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Integrating Art Production and Economic Development in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory

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Integrating Art Production and Economic Development in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS Macquarie Business School Integrating Art Production and Economic Development in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory NATIONAL SURVEY OF REMOTE ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER ARTISTS RESEARCH PAPER 3/2019 (JULY 2019) David Throsby and Katya Petetskaya Number 3/2019 July 2019 Copyright © David Throsby and Katya Petetskaya 2019 Integrating Art Production and Economic Development in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory National Survey of Remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Artists Department of Economics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. ISBN: 978-1-86408-852-6 July 2019 Integrating Art Production and Economic Development in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory David Throsby and Katya Petetskaya National Survey of Remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Artists Department of Economics, Macquarie University July 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... iii 1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................... 1 2 ART AND CULTURAL PRODUCTION IN REMOTE COMMUNITIES ............................... 3 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 8 3.1 The National Survey of Remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Artists ............. 8 3.2 The survey in the Arnhem Land Region ........................................................................ 8 4 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 9 4.1 Regional boundaries ...................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Target population ........................................................................................................... 9 4.3 Artist population and sample size estimation ............................................................. 10 4.4 Survey procedure and weighting .................................................................................. 11 4.5 Calculation of weights .................................................................................................. 12 5 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTISTS IN THE ARNHEM LAND REGION ................................................................................................................................... 14 6 ARTISTS’ CULTURAL ACTIVITIES ................................................................................... 17 7 ACQUISITION OF CULTURAL CAPITAL .......................................................................... 23 7.1 Formal education ......................................................................................................... 23 7.2 Cultural knowledge ...................................................................................................... 24 7.3 Art industry skills ......................................................................................................... 25 7.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 27 8 TIME ALLOCATION ........................................................................................................... 28 9 FINANCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES ........................................................................................ 32 9.1 Paid and unpaid activities ............................................................................................ 32 9.2 Sources of payment ...................................................................................................... 35 9.3 Importance of incomes from cultural activities ........................................................... 37 9.4 Methods of payment .................................................................................................... 38 9.5 Other sources of income ............................................................................................. 40 9.6 The main source of income .......................................................................................... 42 9.7 Mean and median incomes .......................................................................................... 43 10 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE .............................................................................................. 47 10.1 Artists’ years of experience .......................................................................................... 47 10.2 Facilities for making work ........................................................................................... 47 10.3 Preferences for spending more/less time in artistic practice ...................................... 49 10.4 Professional experiences .............................................................................................. 50 10.5 Use of technology ......................................................................................................... 53 10.6 Motivations .................................................................................................................. 54 11 GENDER ISSUES ................................................................................................................ 56 11.1 Demographics .............................................................................................................. 56 11.2 Education and training ................................................................................................ 57 11.3 Time allocation and financial circumstances ............................................................... 59 12 ART AND CULTURE IN SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES ............................................... 63 13 CONCLUSIONS: POLICY ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................... 66 13.1 Infrastructure needs..................................................................................................... 66 13.2 Expanding economic opportunities ............................................................................. 69 13.3 Education, training and skill development .................................................................. 72 13.4 Cultural tourism ........................................................................................................... 75 13.5 Concluding remarks ..................................................................................................... 77 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 78 Appendix 1. ............................................................................................................................. 80 PREFACE This Report presents the results of a study that forms one component of a major National Survey of Remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Artists. The National Survey is being undertaken in the Department of Economics at Macquarie University progressively across six regions in remote Australia. The regions are: Region 1: Kimberley, WA Region 2: East and West Arnhem Land, NT Region 3: North-West NT and Tiwi Islands Region 4: Central Desert, NT and APY Lands, SA Region 5: Pilbara and Ngaanyatjarra Lands, WA Region 6: Far North Queensland Implementation of the National Survey in Region 1 was completed in 2016, with the rollout continuing in Regions 2–6 during 2017, 2018, 2019 and 20201. The present Report relates to the implementation of the National Survey in Region 2, Arnhem Land. An initial scoping trip to the region was undertaken in July 2018 and the main fieldwork was carried out in November 2018, as discussed in more detail in the Report. We would like to express our gratitude to a number of individuals and organisations who assisted us in various ways in the conduct of this work. Firstly, we acknowledge the financial support provided by the Commonwealth Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet through the Indigenous Advancement Strategy, the Australia Council for the Arts, and Arts NT. Several people in these departments and agencies were especially helpful, including Debra Myers (PM&C), Rebecca Mostyn and Lisa Walsh (Australia Council for the Arts), Angela Hill and Renita Glencross (Arts NT), and Hugo Leschen (formerly Arts NT). We also express our gratitude to Sally Basser, Stephen Arnott, Jane Barney, Lyn Allan, Ingrid Barnes, Jacqueline Gropp, Sonia Hailes and Karen Bell in the Commonwealth Department of Communications and the Arts for their advice and encouragement at all stages of this project. The collaboration of a number of Aboriginal artists, cultural consultants, translators and interpreters was an essential ingredient in designing and implementing the survey, including Derek Carter (Maningrida), and Bobby Bununggurr and Tolbert Dharramanba (Ramingining). In addition a number of informal conversations were held with senior artists in many of the locations visited during the survey fieldwork. We would also like to thank the managers and staff of art centres and other organisations in the region who cooperated with us and assisted in implementing the survey, including: Lotte Waters (Elcho Art Centre); Rowan Busuttil and Josie Wright (Galiwin’ku); Trevor Van Weeren (Gapuwiyak); Felicity Wright and Kate
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