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Spatio-Temporal Variations in Phytoplankton Community Structure in Small Water Bodies Within Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya

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Spatio-Temporal Variations in Phytoplankton Community Structure in Small Water Bodies Within Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya Vol. 7(9), pp. 862-873, September 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJEST2013.1552 African Journal of Environmental Science and ISSN 1996-0786 © 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/AJEST Technology Full Length Research Paper Spatio-temporal variations in phytoplankton community structure in small water bodies within Lake Victoria basin, Kenya Steve O. Ngodhe*, Phillip O. Raburu, Boaz K. Arara, Patrick O. Orwa and Alfred A. Otieno Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Eldoret, P.O. BOX 1125, Eldoret, Kenya. Accepted 6 September, 2013 Spatio-temporal variations of phytoplankton, expressed in terms of species composition and diversity collected at various sampling sites in small water bodies (SWBs) within Lake Victoria basin, Kenya, were investigated monthly from November 2010 to June 2011, in relation to selected physical and chemical water quality parameters. Temperature, D.O, TN and TP revealed a significant difference between the dams (p<0.005) unlike pH and BOD5. These SWBs were built during the pre-independence era and stocked with various species of fish. The dams provide water for both domestic and agricultural use. A total of 1392 phytoplankton species belonging to four families and 20 genera were identified in Kesses dam whereas in Kerita dam, a total of 376 phytoplankton species belonging to four families and 10 genera were identified. In Siaya dams, Yenga dam had three families of phytoplankton; Chlorophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Cyanophyceae with Mauna also recording four families: Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Desmidiaceae and Cyanophyceae. All the SWBs generally registered low species diversity with majority of them recording a value of < 2. Seasonal variations in phytoplankton species composition and diversity were significant (P < 0.05) with low species composition and diversity occurring during the dry season, and being maximum following the end of the rainy season from November 2010 to March 2011, suggesting the possible influence of various environmental factors on the SWBs. Overall, water quality seemed to have had effect on the species diversity, dominance and richness of phytoplankton community structure. Key words: Community structure, small water bodies (SWBs), phytoplankton, species composition and diversity. INTRODUCTION Phytoplankton is usually at the base of aquatic food web tured by these factors. The importance of phytoplankton and is the most important factor for production of organic in tropical reservoir ecosystems include its use in matter in aquatic ecosystem. Most reservoirs will require estimating potential fish yield (Descy et al., 2005), significant amount of phytoplankton to have productive productivity (Likens, 1975), water quality (Walsh et al., and sustainable fisheries. The interplay of physical, 2001), energy flow (Simciv, 2005), trophic status chemical and biological properties of water most often (Reynolds, 1999) and management (Beyruth and lead to the production of phytoplankton, while their Tanaka, 2000). These reservoirs are increasingly threat- assemblage (composition and distribution) is also struc- ened by human activities (Cecchi, 2007; Descy and *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +254 723938423. Ngodhe et al. 863 Sarmento, 2008). In Lake Victoria, phytoplankton species and thus the phytoplankton will increase in case other composition, numerical abundance, spatial distribution essential requirements are present. In this way inverte- and total biomass are in a direct relation with the brates and fish possessing size-selective feeding habits environmental factors (Lung’ayia et al., 2000). Actually, on zooplankton can influence zooplankton grazing environmental and temporal changes determine the effectiveness and in turn algal succession (Wetzel, 2001). community present in a lake (Levandowsky, 1972). During rainy season, the water surface temperature is Among the environmental factors are the nutrients reduced and the water becomes more turbid, this favours availability and light, temperature, alkalinity and mixing the development of volvocales, especially Eudorina spp, depth. Talling (1966) states in the particular, the abun- Microcystis flos-aquae and Aulocaseira granulata dance of algal species changes occurs due to changes in (Beyruth and Tanka, 2000). turbulence, illumination per cell and more obviously Phytoplankton, as primary producers, forms the vital distribution of nutrients in the water column. Phyto- energy source at the first trophic tier. It is reported that plankton can be divided into size classes that have over 90% of Kenya’s total fish production comes from the different physical properties. Picoplankton have the Kenya waters of Lake Victoria and its basin (Maithya et greatest surface:volume ratio compared with nano- and al., 2002). The Basin is endowed with numerous peren- microplankton (Lewis, 1976) and may, consequently, nial rivers that drain into the lake. Along the river more efficiently assimilate nutrients than nano- and drainage basins are important natural (small lakes and microplankton (Lafond et al., 1990). Smaller cells usually swamps) and man-made (reservoirs and dams) small have greater growth potential (Bruno et al., 1983), greater water bodies (SWBs) built during the pre-independence biomass productivity and lower sinking rates (Stockner et era and stocked with various fish species. As they also al., 1987). Picoplankton is, however, the dominant size serve as food to many aquatic animals, they also have an class in several environments all over the world, both in important role in the material circulation in aquatic marine and oligotrophic freshwater environments (Adame ecosystems by controlling the growth, reproductive et al., 2008). capacity and population characteristics of aquatic biota. Lung’ayia et al. (2001) stated that phytoplankton Furthermore, their standing crops exhibit variations that structure is determined by underwater light availability, depend on several factors. The supply of major nutrients wind mixing, precipitation and nutrient input. According to (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen); light availability; Wetzel (2001), algal community structure and growth grazing by zooplankton; water mixing regimes; and basin rates among species are likely to be limited by different morphometry (Reynolds et al., 2001; Gurung et al., resources, including differing nutrients. Therefore 2006). different species can survive on varying nutrient concen- Evaluation of phytoplankton community structure is trations and others compete for the same nutrients essential and useful as an indicator of the water quality. (Sitoki, 2010). To this end, recent studies in Kenya on phyto-plankton The changes in the nutrient availability can lead to community structure, dynamics and productivity, have variations in phytoplankton diversity and species been conducted in a variety of freshwater lakes, enriching composition in aquatic systems. Elevated pH, dissolved our knowledge and understanding of the phytoplankton oxygen, NH4-N, NO2-N and silica favored the growth of ecology and community structures in such lakes. Similar Cyanophyceae and Chrysophyceae in the tropical ponds studies in small water bodies of Kenya, however, are rare of Pindamonhangaba Brazil (Beyruth and Tanaka, 2000) and sporadic. Several surveys of the phytoplankton and the most represented species were Microcystis spp, populations have been conducted in open waters Lake Anabaena solitaries, Crucigeneilla crucifera and Oocystis Victoria (Okely et al., 2010; Krienitz et al., 2001; lacustris. Furthermore, nutrient concentration level Lung’ayia et al., 2001, 2000), but no systematic attempt changes due to manuring or fertilizing the aquatic has been made to relate phytoplankton community systems, affects the community structure of composition and ambient water quality conditions to land phytoplankton in the system. The increase in nutrient use within the SWBs within the basin, despite the concentrations leads to differences in phytoplankton significant implications for integrated ecosystem community structure. management. Generalized ecoregion design-nations are Competition, exclusion, disturbance and grazing assumed to reflect larger scale similarities and (Lung’ayia et al., 2001) dominate the phytoplankton differences than individual watersheds in geology dynamics too. The phytoplankton community in the small physiography, vegetation, climate, soils, and manage- water bodies is affected by the grazers and the physical ment goals for nonpoint-source pollution. The present chemical characteristics. The presence or the feeding study is an absolutely one of the pioneering work for behavior of the fish, result in size selection of the Kenya, and it aims to evaluate both the spatial and phytoplankton in ponds (Beyruth and Tanaka, 2000). For temporal scales of the distribution of different phyto- instance, usually Oreochromis niloticus ponds were plankton community structure and to relate phytoplankton dominated by chlorophyceae and cyanobacteria. In a community composition and ambient water quality con- situation of many fish, phytoplankton feeders will reduce ditions to land use within the northern Lake Victoria 864 Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. Figure 1. Map of Siaya and Uasin-Gishu counties showing the locations of small water bodies within the northern Lake Victoria basin, Kenya. basin, Kenya. situated at N000 12’ 358’’ and E0340 09’ 433’’, at an elevation of about 1, 217 m.a.s.l. It has steep sided edges. The littoral zones are composed
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