causes severe losses of several wine-grape cultivars when environmental conditions favor disease development. Bottom row (5) Japanese beetles, voracious feeders on grapevine foliage, are an increasing threat to regional vineyards. 2 Symposium on Advances in Vineyard Pest Management Table of Contents Symposium Agenda . 5 Papers Grapevine Trunk Diseases: Etiology, Epidemiology and Control....................... 7 Douglas Gubler et al. Target Your Sprays and Save Money: Methods of Improving Deposition and Reducing Drift ......................................................... 23 Andrew Landers Studies on the Biology and Control of Phomopsis Cane and Leaf Spot ................ 37 Michael Ellis Developing an Effective Fungicide Spray Program for Wine Grapes in the Midwest....... 47 Michael Ellis Evaluation of Cultural Practices to Reduce Bunch Rot in Vignoles Grapevines........... 57 Keith Striegler et al. Management of Grape Phylloxera, Grape Berry Moths and Japanese Beetles ........... 63 Donn Johnson et al. Emerging Viruslike Diseases in Chardonel, Vidal Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon in Missouri ............................................................... 75 Wenping Qiu et al. Speaker Contact Information................................................. 85 Proceedings 3 4 Symposium on Advances in Vineyard Pest Management Symposium Agenda Saturday, Feb. 6, 2010 Dr. Keith Striegler, Moderator 8:30–9:00 a.m. Young Vine Decline: Biology of Pathogens and Disease Epidemiology Dr. Douglas Gubler, University of California, Davis 9:00–10:00 a.m. Target Your Sprays and Save Money: Methods of Improving Deposition and Reducing Drift Dr. Andrew Landers, NYSAES, Geneva, N.Y. 10:15–11:15 a.m. Studies on the Biology and Control of Phomopsis Cane and Leaf Spot Dr. Michael Ellis, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 2:00–3:00 p.m. Developing an Effective Fungicide Spray Program for Wine Grapes in the Midwest Dr. Michael Ellis, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 3:15–4:15 p.m. Canker Diseases: Their Causes and Control in Calfornia and the Midwest Dr. Douglas Gubler, University of California, Davis 4:15–5:15 p.m. Evaluation of Cultural Practices to Reduce Bunch Rot in Vignoles Grapevines Dr. Keith Striegler, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. Sunday, Feb. 7, 2010 Eli Bergmeier, Moderator 8:30–9:30 a.m. Weeds in Vineyards: What’s Out There, and Why? Dr. Reid Smeda, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 9:30–10:30 a.m. Management of Grape Phylloxera, Grape Berry Moths and Japanese Beetles Dr. Donn Johnson, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. 10:45–11:45 a.m. Emerging Viruslike Diseases in Chardonel, Vidal Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon in Missouri Dr. Wenping Qiu, Missouri State University, Mountain Grove, Mo. Proceedings 5 6 Symposium on Advances in Vineyard Pest Management Grapevine Trunk Diseases: Etiology, Epidemiology and Control Dr. W. Douglas Gubler, Dr. J.R. Urbes-Torres, F.P. Trouillas and R. Herche Department of Plant Pathology University of California, Davis Dr. R. Keith Striegler Institute for Continental Climate Viticulture and Enology University of Missouri Dr. Richard D. Cartright, J. Kreiddy and Dr. John C. Rupe Department of Plant Pathology University of Arkansas Introduction Grapevine trunk diseases are responsible for significant economic losses to the wine industry worldwide. Symptoms include dead spurs and cordon and trunk dieback due to canker formation in the vascular tissue, and in some cases, deformed leaves and shoots caused by fungal toxins. As cankers develop, yield reductions occur due to the loss of productive wood. The impact of grapevine trunk diseases can be significant in older vineyards and usually becomes more severe as vineyards age. Petri disease and esca (black measles) are caused by the vascular pathogens Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and numerous species of Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Togninia minima), respectively. Eutypa dieback, caused by the fungus Eutypa lata, was originally thought to be responsible for most grapevine canker disease in California vineyards. However, recent findings have highlighted the importance of other fungi involved in the death and decline of grapevines in California. Botryosphaeriaceae species have been recovered from cankers, and were determined to be the main cause of canker diseases in some California vineyard production areas. Recent research has also indicated the occurrence of several new fungal pathogens causing trunk diseases. These fungi belong to the family Diatrypaceae. These species include Eutypa leptoplaca, Cryptovalsa ampelina, Eutypella spp., Diatrypella sp. and Diatrype species. We will present current information on the epidemiology and control strategies of fungal organisms responsible for grapevine spur, cordon and trunk dieback in California. Proceedings 7 Esca and young esca (vine declines) Esca (black measles) and young esca (Petri disease, vine decline) have been documented to occur in all of the major grape production regions of California and the world. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora is the primary pathogen responsible for Petri disease. Esca can be caused by Pa. chlamydospora but Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Togninia minima) is the primary pathogen. Other species of Phaeoacremonium have also been shown to be pathogens and probably are responsible for some mature vine esca. These include Pm. mortoniae (Togninia fraxinopennsylvanica), Pm. parasiticum, Pm. rubrigenum, Pm. angustius and two new species of Togninia, T. californica and T. davisiana. These fungi are also responsible for poor vineyard establishment in many newly planted vineyards, in which case, the young vines may have been infected prior to planting. We know that all of these fungi are endophytes and as such they may infect nursery stock. When this occurs the vines are generally but not always of reduced quality and may not survive well after planting. This is particularly the case when vines are planted poorly, fruited early or not irrigated properly. The infection court for these fungi are wounds, generally the xylem parenchyma and vessels of mature grapevine xylem, and we suspect that nursery infection occurs through these structures. It is suspected that the pathogens may be passed from mother vines to progeny vines via spores or mycelium, carried either in the sap flow or by external contamination of bark by the release of ascospores from perithecia. However, these pathogens are also soil-borne and have the capacity to infect young roots directly through the bark after planting. Young vine decline and Petri disease have become common diseases of 1- to 9-year-old grapevines, mostly in California’s North Coast production area and in other production areas around the world. The occurrence of the disease coincided with massive replanting of grapevines as a result of Phylloxera infestation of AXR1 rootstock. AXR1 was replaced with rootstocks that were resistant to Phylloxera; however, these rootstocks were more susceptible to the Petri disease and other vine-decline pathogens. Although widespread in occurrence, vines showing decline due to Petri disease usually constitute a minor portion (1 to 5 percent) of a newly planted vineyard. Likewise, the chronic type of esca has significantly increased in California over the past 12 years. Chronic symptoms of esca, which were not common on grapevines unless the vine was older than 10 years 8 Symposium on Advances in Vineyard Pest Management of age, are now commonly seen on vines of 1 to 6 years old also as a result of the use of Phylloxera- resistant rootstock. Esca is characterized by the presence of bright tiger-striped patterns on the leaves of affected shoots, which can vary in occurrence and severity from one year to the next. Fruit symptoms range from superficial brown to purple spots on the berry skins to complete collapse of the rachis causing withering of fruit. Entire clusters can become affected, making fruit of table grape varieties unmarketable and fruits of both wine and table grapes have an acrid taste. Despite past research efforts, no information was available regarding etiology, disease epidemiology and management. It is now known that the young esca and esca pathogens are endophytes in vines in all production
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