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Justin R. Morris Vineyard Mechanization Symposium ~ Proceedings ~ Justin R. Morris Vineyard Mechanization Symposium ~ Proceedings ~ February 2-3, 2008 Midwest Grape and Wine Conference Osage Beach, Missouri Sponsors Institute for Continental Climate Viticulture and Enology College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri-Columbia The Justin R. Morris Vineyard Mechanization Symposium Honoring Dr. Justin R. Morris Dr. Morris is currently Distinguished Professor and Director of the Institute of Food Science and Engineering at the University of Arkansas. He has directed his research toward developing processing, handling, harvest and production systems for numerous fruit crops, but is best known and held in high regard for his work on grapes and wine. Throughout his academic endeavors, he has consistently maintained focus upon the importance of final product quality. Earning his doctorate from Rutgers University in 1964, Dr. Morris has now provided research, teaching, leadership and service to the grape and wine industries for over 40 years. The culmination of his research was the development of the Morris-Oldridge Vineyard Mechanization System, which was patented by the University of Arkansas in 2002 and acquired for commercial production by the Oxbo International Corporation shortly thereafter. He continues to publish research results from experiments with this system, and other industry-oriented publications as well. Dr. Morris is well recognized as a leader in the U.S. grape and wine industries. His efforts will continue to benefit untold numbers of persons in these industries for decades to come. Proceedings of the Justin R. Morris Vineyard Mechanization Symposium February 2-3, 2008 Midwest Grape and Wine Conference Osage Beach, Missouri Editors: R. Keith Striegler Andy Allen Eli Bergmeier Jackie Harris Sponsors Institute for Continental Climate Viticulture and Enology College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri-Columbia Cover photo: Pruning machine operating on high-trained vines in central Missouri. Proceedings 3 4 Justin R. Morris Vineyard Mechanization Symposium Table of Contents Symposium Agenda ..................................................................................................................... 6 Invited Presentations Commercialization of the Morris-Oldridge Vineyard Mechanization System ....................... 9 Justin R.. Morris Status and Future of Vineyard Mechanisation in Australia and New Zealand .................... 31 Peter Hays Research and Innovations for Vineyard Mechanization in Italy ........................................... 33 Cesare Intrieri Vineyard Mechanization and Site Specific Viticulture Practices in New York ................... 53 Terry Bates and Hans Walter-Peterson Advancements in Vineyard Assessment and Harvest Technology ........................................ 65 Oren Kaye The Challenges of Vineyard Mechanization near the Climatic Limits of Commerical Vine Culture ......................................................................... 74 G. Stanley Howell The Economics of Vineyard Mechanization ............................................................................ 85 Mike Thomsen Poster Presentations Mechanical and Minimal Pruning of Cynthiana Grapes: Effects on Yield Components and Juice and Wine Composition ...................................................................... 97 Gary Main and Justin R.. Morris Initial Impact of Pruning and Fruit Thinning Applications on Growth and Composition of Concord and Sunbelt Grapes ................................................. 112 Justin R.. Morris, Gary Main, Renee Threlfall and Keith Striegler Sponsor and Supporting Organization Information ............................................................. 130 Speaker and Presenter Contact Information ........................................................................ 132 Proceedings 5 Symposium Agenda Saturday, Feb. 2, 2008 Oral Presentations Dr. Keith Striegler, Moderator Salon C 8:30 - 9:30 a.m. Commercialization of the Morris-Oldridge Vineyard Mechanization System Dr. Justin R. Morris, Institute of Food Science and Engineering, University of Arkansas 9:30 - 10:00 a.m. Break - Exhibit Hall 10:00 - 11:00 a.m. Status and Future of Vineyard Mechanization in Australia and New Zealand Peter Hayes, International Organization of Vine and Wine, Glen Osmond, Australia 11:00 - 12:00 p.m. Research and Innovations for Vineyard Mechanization in Italy Dr. Cesare Intrieri, Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy 12:00 - 1:30 p.m. Lunch Buffet - Trade Show Area 1:30 - 2:30 p.m. Vineyard Mechanization and Site Specific Viticulture Practices in New York Hans Walter-Peterson, Finger Lakes Grape Program, Cornell University 2:30 - 3:15 p.m. Advancements in Vineyard Assessment and Harvest Technology Oren Kaye, Winemaker - Research & Development, Constellation Wines, US 3:15 - 3:30 p.m. Break - Exhibit Hall 3:30 - 5:00 p.m. Panel Discussion on Vineyard Mechanization of Pruning, Canopy Management, Crop Control, and Harvesting Hank Ashby, French Camp Vineyards, Calif.; Andrew Hoffher, St. James Winery, Mo.; Tom Davenport, National Grape Cooperative Association, Inc., N.Y. 6 Justin R. Morris Vineyard Mechanization Symposium Sunday, Feb. 3, 2008 Poster Presentations (authors present) 12:00 - 1:00 p.m. Mechanical and Minimal Pruning of Cynthiana Grapes: Effects on Yield Components and Juice and Wine Composition Dr. Gary Main and Dr. Justin R. Morris, Institute of Food Science and Engineering, University of Arkansas Initial Impact of Pruning and Fruit Thinning Applications on Growth and Composition of Concord and Sunbelt Grapes Dr. Justin R. Morris, Dr. Gary Main, and Dr. Renee Threlfall, Institute of Food Science and Engineering, University of Arkansas; Dr. Keith Striegler, Institute for Continental Climate Viticulture and Enology, University of Missouri Oral Presentations Eli Bergmeier, Moderator Salon C 1:30 - 2:30 p.m. The Challenges of Vineyard Mechanization near the Climatic Limits of Commercial Vine Culture Dr. G. Stanley Howell, Professor Emeritus, Michigan State University; Vitis Veritas Vineyard Consulting 2:30 - 3:15 p.m. The Economics of Vineyard Mechanization Dr. Mike Thomsen, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Arkansas 3:15 - 3:45 p.m. Break - Exhibit Hall 3:30 - 5:00 p.m. Comparative Tasting of 2007 Wines Produced by Hand Farming and Machine Farming (the Morris-Oldridge Vineyard Mechanization System Implemented at French Camp Vineyards, California) Dr. Justin R. Morris, Institute of Food Science and Engineering, University of Arkansas; Hank Ashby, French Camp Vineyards, Calif. Proceedings 7 8 Justin R. Morris Vineyard Mechanization Symposium Commercialization of the Morris-Oldridge Vineyard Mechanization System Justin R. Morris Distinguished Professor Institute of Food Science and Engineering University of Arkansas Acknowledgements This research was a cooperative effort with French Camp Vineyards (Santa Margarita, Calif.) and OXBO International Corp. (Clear Lake, Wis.). The author acknowledges the scholarship and dedication of over 30 graduate students during the past 38 years and current post doctoral associates, Drs. Gary Main and Renee Threlfall, who have worked on the myriad aspects of vineyard mechanization. Thanks are also given to Drs. Pamela Brady and Janice Blevins for their assistance in preparing this manuscript, and to Greg Berg, OXBO viticulturalist, and Hank Ashby (French Camp Vineyard Manager) for their invaluable assistance during this research. Published with the approval of the Director, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Abstract Researchers in the University of Arkansas Viticulture and Enology Program have been working on the development of a total vineyard mechanization system for over 37 years. This system allows maintenance or enhancement of fruit quality while mechanizing almost all vineyard operations, including dormant and summer pruning, leaf removal, shoot and fruit thinning, and harvesting. Research efforts were aimed at mechanizing these tasks on the 12 major trellising systems used throughout the industry. Plans for the sequencing and timing of operations on each of these trellis systems were also developed. In 2002 the University of Arkansas patented the Morris-Oldridge Vineyard Mechanization System (M-O System). This patent was sold to OXBO International Corp., which is marketing system components under the name Korvan™ Vineyard System. Beginning in 2002, studies were initiated at French Camp Vineyards, Santa Margarita, Calif., a commercial Vitis vinifera vineyard in the central coast region, to compare the effectiveness of machine-farming (mechanization) using the M-O System with traditional methods of canopy management using hand labor (hand-farmed). The study was conducted with the cultivars ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Sauvignon blanc’, and ‘Syrah’ trellised on a lyre system and ‘Merlot’, ‘Zinfandel’, and ‘Sangiovese’ trellised on a vertical shoot-positioned (VSP) system. Yield, fruit growth, fruit composition, wine quality, wine sensory attributes and economics of mechanization were evaluated on machine- and hand- farmed grapes. Mechanization at French Camp Vineyards used a balanced cropping concept which incorporated three operations: 1) machine dormant pruning; 2) Proceedings 9 machine shoot thinning; and 3) machine fruit thinning. Results of research from 2002-05 showed that yield and quality characteristics of machine-farmed grapes were not statistically different from those
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