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Transforming 2D Cadastral Data Into a Dynamic Smart 3D Model

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Transforming 2D Cadastral Data Into a Dynamic Smart 3D Model International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-2/W2, ISPRS 8th 3DGeoInfo Conference & WG II/2 Workshop, 27 – 29 November 2013, Istanbul, Turkey TRANSFORMING 2D CADASTRAL DATA INTO A DYNAMIC SMART 3D MODEL E. Tsiliakou,*, T. Labropoulos, E. Dimopoulou School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9, Iroon Polytechneiou, 15780 Zografou, Greece - * [email protected] - (taslab, efi)@survey.ntua.gr Commission II, WG II/2 KEY WORDS: 3D Cadastre, Hellenic Cadastre Project, 3D RRRs, Procedural Modeling, 3D GIS, Esri CityEngine ABSTRACT: 3D property registration has become an imperative need in order to optimally reflect all complex cases of the multilayer reality of property rights and restrictions, revealing their vertical component. This paper refers to the potentials and multiple applications of 3D cadastral systems and explores the current state-of-the art, especially the available software with which 3D visualization can be achieved. Within this context, the Hellenic Cadastre’s current state is investigated, in particular its data modeling frame. Presenting the methodologies and specifications addressing the registration of 3D properties, the operating cadastral system’s shortcomings and merits are pointed out. Nonetheless, current technological advances as well as the availability of sophisticated software packages (proprietary or open source) call for 3D modeling. In order to register and visualize the complex reality in 3D, Esri’s CityEngine modeling software has been used, which is specialized in the generation of 3D urban environments, transforming 2D GIS Data into Smart 3D City Models. The application of the 3D model concerns the Campus of the National Technical University of Athens, in which a complex ownership status is established along with approved special zoning regulations. The 3D model was built using different parameters based on input data, derived from cadastral and urban planning datasets, as well as legal documents and architectural plans. The process resulted in a final 3D model, optimally describing the cadastral situation and built environment and proved to be a good practice example of 3D visualization. 1. INTRODUCTION project treats only Special Real Property Objects (S.R.P.O.s) and natural resources (mining rights) as 3D objects (mines have Contemporary urban environments are distinguished by their spatial representation in distinct thematic polygon layers, under structural complexity and the multiple use of space in which a specific legislation). range of different RRRs (Rights, Restrictions and 3D RRRs such as condominium rights can be registered in all Responsibilities) intersect with the corresponding land parcels. jurisdictions (with the exception of Poland and Nepal) but it is Although cadastral registration is essential in order to secure also possible to create rights limited in the third dimension, rights, current 2D cadastral models do not adequately portray or such as rights in empty spaces. Empty spaces, which may vary manage the layered distribution of 3D RRRs. That is, 2D land from air spaces to subsurface volumes are only registered in parcels are not flexible enough to accommodate an increasing Australia and Canada (Quebec) or Finland (restricted to number of non-parcel based interests (Bennett et al. 2008; subsurface parcels), in contrast with most jurisdictions who Kalantari et al, 2008). This range of land rights, restrictions and merely hold regulations regarding the future constructions’ responsibilities requires proper 3D registrations complying with rights or building permits, for example Norway. Finally, each legal structure, as well as systematic encoding and infrastructures such as cable and pipeline networks modelling, fully exploiting technical capabilities of 3D characterized by their 3D manner are only registered in limited representations (Dimopoulou and Elia, 2012). cases. Among the countries introducing the registration of cable After all, according to Aien et al (2011) the 3D Cadastral Data and pipeline networks accompanied with a cadastral number are Model should not only accommodate 3D RRRs and their the Netherlands and Switzerland. In Greece networks are association with physical objects; the data model should recorded and managed by the responsible (private or state) represent the spatial extent of 3D RRRs. organization. So far no country has developed a substantial 3D cadastral 3D right objects are not registered in the cadastral database in model, but some have resolved key issues concerning 3D most jurisdictions, while in others this information is separately registration or representation of 3D cases even in a 2D manner. kept in special registries or are spatially indexed in relation to The preliminary analysis of the survey conducted by the FIG the associated surface parcel via a 2D polygon in a single layer joint commission 3 and 7 working group on 3D-Cadastres (Dimopoulou and Elia, 2012), e.g. in Australia, Croatia, clarified the existing cadastral status of the countries that Norway, Cyprus and Sweden. 3D registration is actually a participated in this survey through a questionnaire. According resolved matter in Spain, where a 3D building model exists on to Stoter et al (2011) the first conclusion reached was that the the cadastral map, clarifying the allocation of rights inside the concepts "3D Cadastre” and “3D parcels" are still ambiguous, buildings. due to cultural and historical differences which influence the It is quite evident that no jurisdiction has fully integrated a pure organizational, technical and legal aspects of land registration. 3D Cadastral system on a national scale, although the Most countries consider and treat solely apartment units as 3D developments towards this direction are rapid. GIS tools parcels, within their cadastral system. The Hellenic Cadastre incorporate new more sophisticated 3D features; DBMS are This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The peer-review was conducted on the basis of the abstract. 105 International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-2/W2, ISPRS 8th 3DGeoInfo Conference & WG II/2 Workshop, 27 – 29 November 2013, Istanbul, Turkey being further developed in order to fully support 3D registration objects, while deeds generating or proving the right accompany and industry is focusing more and more on the third dimension. the right itself. Nevertheless the implementation of a 3D cadastral model and The conceptual model of the two dimensional cadastral model the generation, manipulation and dynamic updating of 3D is organized in reference with the land parcel (parcel-based), information requires the balanced collaboration of cadastral, which additionally contains rights applying on the parcel. The legal and technical factors which is a quite challenging task. conceptual data model of the HC project was designed using Entity Relationship (ER) diagram, which separates the object of 1.1 Cases requiring 3D registration interest in entities. There are multiple examples of RRRs and spatial units Logical model: During the logical design, the conceptual requiring 3D registration (Dimopoulou and Elia, 2012) such as: model is translated into the logical model and, in particular, into - Airspace rights, a relatively new type of development rights a data model of a specific DBMS type (Stoter and van that refer to the 3D space above a property, which can be Oosterom, 2006). The Hellenic Cadastre uses relational DBMS reasonably used or occupied. Airspace ownership has to be Oracle 10g, thus the logical model is basically relational legally limited and 3D displayed, not to interfere with air concerning the actual database, although it contains additional travels, as derived by the aviation law. object-oriented applications. - The “building-within-a-building”, a new concept in the commercial office market (of New York) that recaptures and 2.2 3D Information within the Greek Cadastral Model exploits spaces in office towers that were not fully used, in order to accommodate different tenancies benefiting separate The Greek cadastral model includes (Tsiliakou and Dimopoulou entrance and minimizing costs. 2011): - Rights to exploit mines and produce minerals lying below the Buildings: Although the spatial database contains the surface of the property, depending on each jurisdiction. information of buildings, it is not actually represented on the - Littoral and riparian water rights in front of properties, cadastral maps. However, 3D features in the case of horizontal according to relative national legislation. ownership, are only registered as attribute or are descriptively - Special constructions above or below freeways, railroad provided. tracks, such as bridges, tunnels etc. S.R.P.O.s: Special Real Property Objects concern a plethora of - Telecommunication and electric conduits and utilities on land objects (“Anogeia”, “Yposkafa”, Mines, Arcades, Tanks, ownership. Arches, Windmills etc), which are characterized by multiple - Rights that comply with zoning and planning regulations for and complex topological relations applying between various urban growth, management and protection of environment and properties and are the only 3Ds managed in the existing cultural heritage. cadastral model. They are mostly manipulated not as spatial - Multi-level property resulting from a building that is partly information but as descriptive via a relational / topological constructed
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