5244 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY ,19,

zones about an military canips in the United States; to the perhaps ·than any, of its successors. Are they remembered for Committee on Military Affairs. their wisdom? For their time they were wise men. but wis· By Mr. RANDALL: Petition of Woodlawn Missionary Society. dom accumulates with the years. There is not a man in this of Los Angeles, Cal., favoring the prohibition of the liquor busi­ Chamber that does not know more of electricity than Franklin, lleSs as a war measure; to the Committee on the. Judiciary. who knew more of it then than any other of his time. But. sir, Also memorial of Woman s Christian Temperance Union of they are not remembered for their learning. Are they remem· Pomon'a, Cai.~ pt·otesting against the waste of enormous quanti­ bered fo1· their oratory? There were but few orators among ti~ of food in the manufacture of beer and wine. and refusing them, and this Chamber holds the equal of their best. Are they to sign or indorse any compact to cut down the bread for our remembered for their literary attainments? Their literary families while this enormous waste is countenanced by Congress men, though great, were few. and the President ; to the Committee on the .Tudiciary~ liEN 011' COURAGE. There is .one characteristic that elevates that Congress to an eminence of fame approached by no other ; it is the sublime eour· SENATE. age with whieh they fa.eed the vexing problems of their day. In face o1! death they dared to fling THURSDAY, July 19, 1917. Defiance to a tyrant king! ·{Le(Jislative day of Wednesday, Jttly 18, 1911.) But tha.t was the small beginning of their courage. They dared open-mindedly to face the revered traditions~ curuary, 177!. Indeed, judging One trait alone commends them to the lasting love of a forget· from the votes that were cast in this Chamber on the 7tb day fUl world-they loved and labored for their fellow men. And this of this month., r fear it had. slipp.ed the minds of man~ of us. ' -resolution I have read is but a single incident in proof of lt. It will come as a distinct surprise· to some Congressmen that To distill grnin took food from the hungry. Enough! Let it the question of food conservation, which we _have hitherto prided stop immediately. Let tlle 1nws be effectual. Again, from it our elves upon as the- very most recent invention,. demanded extensive evils are tikely to be derived. Enougb! Let It be attention in- 1777. And it · will certainly startle some to be quickly prevented. In a single sentence of 46 words 3 of them reminded that in that connection the Congress went its limit, denote speed and action and 2 indicate thoroughness; had the without presidential interference or correspondence with the various legislattu·es heeded their appeal. this N:;ttion would have Antisaloon League, for bone-dry conservation of foodstu.tis. ~caped the " extensive evils that have been derived from the BO~E-DRY rN 1717. traffic-,, which our fathers of that Congress so clearly foresaw, Resolved, That it be recommended to the several legislatures of the United States immediately. to pass laws the most effectual for putting and itS illustrious glory, beauty, str.ength, nnd position would an immediate stop to the pernicious practice of distilling grain, by have reached heights of grn.ndure, service, and leadership now which the most extensive evils are likely to be derived if not quickly only shadowed in our fond, ambitious dreams. Doubtless cu­ prevented. pidity on the one hand and cowardice on the other joined to balk 'That was passed 140 years ago. Nobody had ever ·seen a this p_urpose of the gods and thwart the hope our patriotic kerosene lamp. or a cookstove,. or a: steamboat, or a locomotive. fathers bore. For cupidity and cowardice ever join against the or a postage stamp, or dreamed of a telephone, automobile, onward march of man-cupidity of those who get gain from the fiying machine, or submarine. T_hose were slow and dreamy vices, misfortunes, and inequities which civilization sa-ks to days. but Congress passed a more sensible and more effectiv~ cure, and the cowardice of those who fear to set the gauge of conservation bill-within its limitation&-in five minutes than battle against intrenchoo ·wrong, and for a new-born struggling this Senate. living in these days of enligbtened progress, hus right. Sir, read that resolution again;· it demands tbe con.-.er­ been able to pass in five weeks. And incidentally, to the vation of the grain from every form of intoxicants that then boundaries of its runitations, it pass~ a more statesmanlike consumed it. Dares this Senate pass its equal now? bone-dry law than this Senate seems to be willing to enact. THE ROLL CALL OF THE PAST. But they had some distinct advantages-that was before the Benjamin Franklin 11lld Robert Morris then occupied the Penn­ adoption of the Constitution anti before the unconstitutional sylvania seats. The Adamses and Howard Treat Payne were ghost was stalked at every legislative feast. And they had some worthy representatives of the character as well as the culture disadvantages-unfortunately they could not enact any law of the old Bay State. Patrick Henry, Benjamin Harrison. and binding up.on anybody, and their resolution met in the legisla­ Peyton Randolph spoke for Old Dominion, while Stephen Hop­ tures the fate that great things often meet at the hands of small kins of Rhode Island, and John Jay and Philip Livingstone, of men. Ne~ York, clothed with solemn dignity nnd perfumed with BEER HAD NOT YE1: DTSCOVERED AMERICA.. moral worth the honor of the seats that they filled with such Some critic may urge that the measure was not bone-dry, since lofty purpose and distinguished patrioti<:

The VICE PRESIDENT. But I do not think you have done Mr. POMERENE. I pre ent the following amendment, which so in accordance with the unanimous-consent agreement. That was ordered printed on yesterday. ·I ask that it be regarded us is why I am making this statement. Ordinru·ily there can be pending. only one amendment to a bill pending at one time. That amend­ Mr. STE~LING. I send to the desk the following amend­ ment must be disposed of in some way before another can be ment and ask that it be regarded as a pending amendment. I offered to the bill. The presentation of an amendment to have should like to have the proposed amendment read. it printed and· lie on the table is not the presentation of an The· VICE PRESIDEN'l'. The Secretary will read it, amendment to the bill at all. It is simply printed for the informa­ The SECRETARY. Strike out section 9 of the bill. tion of Senatorst and mu t sub equently be offered by the Senator The VICE PRESIDENT. The pending amendment is the at some appropriate time when no other amendment is J)ending. amendment proposed by tbe Senator from Oregon [Mr. CHAM· But the Chair thinks that a fair interpretation of the unanimous­ BERLAIN] to section L consent agreement is to ai'\"e this rule. and that prio1F to the . M~. KENYON. I o.ffer the following amendment to the hour of 2 o'clock p. m. of the calendar- d.ay of Friday, July 2(}, amendment: Insert after the word "gasoline "-I do not kno v any Senator may present an amendment. with a notice that he the line; the Secretary will ascertain that-the words "iron ore expects to have it a pending amendment to be voted upon under and its products, farm implements, and farm tool ." the terms ·of the unanimous-consent agreement, and that such I shall not take a.ny pm·ticular t·ime to-discuss the amendment action will entitle him to have a vote upon such .amendment. to the amendment. It simply enlarges the definition of neces· Mr. THOMPSON. That is the construction I gaye the unani- saries so as to cover iron and steel. and their products, also farm mous-consent agreement. - implements and farm tools. I think thi<:; is due to the farmers. Tbe VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator asked -to have the l offer it me1·eiy on the theory' that everything ·the farmer prO­ amendment lie on the table. The Chair understands that the duces is subject to this act, and the act ought to be broadened Senator expect to have them voted on. to cover those things which he is compelled to buy. This is · Mr. THOMPSON. Not now. merely asking a square deal for the farmer . .,.... That he is en­ The VICE PRESIDENT~ But some time before the bill is titled to; more he does not ask. No one need worry as to the disposed of. farmer doing his part to help win this ·war. For the good of the Mr. THOMPSON. Yes, sir. Nation I beg of .you to do nothing to discourage. the farmei·s of Mr. GRONNA. I introduce the following amendment. · I the country and thus injure production. I have not covered should like to have it read. I ask to have it printed and lie binding twinet which, po sibly, should be included. I realize that ·on the table. . if this definition of necessaries should be unduly enlarged it The VICE PRESIDE11.'"T. The Secretary will read it. perllaps would make difficult the pa age of the bill, but I do feel The SECRETARY. ~trike out the proviso on page 22 of the that iron and steel and farm implement ought to be included amendment and insert : in the bill. I shall ask for the yeas and nays on the amend- The United States hereby guarantees and agrees to pay from the da.te ment. · • thi act becomes a law to the 30th day of June, 1919, for all wheat raised in the continental United State and tendered to it at any of Mr. GRONNA. Mr. President, I want to take just a few the five principal interior primary mru:kets, to be designated by the minutes of the time of the Senate to give Members of the Senate board, not less than $2 per bushel for standard contract grades in. such some information as to the increased cost of producing g1·run. .markets. The grades shall be fixed by the Secretary of .Agriculture, as by 1aw provided. The priee for (lther grades to be based upon the said During this year it ~ cost the farmers of the United States standard grades. The board shall make rules specifying the conditions for binding twine alone more than $33,000,000 above the normal of delivery and for the proper carrying out of the provisions of this cost. I now invite the. attention of Senators from the South. paragraph. The provisions of this ad for the execution of the guaranty by the I ask if they know that we are paying them for cotton in tlle Government of minimum prices of wheat shall apply to the minimum use of canvases for our binders more than $2,000.000? We prices covered by this paragraph. buy from you more than that amount of cotton cloth for our 1\.I.r. THOMPSON. Mr. President, a parliamentary inquiry. binders. This season that price has increased to us more than 1\Ir. GRONNA. Just a moment. I think I made a mi.~:~ta.ke in five and a hnlf million dollars; in other words. we are pa:v'lng a asking to have the amendment printed and lie on the table. I premium to the cotton farmers of the South of more than three mean to have the amendment pending to the bill so that it may and a half million doll.ars mE>.rely for binder canvase . I am not be offered in accordance with the unanimous-consent agreement. sa. ing that you are getting too much for your cotton, but I 1\fr. TH0~1PSON. I do not want to have any misunderstand­ believe, when you under tand the situation, that you will wish ing. I desire to have my amendments pending. I do not want to be fair and to trent the farmers who produce grain t11e same to be shut out from offering th~m. as you would treat them if they lived in your own section of The VICE PRESIDENT. · The Chair understands that the the -country. · amendments tendered by the Senator from Kansas and · the Let me tell you another thing with which the farmers of the amendmeht tendered by the Senator from North Dakota are to United States have to contend, and I am sorry to say that the be voted upon some time by the Senate. United States has been a party to this robbery. In ordinary 1\Ir. CHAMBERLAIN. 1\Ir. President-- ·times the cost of transportation of hemp or twine from Manila 1\fr. REED. If the Senator from Oregon will permit me, I to New York is 30 cents a hundred, while to-day it is 55.60. This des1re to have three amendments, which I send to the desk, con­ indefen ible freight rate has, I understand, been approved by sidered as pending. They haTe already been read, and I think the Shipping Board. . it is not necessary to formally read them, but I should like to Mr. v ARDAl\1AN. Will the Senator give us this information: have them con idered as pending. Can he state just how much that would add to the cost of a While I have the :floor I desire to have considered ns pending bushel of wheat? the following two amendments. 1\Ir. GRONNA. I can only tell the Senator what it would 1\Ir. CHA.1.ffiERLAIN. That we may have an orderly pro­ add to the total cost to the farmers of the United State . cedure, may I sugge t that the bill be taken up section by ec- l\Ir. VARDAMAN. What I desire to know is what it would . tiOn, be""inning with section 1, and that amendments to the ec­ add to the. cost per bushel of wheat. tions as we·reacl'l them be disposed of? I think that procedure Mr. GRONNA. We use in a single year 250,000,000 DOUnds of would be more orderly than i.f we would undertake to consider binder twine; we u e probably 50,000 000 pound more for cord­ amendments to different sections throughout the bill. I hope age; in round numbers, we use 300,000,000 pound of all sorts that that order may be followed unle s there is some objection of hemp. The principal part of that comes from Yucatan, nnd to it. . consist of isal fibe-r, and the price has in the la t year been The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair has not any power to increased from 6 cents to 19 cents per pound ; but the peor>le say how amendment may be considered. When the Senator of Yucatan say, "We are basing our prices upon the prices of f~:om Oregon, in charge of the bill, gets through with the com­ manila." mittee amendments, the bill is open to amendments. The Chair Yet the United States Government is a party to ra-isiD 17 the can not fix the order. price of binder twine to the American farmer in ocean freight l\lr. CHAMBERLAIN. I shaH not insist on it. I was merely rates from 30 cents a. hundred to $5.60. · expres ing the hope that that might be uone. Then I ask .that Senators, these are facts which can not be contrt~dicted. I the penuing amendment be tated. think it is f:tir to pre ume that the"&e are 20,000,000 women on Mr. 1\IcCU.MBER. Under the construction of the unanimous­ the farms in the United State , and the farmers are not so cruel consent·agreement by the Chair I offer the following amendment but that they want to give their wives at least one or two Mot11er anu a k that it may be considered as pending. It has already Hubbards or wrappers durin17 the year. \Ve know thnt it takes been read, ._ nd it is not necessary. to read it again. about 10 yards of cotton to make a cheap calico ure s. We used Mr. KELLOGG. Before taking the rece la t evening I of­ to buy cotton at 5 cents a yard, the material co ting the women fered an amendment to be printed. I give notice that I desire 50 cents. while to-day it is costing them $1.20; in other words, to have the amendment voted upon. these 20,000,000 women are paying to you people of the South .J 1917·. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 5247

$12,000,000 more for one dress for each woman in the United Mr. CURTIS. I hope the amendment offered by the Senator States beyond what they paid before the war. from Iowa {1\fr. ·.KENYoN] will be adopted. If this bill is to Every man upon the farm has to have a few pairs of overalls, apply to the ne~essaries produced by the farmer, it should also and he has to .have at least one new pair for Sunday. Suppose apply to the necessaries which the farmer must .have. It is we say that the farmeJ.· uses four pairs of overalls curing the well known to members of the Senate that a foreign orga.nizn· yea!'. No one will contradict the statement that the price of tion, backed by money furnished by bankers in this country, the mmrall3 to the farmer before the war was about, or on an increased the p_rice of binding twine last year to the farmers. average, 75 cents, and the overalls which he could buy for 75 The increase cost to the .farmers of the United States on the cents at that time are to-day costing $1.50. amount used. for binding twine was more than $19,000,000 last "J;here are at least 20,000,000 men living upon farms. Multi· year. If the amendment offered by the Senator from Iowa is ply that by· 4. add J.OO per cent, and see what the additional adopted, including the suggestion of the junior Senator from tribute the farmer on the grain-producing farms is paying to Minnesota [Mr. KELLoGG], the foreign p:t:oducers of binding the cotto~ manufacturer of the South. I want to say to you it twine who want to take advantage of our market can be eon­ is. unfair to take out of this bill all the products which neces· trolled by the provisions of this bill. sarily mtts be consumed and used by the farmer~ It is also known to Senators that the price of farm machinery I want to refer to the price of steel and I see before me the was greatly advanced last year. I am told this morning by the junior Senator from Ala!>ama [Mr. UNDERWOOD], who, I am president of a leading farmers' organization in the State of sure, knows a great deal more about steel than do I ; but I Kansas that notice has been served on the farmers that they · have been told by men who ought to know that a reasonable may expect an increase of 33t per cenf on farm machinery dur~ price for steel in normal times is a cent and a half a pound, 'Or ing the coming year. , If that is so-and this gentleman is a $30 a ton. To-day the price of steel is from 41 cents a pound to reputable farmer of my State, and says that the notice has come 5 cents a pound. I do not know kow many million pounds ot direct-then the farm machinery which the farmers must buy steel are being used by the farmers of the United States, but I should be included within the provisions of this bill. I hope the kno that there are millions of tons being used in the manu­ amendment offered by the Senator from Iowa will be. adopted. facture of their far~ implements. Necessarily, if you compel Mr. SMITH of South Carolina. Mr. President, before the them to pay t.his tremendous price for steel, the men who are amendment proposed by the Senator from Iowa [Mr. KENYON] manufacturing farming implements must add this increased is voted upon, I desire to call the attention of the Senate to the co t to the cost of the machinery. We can not expect the manu­ fact that, if I understand the purpose of this bill~ it is to en­ facturers of farming implements in these times, when they are courage production. T.he reason why I have advocated wheat paying 4! to 5 cents a pound for steel, to sell farming machin­ being included and made the principal article subject to the · ery as cheaply as they have done in normalftimes, when they provisions of this bill is because we need bread in this country, were only paying $30 a ton. So the farmer, the man who uses and because in 1915, when we made '1,025,000,000 bushels ,of farm implements, self-binders, plows, harrows, thrashing ma~ wheat the average price to the farmer was 87 cents a bushel, chines, and everything else that is necessary to carry on farm­ while in 1916, with a crop of 525,000,000 bushels short, almost ing -operations, -is the very man who ultimately pays the in- a half production, the price then went to $3 a bushel. In order creased price. · . to make as secure as possible a maximum production of wheat it is necessary to guarantee the wheat farmer against the disas­ Mr. VARDAMAN. May I ask the Senator a question? Mr. GRONNA. Yes. trous experience' of 1915. What we are .attempting to do her~. as· I understand, is to Mr. VARDAMAN. I tmderstand tne proposition is to fix n increase the food supply of this country without re ~ard to or N' minimum price of $2 a bushel for wheat? articles which may have been affected by the extraordinary Mr. GRONNA. Yes. conditions ot the war. We want to guarantee the food pro­ Mr. VARDAl\.IAN. If we are going to fix a minimum price ducers of this country against the disaster that always comes on these things, relatively that would be about 20 cents a x)ound, with ·overproduction. We are inviting them-to increase the:r as I suppose, for cotton; and I should be very glad to make that acreage in foodstuffs, and we are attempting now to fix a prke arrangement with the Senator from North Dakota. below which the market will not go. We have said nothin~ Mr. GRONNA. I want to say to the Senator from Mississippi about a maximum price_. There is a maximum yielu of ste~ that I should be very glad to vote for a minimum price of 20 because prices are high ; there is a maximum yield of wnr cents a pow1d for cotton; I should have no objection to ·that at munitions because prices are high; but when there was a maxi­ aU. I d9 not believe that the cotton farmer is receiving ahy mum yield of wheat-in 1915, the prices broke to where it llardly too much for his cotton, but I believe it is -unfair to simply say paid the farmer the cost of production. He is not called upon that you are going to control the prices of our products and to sacrifice everything be has in the world; and out in the then let your 01Vn products be uncontrolled. That is my objec­ West wheat is the principal standard crop. We are trying to tion to this legislation. I have just oft'ered an amendment encourage the farmer to .fill the elevators of this country. to which provides that the minimum price in all these various supply America and our allies, and it is wisdom on our pnrt in interior terminal markets shall not be less t]J.an $2 a bushel for this emergency· to depart from the ordinary rule anct fix .a wheat to the farmer. Let me tell you that there is not a thing minimum price, so that he will not be subject to the disaster on darth that the farmer buys that has not increased in cost nt · of a break in price from overproduction. least 100 per cent to him, and in the matter of steel the price Then why do we desire to lug in steel? Steel is not indica too has increased 400 or 500 per cent. I do not think it is fair that as a national necessity along the line of sustaining life. The men 'Yho come from other sections of the country should try prices already guarantee a maximum yield of stee1. The pri-ce3 to eliminate their own products from this bill, and that they of all the articles which have soared are guaranteeing m :t xi· sboul

• 5248 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE: JULY 19,

Mr. SMITH of South Carolina. Well, Mr. -President, that trolled in section 5 ; but if we go to work and enlarge this again helps the argument that I am attempting to make. _Whenever we endanger the bill. there is a failure . in the crop, the law of supply and demand Mr. UNDER,VOOD. 1\Ir. President, I do not desire to take will tnke care of the price. We are trying to encourage the any time in discussing· this bill, but I do· not wish to cast my farmer this fall, winter, and spring to put-in a maximum wheat vote with a misapprehension on anybody's part as to what my acreage, so that a maximum yield of wheat may be made. We vote means. I want the record of the Senate to show that I · must guarantee him against the disaster of another billion and do not believe in the Congress of the United States going into a quarter bushel wheat crop, because in 1915, when the wa~· the business of fixing prices. · Now, there are exceptions to the was a year old, we made the largest wheat production this rule. The only exception that I am willing to agree to is when country ever saw, and the price broke to 87 cents a bushel. the Government of the United States itself disturbs the prices The year following, as I said a moment ago, the wheat crop of great commodities in this country; then I think we are justi­ dropped down to 600,000,000 bushels and the price soared. Now, fied in protecting the people · who produce those commodities if you want to encourage the production of foodstuffs you have against the disturbance that was created by the Gqvernment got to guarantee the producers against the disaster that comes itself. I am willing to vote to fix prices under those condi­ when there is a production above the ordinary. Just guarantee tions for the same reason that I would vote to pay a man for him a reasonable profit. If you were to fix the price at $1.50 or his property if the Government proposed to take his property $2 a bushel, and the year 1918 witnessed a failure of the wheat away from him. crop, there is no law under God's heaven that could keep the Mr. HARDWICK. 1\fr. President, will the Senator yield? price from soaring again ; and if you should make a billion and a Mr. UNDERWOOD. I will ask the Senator·not·to interrupt half bushels of wheat in 1918, outside of· the Treasury of the me. I only have 10 minutes. United States guaranteeing that it shall not go below a certain , The proposal is made in this bill to fix a minimum price for price, it would break to 87 cents again and every man who pro­ wheat; in other words, that the Government of the United duces a raw material knows that to be so. States shall guarantee to the producers of wheat in this country The question has been asked here, Why do we desire to elimi­ that wheat shall not go below a stated figure. Now, Senators nate cotton and steel? If the Government wanted 20,000,000 who come from wheat-growing sections discuss this bill as if this bales of cotton, I, as a cotton producer, would say,· "Well, in were an attack upon the wheat producers. If they feel that 1914 we made 16,000,000 bales of cotton and the price broke to way about it and desire to strike the provision' from the bill, a point where there was no market for it at all. Now, if you I am willing to vote with them to strike it out, because I do .want 20,000,000 bales of cotton, you guarantee the cotton-grow- not want it there if they do not want it there. But if-they do ing States a reasonable profit and you will get your 20,000,000 want it in the bill, and want this $2 minimum price fixed, I am bales." That is all we are doing in this bill, and, as the Senator willing to fix the price at $2 and vote for it and put it· in the from Georgia suggests, we would be satisfied with a much less ·bill, because I think the Government itself has brought about price for a 20,000,000-bale crop than it is bringing now with an the disturbance that is affecting the wheat market. I am not 11,000,000-bale crop. We must take into consideratio·n the fact willing, however, to vote for it under the condition that they that there is a law gr,eater than the power vf Congress; there have to be paid for the privilege of receiving a boon from the · is the law of supply and demand and human necessity, and it is Government of the United States. If they do not want it in the going to have its sanction despite anything we can do. Now, bill, let us strike it out. If they do not want $150,000,000 in thh; the thing for us to do is to encourage the production of wheat. bill to purchase the surplus supply of wheat for this year, let us The VICE PRESIDENT. The time of the Senator from strike it out if it is not going to be of benefit to the wheat pro- South Carolina has expired." ducers of this country: "' · · Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, I do not desire to discuss at all I expect to vote for those provisions, b:Ut I am not voting for the question of fixing a minimum price on wheat. That is a them on the idea that we are thereby shackling the hands of the separate proposition, and it comes later in the bill. _ wheat producer or enacting legislation that is hurtful to him. This first secti~n to which the amendment is proposed is the I am voting for them on the idea that we are doing something of defining clause as to what shall be included. It includes every­ benefit to the producer of wheat, tiecause the Government of the thing that is in the title of the bill as sent over from the House. United States has established or is about to establish an em­ It is confining the operation of the bill to .foous, feeds, and fuels, bargo against the shipment of wheat to foreign countries, thereby including kerosene-and gasoline. · destroying the market for the American producer of wheat. If Mr. President, if we begin to add other subjects, and put all I am casting my vote under a misapprehension and the men who the metals of -the country in the control of the food administra­ represent the great wheat belt on this floor think that this legis­ tor, and everything that can be remotely attached to farming in­ lution is hurtful to them and not helpful to them, why, let us terests, we open the bill to the same flood of additions that we strike it out of tlle bill. put in at an earlier stage; and in my judgment it would jeopar­ I do not know that there is anything in this bill affecti_ng the dize the passage of the bill, which I should greatly deplore. price of wheat or destroying the price of wheat. If it· is in the It seems to me 1..hat those who have spoken overlook the fact bill I do not know it. - 'fhe thing that is ·affecting the price of that in section 5 of the amendments we provide specifically for wheat is the provision that we adopted in another bill authoriz­ a license by any person operating a factory· which produces farm ing the President of the United States to establish an embargo implements or machinery and any person engaged in producing, against the shipment of wheat out of this country, in order to storing, or handling fertilizer or fertillzer ingredients. The con­ protect our allies and control the distribution of wheat in the trol given by the license Js much better and more restraining future; and I can readily see that if that is done it is tem­ than the general control which would be implied in the first porarily going to result in a surplus production of wheat. section. If we put on iron and steel, we open the door to every­ There is nobody in this country to. take cru·e of it, and unless thing and we should find ourselves in the same place that we the Government goes out and buys it at a fixed price and a fair .were in before. · · · price and cru-ries it over until the hour of distribution comes it 1\fr. REED. 1\Ir. President, may I ask the Senator a question? wm seriously injure the producer of wheat in the United States; · The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Massa­ and it is in that view that I am willing to vote for these provi­ chusetts yield to the Senator from Mis ouri? sions. But if Senators who represent the great wheat belts of l\.lr. LODGE. Certainly. this country think it is injurious to theii- people to pass this Mr. REED. li. lnrge part of the fertilizer employed in this legislation, I feel that in all candor they shouni stand here and country, I undE1J:·stand, comes from outside_of the United States. say that they want it to go out of the bill, and if they do they How can we, b:}"license, control the price of that? ~ will have my vote to sh·ike it out; but if they want it in the bill 1\Ir. LODGE. We can license those who deal in fertilizers in for the protection of their own people-a protection to which I this country. think they are entitled-! do not think they ought to come here · l\Ir. REED. Yes; we might say to them," You can not charge baring their arms to the swords of a battle that they have not more than a certain amount," but we can not conh·ol the world fought. price. We can simply shut·out the fertilizer. , A few years ago agriculture in the South was fiat on its back Mr. LODGE. No; and nothing you can do will conh·ol the because of conditions that grew out of this war. l\Iembers of world price. Congress from the South-and I was not one of them-insisted Mr. REED. Certainly; hat is true. But tl1tl.t brings us that the Congress of the Uruted States should take care of the back to the question of how .the farmer is going to be left if situation by fixing a minimum price for cotton or by the Gov­ you take away his world market and then make him pay the ernment taking care of the surplus crop until the conditions world prices. · could pass by. Now. the only difference in the situation is · · Mr. LODGE. 'Ve do not make him pay the world prices. this: When that condition happened it grew out of the condi­ He ~ets most of his fertilizer at home, and· that is amply ·con- tion of war ; it grew out of the disturbed condition of shipping; 1917 •. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 5249 .

it grew out oi; an embargo placed _by one of the nations. of the It seemed to me as I read this article that it was inspired. . world that" is now our ally on other countries of Europe, but it The first portion of it reads : was not chargeable directly to the Government of. the United Whetba the fa:rmer protest causes delay or no1:, the fa..--mer can not States-a very marked distinction, in fact, a to '}111" responsi­ be charged wl.tb the overloading of tbe bill with all sorts. of amendments bility, but not a marked distinction in effect. Yet wben that ina-easing the powers of the President. condition was presented to the Congress of the United States The farmers are not demanding a minimum price of $1.75 a gentlemen from the great Nortliwest were prepared to laugh bushel nor $2 a bushel nor any other min~mum price. The farm­ out of the Congress of the Unittd States the men who proposed ers, I th.ink, realize that fixing a minimum price may have its -that that situation should be taken care of by the Congress of psychological effect, and the tendency will be in fixing a mini­ the United States. · mum price ro depress the price of wheat to that minimum price Now we have paid our price, we have borne our burden, and in the murket at a time when all the conditions would warrant we are prepared to do it in the futur·e; but when it comes to a higher price. We may say of any given minimum price, it is the question of casting my vote to help other sections of this enough and not eneugh-en:ough to-day, but not enough to-mor­ I think country bear their burden by Government ~d, I am not willing row or three or six months hence. "So the farmer will to do so when men frorp those sections of the country coiOO here be quite content to leave the matter of prices to conditions as charging that we are not liberal, but that we are forcing an un­ they will be found to exist. willing burden on the producers of those sections of the country, I am satisfied, Mr. President, that with the war continuing, when, in fact, we are not doing so. I challenge Set;1ators on and with the shortage of the last two years. with an extraordi­ that side of the Chamber, if they mean what they say about nary demand never equaled in the world, the farmer will be this provision of the bill being an attack on the wheat farmers able to get a reasonable price for all the farm products, at least of this country, to offer their amendment to strike it out of the those staple products that ·he has to dispose of, and which are bill ; and if they do, so far as I am concerned, I will attempt to contemplated by this bill. And this is all he asl{S. rally my colleagues from the Southern States to aid them. But I call attention ·to a clipping from the Post of this morning and , which reads : if they want our help, if they think it is a protection to the farmer of the Nort:hwest to k~ep these provisions hi this bill, {From the Washington Post, July 19, 1917.] that it is a matter of justice to him, as I believe, because of the FAn!lmRS. OPPOSJ!! WHEAT AT $1.75-RwsoL TJO. s ' aY Sll"NATE Fooo AMENDMEl\'"TS ARE UNWORKABLE. condition in which the Government of the United Sti:ttes has Representatives ot 15 farmers' organizations. including the National placed him, then do not put the blame on us, but accept our aid Farmers· Union, conferred with members of the footl administration in the spmt in which we are willing to give It. yesterday and adopted resolutions pTotestlug against the plan of l::;enate Mr. STERLING. Mr. President, I have not been so much con­ leaders to fu: a price of $1.75 a. bushel for wheat in the food-control ~ill.. Enactment of the measurl.' as it passed the House was urged, the cerned in regard to who shall administer the food-eontrol bill proposed Senate amendments being declared unworkable. when it becomes a law, whether. it be administered by one man 1.~he price-fixing section as proposed. the resolutions decla.red, would I permit "gambling, speculation, and exportation to p:roceed without or · by a board of three men or by a board of five men ; but restriction." have been tremendously interested ln. the nature and extent of n We are strongly opposed to the fixing of the exact amount of a the powers proposed to be conferred by this bill, and especially minimum price of wbent by taw,'' . th('. ('fl ntinuf'fl. ·· t - 11 T • ~t­ nize that it is an expert question to be settled after such consideration as those powers relate to the farming industry. as Congress am not possibly give it. and in a manner whieb will give Mr. President, there are two provisions in this bill to which the produce.r a full voice. The food administration should be vested I am opposed. I am opposed to _the powers conferred upon the wlth powe.r to deal with this question." President by section 9 of the bill, as it is now; and I am opposed Whether it is advisable to leave the fixing of price to the to the minimum price provided for in what is known as section food administration or not, there is no questio~ I think, but 12 of the bill, and as I now view it, am opposed to conferring that the farmers are opposed to the naming of a . fixed price power upon the President to fix a minimum price. But, J.\.Ir .. now a.nd by Congress. President, as long as section 9 and section 12·remain undisposed Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, f understand the pending ques­ of, and may, when they come to a vote, be enacted by the Senate, tion is the amendment proposed by the Senator from Iowa {Mr. I am in favor of the amendment proposed by the Senator from KENYoN} to the amendment. I read a few lines from the fifth Iowa extending the list of necessaries. chapter of Exodus ~ . Mr. Pt·esident, the two sections-section 9 and section 12- And afterwards Moses ar.d Aaron went in, and toltl Pharaoh Thus especially relate to farm products. Section 9 is as follows: saith the Lord God of Israel, Let my people go, that they may bold a feast unto me in the wilderness That the . President is authorlz~ from time to ttme, in order to And Pharaoh said, Who is the Lord. that I should obey His voice guarantee reasonable prices to the producer and to the consumer, to to let Israel go? I know not the Lord. neither will I let Israel go. purchase, to store, to provide storage facilities for, and to sell at rea­ And they said, The God of the Hebrews hath met with us; let us sonable prices- go, we pray thee, three days' journey into the desert. and sacrifice unto the Lord our God; lest He fall upon us with pestilence, or with What?- the sword. · fuel. wheat, flour, meal, beans, and potatoes. . And the king of Egypt said unto tbem. Wherefore do ye. Moses and According to the last amendment now proposed by the Sena­ Aaron, let the people from theil' works? get you unto your burden~. And Pharaoh sal~ Behold, tht! people of the land now are many, tor from Oregon, with the exception of one in this list, all of and ye make them rest from their burdens. these products are products produced on th~ farm. And Pharaoh commanded the same day the taskmasters of the How about section 12? It relates to a · minimum price for people, and their officers, saying, Ye shall no morP glve the people straw to make brick, as heretofore: wheat; and, as the amendment llOW stands, it provides for a let them go and gather straw for themselves. minimum price of $1.75 per bushel for wheat. If you are going And the tale ol the bricks, whieh they did make heretofore, yc shall Jay upon them; ye shall not dJminish aught t h.-reof: for t h~> v l>e itlle; to t:oive the President the power to purchase at reasono)>le prices therefore they cry. sayillg, let us go and sacrifice to our God. these staple products of the .Jarm for the purpose of storing Let there more work t>e laid upon the men, that they way labor them and then doling them out to the consumers at reasonable therein; and let them not regarn vain worrt~. prices as provided for in this bill, why should not the farmer And the taskmasters of the people went out, and their officers, and they spake to the people, saying. Thus saith Pharaoh, I will not give be afforded the same opportunities to secure at reasonable you straw. prices the farm machinery and implements that he uses in pro­ Go ye, get you straw where ye can find it: yet not aught of your work shall be diminished. · ducing these feed and food products? So the people were scatter('d abroad throughout all the land of Mr. President, it seems to me there is nothing more reason­ Egypt to gather stubble instead of straw. able than the amendment offered by the Senator from Iowa, that And the taskmasters hasted them, saying, Fulfill your works, your these few articles be added to the list of necessaries as articles daily tasks, as when there was straw. . which the President shall be empowered to buy at reasonable Mr. President, this bill is now being organized to put into prices and sell at reasonable prices under the terms of this. bilL effect this scriptural decree-the farmer is to be told to make They are intimately, they are inseparably, connected with the brick without straw-to raise crop re~ardle~~ c1f what hf> may production of food and feeds which otherwise you attempt to himself have to pay for everything with which he is to produce regulate by the provisions of this bill, and it would be a.ri injus­ crups. tice to say that the pr~ces of the binders, thrasp.ing machines, It is conceded that upon the farmers of this country, their corn planters, 'Or the cultivators may soar awa·y beyond what edergy and their extraordinary efforts, depends in a very large they have been, and yet·the President shall not have the powe1· measure the success of this world conflict. Their increase<] acre· to pm·chase and dispose of to the farmer-that great part of the age and their renewed efforts are the surest guaranty of success. consuming public-these articles essential for the production of And yet we are proposing now, Mr. President, to regulate and the food supply which we are so anxious to increase. . control the market of the farmer and. to leave open and uncon· Mr. President, we are trying to do too much by this bill by trolled and unregulated everything which the farmer buys and enacting or: seeking to enact sections 9 and 12. I refer here. to that enters into his daily life as a means by which he produces an article from the Washington Post of some days ago : food. The one clilss of men who have no monopoly. who are "Qiven powers neyer dreamed of." not in a position to organize a monopoly, who .are not in a posi· 5250 ~ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. JULY. 19,

;tion to control prices, are to be regulated and conh·olled and I hope that section 5 of the bill, the licensing provision, will the great monopolistic powers of the United States are to go be amended so that it ·will include not on1y food and fuel, but unregulated and uncontrolled. In other words, the farmer. is the manufacture of farm implements and farm machinery,- and advised to go forth with his task and produce his crop, to extend will control th08P who manufacture and deal in fertilizers and his acreage. We will, however, take your market from you and fertilizer ingnodlents. give you such market as we see fit. In the meantime you shall I also hope that section 12 may. be amended so that there share as best you may and do the best you can with those who will be a guaranteed price ·for wheat No. 1· northern at the have a_n uncontrolled market and a price-fixing power of their principal interior primary markets at $2 a bushel from the own. It was apparent from the beginning that that was pre­ passage of the act of January 1, 1919. I think that ought to be cisely where this measure would land. It w~s clear to all who done because wheat occupies a peculiar position. 'Vheat is tht> know the power of certain interests here that they would escape one food product that they need more than any other in. Europe, all regulation. and it is the one which needs stimulation in its production. Let me call attention to the fact that before the war steel So, Mr. President, I hope the friends of the bill, those who sold for $30. It now sells for $130, and all the different things really want to get the bill passed, will limit the articles upon which enter into the production on the part of the farmer from which it acts to real food and fuel. the steel has increase<~ in price accordingly. Mr. President, I offer an amendment to be pending so that it Coal has advanced from 100 to 200 and 250 per cent. may be voted upon when the proper time comes. Wire has advanced 100 per cent. Mr. NEWLANDS. ?.1r. President, the pending question, I Wagons have advanced 40 per cent. believe, is the amendment• offered by the Senator from Oregon Prepared feeds have advanced 100 per cent. [1\fr. CHAMBERLAIN] to section 1. Tankage costs 100 per cent more now. The VICE PRESIDENT. The pending amendment is the Fertilizers have advanced 600 per cent. amendment offered by the Senator from Iowa [Mr. KENYON] Binder twine has advanced from 8 cents to 18 cents. to the amendment of the Senator from Oregon. Plow shovels that were bought for $2.50 before the war now Mr. NEWLANDS. I was mistaken. cost $7. The amendment of the Senator from Oregon adds to the com­ Cultivators sold at $28 before the war and now sell for from modities covered by the House bill petroleum and gasoline, $50 to $55. · thus covering foods. feed, fuel, petroleum, and gasoline. And so on, Mr. President, all the different things which the Mr. President, individually I favor adding to those commodi­ farmer must buy have thus increased in price. ties aluminum, copper, iron, and steel, because they nre basic As I now understand the proposition, it is to leave that entire commodities, which enter into almost all the industrie~ and they industrial field uncontrolled and unr~gulated, while the one upon are essential to the successful prosecution of the war, as they whom you depend to produce sufficient to feed the world and to are largely used in munitions. feed the Army is to have..his market taken away from him, in the I trust that our action will be so shaped as to include these first place. by the laws which you have passed and whirh you are additional commodities. I regret that other commodities have to· pass, and, in the second_ place, to dole out to him just such been inserted in the bill by amendments on the floor in such a figure as you see fit. way as to imperil its passage, and I shall regret to see any Now, in my humble judgment that will not have the effect of attempt to enlarge the included commodities beyond those to bringing about the activity and the energy which the farmer is which I have referred. supposed to put forth from this time on; but it will have the Mr. President, the reason why I urge that 'these commodities yery opposite effect. . should be included is that they are under quasi monopolistic There is no reason under the sun or among_ men why we control. We all know that the control of copper, aluminum, irop. should control the one class of people who can not combine, who and steel i:s in great corporatiens, which practically, tbough not can not monopolize, and leave the others uncontrolled. If you perhaps in a legal sense, monopolize these inuustries, and such ·propose to encourage the farmer, at least arrange to protect him an extraordinary demand has been imposed upon these products agaiiL<>t exorbitant prices which are now being charged him as to enable the producers to secure skyrocket prices, the height by unconscionable and lawless combinations. If you would en­ of which can hardly be measured. courage and inspire him .forward, give him a fair chance and The neces~ity for their use is so great, the operation of a equal treatment. He will do his full duty under just· and great demand upon a limited supply is so great, as to enable equal laws and with 1'air and impartial treatment. producers to charge ali:nost what they choose. If, therefore, l\.lr. HOLLIS. ~11=. President, I have studied the bill with t11ere ever was a condition which would justify the intervention much care, and I have tried to find some basis for the argument of govetnmental power it is this, for these things are absolutely presented that we are undertaking to control the price of wheat neces ary, and they are in quasi monopolistic control. the farmer produces. That is not so. There .is not a line or 1\Ir. President, I was in hopes that these great industries syllable in the bill that controls the price for farm products. which have been practically mobilized under the direction of the All that is controlled is the profits that may be charged by the Goverr:.;nent, ·through the organization of the Council of Na­ middleman and the storage charges and commissions that may tional Defense and the advisory commission, and have b2en able . be charged after the farm products get out of the hands of by reason of this sanction of the law to gather and confer to­ the farmer. · gether, which they have feared to do heretofore because of the I have asked to haYe some part of the bill pointed out to restrictions of the Sherman. antitrust law. I was in -hopes, me where prices which are paid to the farmer are controlled inasmuch as the terrors of the Sherman antitrust law had under the bill. No one has pointed out a place in the bill, and practicalJy been removed by our action, in this condition ()( it is not in the bill. The bill merely seeks to take the product peril when they were summoned en masse to appear here and ·after it gets out of the hands of the farmer, and controls it to mobilize their industrie ,· and to act practically regarding and guards it until it gets into the hands of the retailer. It them, that they would make such reasonable and just proposals seeks to regulate the profit that may be charged by the middle­ to the Government as would in ure the prosecution of the war man, the -elevator man, and the commission man, but not to with moderate cost and the highest efficiency, so far as their cont1·ol tl}e prices in the hands of the farmers. materials were concerned.. . I believ'e in Government control of all price myself. · I have I re""ret · to say, Mr. President, that the e gentlemen, toose believed in it for years. in times of pence as well as in times of c~ptains of industry, men of great capacity, have failed to meet war. I shall be glad if the price of steel and iron and every the issue of the hour. Some of them haye partially \net it. The necessity in the country could be controlled, but this is a food aluminum industry, built up by the .most ru·duous prOcess, and se-­ and fu_el control bill. If. you start in by putting on s~eel and. curing a practical monopoly by the industry and the capacity of . iron or farm implements or fertilizers, there is no logical_place its promoters, able . to command almost any price, offered .the . to stop, and we will get the bill in a Shftpe where it can not be Government aluminum, the market price of which was some- passed in the Senate. . thing like ~0 cents, at, I believe, 27. cents. That was a wise and I can not give any reason why food and fuel should be con­ . just thing; and had it been accompanied also by a reasonable . trolled, and" hy steel should not be. There is no rea ~on, ext'ept roneession-to the -general public that industry -would have de- . _the reason of expe

. The steel industry has made no compromise. It is t4e most I am inclined to believe that the effect of this embargo will powerful industry in the country and is most intelligently di­ be to reduce the price of some of the articles mentioned ; but, rected from the industrial point of view. _It is directed by men whetHer it affects all of them or not, we do know that it i;:; of whom,. we have a right to expect more breadth of vision. certain to- reduce the price of wheat and foodstuffs generally. They failed, for they offered no price. On the contrary, we So that this bill, as was very ably stated by the Senator from­ understand that they expect to exact from the Government at Alabama, will in effect be for the protection of the farmer rather least double the n

5252 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE~ JULY 19,

its hand upon the elevator companies-. By the· system of licens- 1 stimulate production. so that the p:rice of wheat will not be ing- authorized in section 5, U1e President is· given autbority. to $3.25 a bushel, but will be maintained at a level that Will be eontrol all the p11o.fits made out. of wheat· from the tim the f:alrl'y" remunerati-ve to the farmer-in f'aet, liberally · sO-and wheat leaves the farmer until it reaches ·the retall merchant. that is the intent and purpose of the. bill; Tbe :Agricultural .All this oppm·tunJty for the sale of w.hea.t and .for the-increase Committee. composed of· Senators who· represent agricultlli"al! in ·the. speculative price of. wheat is' taken away· by this bill. I States, have the very deepest interest in the· farmer and in the believe it is. right;. I believe a· condition o-t war cOnfronting: us ' maintenance. of fair prices. for products ·whfch are raised upon justifies o.ur , Government in enacting such legislation 8.8' a war · the farm. For that reason the talk that has. been indulged in. measure; but. believing that. r alsn think It only fair to. encour· · that everythj.ng else is getting high and it is no.t wise to legis· age wheat production next year- and. to see tbat th.e fanner does- late in. any wRy witb respect to the.:fnrmer, it seems to me is not' not bear the burden alone.. wi~ nor to the point. · · As his markets are taken from him for the generaL welfare, The very argument that is advanced consists- of contrasting so the general public can afford. ns this bil1 provides, to bear . prices of articles tbe farmer buy which Senators eomplain of part of his losses.. and to say to him, «The- Government; having as being exorb.itant,. and then insisting- that tlwse smile out­ taken your markets from you oor greatly curtailed them,. says to. :rageous prices form part of tbe basis for determining the mini­ you you:. shall not bea.r the burden alone, but your Government mlliD price of wheat. They then insist that the exorbitant will see to it that you receive a p-.11iee for your wh.eat commen.- price o.f' the articles be lowered. We nre going to fix. a minJ,.. surate with tbe value· of your labor." It is going a great dis- mum price, and that is all there is any certainty about with re­ tance to do this.. but we go a great distance when we ta1re tbeo Iation to the price to be :ftx.ed in this bill: ·That price a& now markets. so rompletecy or so largely from the wheat grower. ·I guaranteed is $1.75 per bushel, which will induce farmers to in· be1ieve that certainly this year. and unless the .crop 1s largelY crease the wheat crop of next yea-r. The object is- to stimulate­ inc::reased next year. the demand fur wheat will cause the prlee th& production and let the law ot· supply and demand and.not­ to go above the minimum wbicb we may fix, even if we fix a lib- any-requirement of Congress.rb:ringtbe price of wheat.rto a reason e.rnl ·minim.um, but we should not. leave the wheat grower any 1 able level. so. that it will give the farmel" a good price. a re-­ uncertainty. The Government has· and will curtail his ma.rkets munerative price, and yet 'not he such a price as to impa.iE the and.should guarantee· him a fair p;rice~ financial condition of the Government in this great crlsi.s. ,. The Senator frQln North Dakota said that be cnuld see na Now~ Mr. President, when it comes. to the amendment offered difference between wheat and cotton. I see a vast diff~ence. by· the Senator from Iowa. another thought suggests itself. If We need, we-must have, the wheat fQI" food. We can do wtthout, we are going to include everything in this bill,. it will mean the nationnlly, an immediate gr~at supply o.f cotton. I wish to say Government will undertake to operate the entire industrial ro the Senator ~at if yo~ would gu~ran~ee to tile-eotton grower proc.esses- of the rountry. We cnn.. not do that. 'This legislation next year a pr1ce for· h1s cotton m1dwa~ between the av~ra~ is an experiment It seems to. me. we aught to confine- it to sucb price the three years before- the war and t.he- present pnce lt a limited number of subjects as the Government cnn reason­ might cost the- National Government, in my judgment, $500, ... ably handle. When the: Government goes beyond that point it oqo,ooo. for be would probably raise 20,000,0()() bales. It is now embarks upon uncharted and dangerous waters. On that ae . selling for 27 cents. It sold for 13- cents before the- war. Yo-q, count, Mr. President, it seems to. me that we ought to. limit this guarant€'e him 20 centSi fQr his cotton, and he would probably measure to the neeessnries of our war-time conditions; we ought. raise -£0,000,000 bales next year. The demand. would not coil" to provide for food,. fee.d, and! fu.el. These are abs.olu.te neces- sume the supply~ and th.e normal nrice might drop much belGWi saries in our conduct of tbe wru.~ . that figure. . . It iS trne that steel does enter to some extent: i:Dro all war I: would no.t obJect to. actwn by. the Government placing regu- operations, and I should be very glad, indeed. i.f I thought that lations. .aro~ cotto~ co:upled With a guarantee re- ~ we wi!J m~t .w1tb success. If w~ fill. •to do that, .r am sent the agricultural States. · ufrmcl we will f_ail m the passage. o! thi~ b~; and. even if we· My home State is one Whi-Ch now produces in agricultural ?Duct the bill With an of th-e- provlStons m 1t we will find that products four times as much as it does in mmeral.s-; and r sup- It will nat be a success. . . pose. while formerly known as a mineral Statey as a producer 1\fr-. STERLING. ~r. Presi~ent, I offer the amendment w~ch of ores:, it migfit now properl'y be <'lassed as an agricultural I send to the desk, which I (lesue to have regarded as a pending • State. It seems to me, Mr~ President, when that one clause- is. amendment. written into- this bill, stating that there sha:llr be a cer-tain fixed The PRESIDL.~G OFFICER. The Senator desires to bring it gu·aranty fo:r- the -priee of whear, thnt is all the- agrieulitu.rnl up at a litter- time'! States should ask. . . Mr. STERLING. Yes, siJ:. Mr. President, this b~ is not i_ntended to dq away with the . 1\.fr. FLETCHER. · Mr. President, ju t a word on tlie subject fundamental prinCiple- of supi_)ly· and demand. _The object is: to o.t th-e- pending amendment.

,- 1917: - CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD-SENATE. 5253

I realize the force of the argument thnt has been made that . and the results accurately stated the effect would be good. Of the re­ port a ·story from Washington says: it is important to have some sort of control of the exorbitant "The report says three-fourths of the 8,500,000 negroes in the South prices now being charged the farmer for the implements that he llve in rural comml)nitles, and that th <~re are 3,000,000 negroes engaged must-buy in Ot:der to raise his crop and for the _supp1ies which in agricultural pursuits, cultivating fully lCO,OOO,OOO acres. As owners and renters .of land, they are cultivating 41,500,000 acres. This acreage he needs. Among those supplies, fertilizer is an important is twice that under cultivation either in Virginia or in New England, item. The ~enator .from Idaho [l\Ir. BoRAH] read n state~ent according to the report. Nevertheless, the South does not produce enough food to teed itself, drawing on the rest of the countL·y annually this morning to the effect that the price of fertilizer had in­ for·farm products recently estimated as worth $750,000;'00<7." creased 600 per cent. In n large portion of the country, per­ It is the last statement in this Qaragraph that attracts our attention. haps in more than half of the country, perhaps more than two~ A specialist connected with the Bureau <>f Education should not have accepted with apparent credence an estimate that the South lacked thirds, fertilizer is essential to the production of crops. It is three-quarters of a billion dollars <>f feeding herself. This statement utterly impossible in those sections to produce crops without the sounds like some of Karl Vrooman's scare stuff. It is palpably absurd. nse of commercial fertilizers or fertilizers in some form. The The Yearbook of the Department of Agricultu.re shows the following amendment proposed by the Senator from Iowa does not include production of foodst~ffs for 1916 expressed in value instead of in bull;: : fertilizers. It is just as important, it seems to me- Mr. Sl\IITH of Georgia. 1\fr. President, will the Senator con­ South. Balance o: sent to being interrupted for a moment? country. Mr. FLETCHER. Certainly. I l\'Ir. SMITH of Georgia. On page.8 of the· bill the .Senator Corn ...•...... •.... :...... $92.3, 793,00J l1,369,987,0JJ Wheat ••••..••.•••.•••••••.•• ··-·········...... 215,359, OOJ 810,405,0:ll will see that farm implements and fertilizers are each brought Oats ...- ...... 111,317,000 544,832,0\JJ within the licensing control of the President, and in that way the farmer will be protected as to the prices of fertilizers. l~~~::::::: :::::::: :·:::::: ::::: ;: :::::::::::::::: ~:!~: ggg ~~~·.~t g~~ Buckhwheat ············--·····-············.. .. l,G74,000 11,69:>,0Jl l\Ir. FLETCHER. I. understand that. I am much obliged to Rice...... 33,642,00J 2,54s,o:n the Senator, however, for .,alluding to it. The same thing applies, I believe, to the other items mentioned in the amendment of tho Senator from Iowa . . They are required to be licensed, too. At ~Elf:~~r: ~~~: :~::: ~: :~: ~~ ~~:~ :~ :~: :~:: B~ any rate, that scarcely meets the situation, but I am not going :::: 1------?lm 1·------1JU! to dwell upon that. · Total...... •.-: ...... t;46S,268.,000 3,378,7:l6,0JJ I should be glad if I could se~ my way clear to support the amendment of the Senator from Iowa upon the proposlti_on that I The butter, egg, and poultry product, which is common ·to ail parts of the United States, Is not given by States and we have no right to believe these people who produce the Nation's food by the guess It is unevenly distributed. The value ·or vegetables is not' given hardest kind of toil-the farmer who bas to run all the chances except as tihown above. There is no reason to guess it is unevenly di~­ of seasons and of enemies of his product, the pests and· the tributed except that early in the year the South has to supply the whole country. Th~ value of sugar by States is not given, but the South insects and droughts and too much rain, and everything else, produces its share. Nothing is said about pears and oranges or r.i.ne· and who toils day in and day out for 365 days of the year, and apples and grapefruit-the last two produced only in the South. Tak­ usually more than ·12 hours a day-is entitled to consideration. ing the average of these products there is no reason to think the South doesn't produce its part. . He is entitled to respect, and he is entitled to the incidental The food value of the C'otton crop grown only In the South is fully tienefits that may grow out of wise legislation in this country. I $200,000,000. Cotton seed go into many products eaten by · men. prQpose to stand by that man here and elsewhere as far as I Peanuts are n-ow extensively raised in the South. The greater portion of the crop is not gathered at all, but is !eft in the ground for the hogs. can. My own judgment is that this is not so much a problem of A not inconsiderable part of it is used for human food. The value of production; it is not so mvch a question of whether we are this crop is probably $100,000,000, and it is peculiar to the South. going to ·prodl!ce enough .wheat or corn or meat, or whether '\\e Sirup and molasses are almost exclusi-vely southern products. Of these the South makes at least $100,000i000 a year more than its share. can do if ; it is a question of economic distribution. . Add this $400,000,000 to the $ ,468,268,000 worth of food produced If we could institute some sort of agency in this country whi~h by the South and we have $1,868 268,000 worth of food produced by could regub,tte this matter of distribution so that, for instance­ the South as compared with $3,37S,796,000 produced by the balance o the country, or $5,247,064,000 for the entire country. As the South as an insignificant illustration, perhaps, but to. show the point has only one-third of the_population of the country its proportion would I am trying to make-instead of the consumer paying 40 .cents be $1,749,021,000, which It exceeds by $119,247,000 • . a pound for peanuts and the farmer getting 3! cents a pound, Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, there are two th~ngs going if some sort of a plan could be arranged whereby the farmer on no.w that are· attracting the attention of the world-talk in could get 7 cents a pound for peanuts and the consumer could the Senate and war in Europe. In connection with them and pay 7 or 8 cents a pound . for them, or even 17 or 18, there their comparative importance, I sbould like to have read an edi­ would be some benefit to bo~h the consumer and the producer. torial from the \Vashington Post of yesterday. That is just one illustration, but it is so all along the line. There being no objection, the Secretary read the editorial, as In the case of all the products the farmer is not getting, ordi­ narily, the benefit of these excessive prices. The man who follows: produces these food products is not the man who is being bene­ THE AVIATIO~ FLEET. The House set an ex::tmple of patriotism in passing the $640,000,000 fited by these exhorbitant prices in any way, or getting that aviation bill in record-breaking time. Jt will be a complete ans"'er to profit out of his entm·prise. It is to bridge this chasm between criticism of delay in war matters i.f the Senate, dispensing with un the man who produces these foodstuft's and the breakfast table necessary committee bearings, should make a similar record and pas the bill even before straightening out the tangle over the food bill. that we ought to direct our chief energies, it seems to me. The leaders can easily determine whether there is to be any insistence Some agency ought to be established whereby this trememlous upon debate on the aviation bill. If any Senators should insist upon loss -or waste or unnecessary expenditure and tax upon the their ·right to discuss this war measure at length, it would, of course-h. be impracticable to displace the food-control bill. To do so in sue consumers of the country, amounting probably to $6,000,000,000 circumstances would be to play into the hands of those who want to every year, could be saved to the benefit of both the producer and confuse all legislative action and delay American victory. · the consumer. · If, however, the Senate generally is of the same mind as the House and feels with the American public that no useful purpose can be served It is estir:p.ated, I believe, that the farm products of the coun­ by talk, the aviation blll can be given the right of way without embar try amount annually in value on the farm to over $9,000,000,000. ra sing or (lelaying the food measure. As:;mming that the farmers themselves consume one-third, or A recent dispatch from Germany indicates that no more Zeppelins are being constructed at Friedrichshafen. Thousands of workmen who $3,000,000,000, you have $6,000,000,000 worth of farm products hitherto have been employed in building the balloon type of airship going to market for '\\hich the consumers of the country pay are now building the plane type. The Germans act quickly. They have over $13,000,000,000. Now, there is a tremendous amount of sneered at the American aviation program, but they are already at work to overmatch it. . money, a tremendous burden upon the consumers, between the Time lS the <'SSence of the problem. A fleet three months from now farm and the dinner table; nnd it is to reach that situation, in may ~ring the war to a successful end. Postponement even by a few my judgment, that energies ought to be directed by. those who days in beginning the work rna)' give Germany the advantage which she will be prompt to seize. are endeavoring to solve these problems. The American program should be put undet· way at once. I just want to have go in the RECORD, l\11·. President, with the consent of the Senate, un editorial published in the Florida Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, there is one word,. I think, Times-Union, entitled "Production of food," showing where food in the minds of all Americans and of all right-thinking pepple is 'produced in this country and some other facts upon that e>erywhere when an emergency arises to be met, which arouses subject. more contempt than any other one word in the world, and th&t is the word "slacker." The slackers are not only composed of The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the edi­ those who are resorting to lying and marrying and various'other torial Will be printed in the CoNGRESSIONAL H.ECORD. The matter referred to is as follows : devices in·order to avoid service, but it likewise applie,s to legj.l:;l Iators who al'e forgetful of their duty, and who ~t·e taking up PRODUCTION 01!' FOOD. tin~€ needless,ly and uselessly for the purpose of exploiting them Dr. Thomas Jes!'(e Jones, a specialist of the Bureau of Education: has ~ade a report <>f 50 years of educ_atlona.l effort among the negroes of the selves or some local interest rather th~p payiD:g ·due regard to South. This was well meant work, and if the investigation was thorough a great-! started to say national, but mternatwnal emergency. 5254 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY 19,.

. I pickoo up a Jittle piece of poetry the other day, which' was The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on the amend­ written. by Harol<.l Begbie, and was published in the Boston ment of the Senator from Iowa [1\Ir. KENYON) to the amend­ Transcript, entitled " Fall in! " It ought to be entitled "An ment of the Senator from Oregon [Mr. CHAMBERL.UN]. · admonition to the slacker '' : · Mr. KENYON. On the amendment to the amendment I ask l!'ALL IN! for the yeas and nays. [Harold Begbie in the Boston Transcript.} Mr GRONNA.. I suggest the absence of a quorum .. Wha.t will you lack, sonny:, what will you lack; The PRESIDING OFFICER. The- Senator from North Da­ When• the girl line up th.e street,. Shoutii:Ig their love t minds, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Fifty-seven Senators liaving of the American people? answered to their names, there is a quorum present. The Sen­ lli. HARDWICK. Mr. President, I probably would not . ha~e­ ator from Iowa requests the yeas and nays on. agreeing to the referr.ed ta the so-called " hold up," of the aviation bill. but for amendment to the amendment. the rerqarks of the Senator who_has just addressed the Senate~ 1\fr REED. Let the amendment to the. amendment.be read: Some of the newspapers, notably tlie one mentioned by the The PRESIDING OFFICER.. n will be. read. Senator, have~ I. think, been guilty oi gross injustice to· Membera The SECRETARY. Insert, after the word ., gasoline,, where it of this body, an injustice that: the circumstances neither war­ appears in the pronosed amendl:nent of the Senato:r from Oregon ranted oo; palliated. [Mr. CHAMBERLAIN], the words" iron ore and its products, fa:rm At aboutr 11 o'clock yesterday morning the Senator from Ore­ implements, farm tools, and binding· twine." gon [~fr: CHAMBERLAINJ present~d. the· aviation bill.. With the Mr. GRONNA. May I suggest to the Senator from Iowa that main purpose of that bill IID Senator- on either side ot this: he change the words "binding twine" to "hemv"? The Sen­ Chamber is in more ardent sympathy than I am, as I stated to ator knows that there is no binding twine imported'; that it is the Senate at tlie time. But yet it has colne· to a pretty nass the raw material which is imported. in the Senate if Senators can not present important amendments ·Mr~ KENYON. I would have no objection if it would not to an.y proposition that is offered, speak on them a reasonable complicate the matter. time, and do no more than ask, what tliey are entitled to as a ~fr. GRONNA. Will the Senator insert the word ~' hemp " matter of constitutional right as long. as this remains a free befo-re the words ., binding twine "'l country, the judgment of this body on the merits of the proposi­ Mr. KENYON~ I will insert the word." hemp," as. it relates to tion they have presented. binding twine. Both the distinguished Senator from. Oklahoma [Mr. OwEN], The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Iowa modi­ who is absent, and myself on yesterday did that, and no more. fies the amendment to the amendment. The modification will I do not recall how long the ·senator from Oklahoma spoke. I be stated. probably addressed the Senate something like 8 or 10. minutes The SECRETARY. Insert the word " hemp ·~ before: the words and offered one amendment: Iliad no desire then, and I haY& " binding twine," so as to read: farm tools, hemp, and binding twine. none now, to delay th~ bilL I si.JnDly wished to perfect it. It was perfectly agreeable to me then, as it is now, to proceed with. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator f.nom Iowa re­ it then or at any: other time. · quests the yeas an.d nays on agreeing to the amendment to the I merely insisted then, as I shall insist whenever the bill amendment. · comes before the Senate, on my right to present the amendment, The yeas and nays were ordered, and the Secretary proceeded nn

Mr. TILLMAN (when his name was c.alled). I transfer my and quallfted electors thereof. At least one Of said members shall be a. practical fa.rm.er. .At least two of said members shall be presidents of pair -with the Senator from \Vest Virginia [Mr. GoFF] to the land-gr:mt colleges under the act apl)roved July 2, 1862, and· com­ Senator from Arkansas [Mr. KmBY] and vote" nay." ...ne>nly koowll as the Morr:lll Act. Said presidents shall be selected 1\Ir. TOWNSE~J) (when the name of Mr. Sm.TH of ~fichigan from colleges located iu the principal wheat-producing States. Not more than three of said five members shall belong to-the ~;lame political was called). I wish to announc~ the absence of my eolleague party: Provided, That the presidents of the two colleges designated IMr. SMITH of Michigan] and his pair with the junior Senator shall be entitled to receive the di1Ierence between the salary received as from ::Mis ouri {1\ir. REED]. I wish this announcement to stand such president a.nd the $10,000, with a reasonable allowance for traveling expenses, to oo approved and paid by the board. When the five members for the day. l:!.ereln authorized have been duly commissioned by the President they 1\lr. SHAFROTH (when 'Mr. THOMAs's name was called). I shall organize for business. A majot·ity of the board shall constitute a desire to announce the unavoidable absence of my colleague Quorum to transact business: Provide•l, hotoerer, That whenever the m.i:tlimum price :A-uthorized in this act is fixed the two presidents o! the [l\1r. THOMAS] on account of illness. I will smte that he is lanl-grunt colleges herein r eferred ·to shall be present. paired with the senior Senator from North .Dakota [Mr. 1'hat the president 1~ authorized temporarily to transfer and assign 1\IcC~ER 1. - to said board such duties now devolved upon other departments, bu· Mr. WILLIAMS (when his name was called). I have a palr reaus, divisions, and commissions. with the senior Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. PENROSE]. In Mr. REED. I ask the acting chairman of the committee if - his absence I transfer that pair to the Senator from Aiabama he can not accept this amendment? - [l\1r. BANKHEA.D] and I vote "nay." Mr. CH.Al\ffiERLAIN. Mr. President, I do not feel that I The roll can was concluded. have any autho1·ity to accept the amendment. I . will say to the 1\lr. DILLINGHAM (after having voted in the negative). _ I Senator that I differ from the provisions which I have myself have already voted, but I observe that the senior Senator from offered; I believe that the whole food control ought to be under Maryland [Mr. SMITH] is not present, and not knowing bow he one person. one food conh·oller, one management; but in order would vote I withdraw my vote, having a general pair with that to try to arrange a bill that we _might agree upon, I have con­ Senator. - sented so far as I run concerned. to the substitute that I have Mr. SUTHERLAJ.~D. I desire to announce the absence of my offered for the ori;inal section. colleague- [Mr. GoFF] on account of illness. I will let this an­ Mr. HOLLIS. Mr. President, I make the point of order that nouncement stand for the day. the amendment proposed by the Senator from 1\Iis ouri is not Mr. CHAMBERLAIN (after having voted in the negative). I in order. We are now considering a motion to strike out the h ave a general pair with the junior Senator from Pennsylv!lnia first section and to insert. Under th~ practice of the Senate not [Mr. KNox]. In his absence I transfer my pair to the junior more than one motion to strike out and insert can be in order Senator from Nevada [Mr. PITTJ.IAN] and let my vote stand. at the same time. That is for this reason : Whenever a motion While I run on my feet I desire "to state that the junior Sena­ to strike out and insert is entertained, the part to be stricken tor from Mississippi [Mr. VARDAMAN] has been called from the out and the part to be inserted are privileged to be considered as Senate on official business, and he is paired with the junior separate questions and as subject to amendment. If the second Senator from Idaho [Mr. BRADY]. motion to strib.--e out and insert should be entertained, it is in Mr. REED. I transfer my pair with i;he senior Senator from effect a motioh to strike out a certain part and to insert another Michigan [1\-ir. S?.IITH] to the Senator from New Jersey [Mr. part, just as the Chamberlain motion is to sb.·ike out a certain HuoHEs] and vote "yea." part of the bill and to insert another part. If a motion to strike The result was announced-yeas 28, nays 43, -as follows: out and insert can be superimposed one on another in that way, YEA8-28. we shon.ld never come to any end, and we shon.ld have amend~ Borah Johnson, Cal. McNary Sherman inents offered in the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth Cummins Johnson. S.Dak. Myers Shields degrees. Curtls Jones, Wash. Norris Sterling France Kellogg Owen Sutherland We had this matter up the other day when we were consider­ Gore Kenyon Polndexter Thompson ing the prohibition section; it was then debated, and it was Gronna . La Follette Reed Townsend then rn.led by the occupant of the chair at that time-! have Hitchcock McCumber Sheppard Trammell forgotten who it was-tha-t a second motion to strike out and NAYs----43. insert con.ld not be superimposed on an original motion to Ashurst Hardwick Newlands Smoot Beckham Hollis Overman Swanson strike out and insert. Brandegee James Page Tillman l\ir. LODGE. Mr. President. either I greatly misunderstand Broussard Kendrick Pomerene Underwood the ame:p.dment proposed by the Senator from l\fissouri or the Calder King Ransdell Wadsworth Chamberlain Lewis Saulsbury Warren Senator from New Hampshire does. Of course. you can not Culberson Lodge Shafroth Watson superimpose a motion to strike out and insert on another motion Fletcher McKellar Slm.mons Weeks to strike out and insert; that is quite true; but as I understand, Frelinghuysen McLean Smith, Ariz. Williams the amendment offered by the Senator from Missouri is simply Bale Martin Smith, Ga. Wolcott Harding New Smith, S.C. a perfecting amendment to the substitute, which is open as a NOT VOTING-25, separate qm~stion. It is not a proposition to strike out and Bankhead Gerry Nelson Stone insert, but the Senator proposes to change certain words of the Brady Goff Penrose Thomas sub titute. I can not see that he has not an absolute right to Colt Hughes Phelan Vardaman Walsh do so. There are two separate questions-the original text and ~!.V1lngbam fo~se~~. Mex. ~~~~~~n the substitute. If the Senator moves to strike out and insert, I Fernald Kirby Smith, Md. entirely agree he can not properly do that. Gallinger Knox Smith, Mich. l\ir. HOLLIS. l\Ir. President, the motion can not be anything So l\ir. KENYON's amendment to the amendment was rejected. else, because the motion iS to substitute for certain language in · The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question recurs on the the bill certain other language. That is the original motion of amendment of the Senator from Oreuon [1\lr. CHAMBERLAIN]. the Senator from Oregon-to substitute certain language for cer­ 1\Ir. REED. I move to amend the amendment by striking out tain other language that is now in section 1, to wit, the whole the language: section. Now, the motion to substitute certain language fm· He is further authorized and directed to appoint, by and with the other language is a motion to strike out language not desirEd, advice and consent of tbe Senate, three commissioners, at an annual and to insert language that is desired. The motion to substitute salary of $7,500 each, payable monthly, who shall -constitute a board of food admlnistration and who snail perform such duties in carrylng out has invariably, under the practice of the Senate, been considered · the purposes oE thiS1 act as the President shall direct. One of said a _motion to strike out and insert. That was so when we had commissioners shall be a farmer actually engaged at the time of his the Federal-reserve act under consideration for determination. .appointment in the cultivation of the soil. The President shall desig­ nate the chairman of said board. Said commissioners shall hold office We then had exactly this situation presented. The original bill, at the pleasm·e of the President during the continuance of the war. the Owen substitute, and the Hitchcock amendment. The Sena­ And inserting in lieu thereof what I send to the desk. I ask tor from Nebraska {l\Ir. HITCHCOCK] offered the first section of to have read the proposed amendment to the amendment. his amendment for the first section of the original House bill. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Secretary will read the That was first entertained, and entertained just as the motion amendment proposed by the Senator from Missouri to the of the Senator from Oregon is entertained here. Now the Sena­ amendment of the Senator from Oregon. tor from Oregon moves to substitute one section for another by The SECRETARY. Strike out all of the amendment after the moving to strike out and insert. word " net " and the period, and insert: :Mr. LODGE. No doubt that is perfectly true. A board of food and fuel administration is hereby established. Said 1\lr. HOLLIS. If the Senator from l\Iissouri can move to sub· board shall consist of five members_ The Secretary of Agriculture shall stitute his amendment by moving to strike out and insert-­ be ex officio a membet· of said board, and shall act as chairman thereof. Mr. LODGE. That is not the point; nobody is denying that 'l.'he other four members of said board shall be appointed by the Presi­ dent. by and with the advice and co~ent of the Senate. All of the it is a motion to strike out a portion of the text of the first members of said board shall be bona fide residents of the United States section and to insert something else. Under our Rule XVIII 5256 .- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-, SENJ\TE. . JlJLY 19, every bill is subject to perfecting amendmentS. I may have mis­ cording to one 'of his eulogists, has taken the fastest boat here understood the Senator from Missouri, and if r have, I hope and .the fastest boat away. · · be will correct me ; but I understood him to move to amend a We may ignore this if we please, but I say to the Senate portion of the offered substitute. · and I say to the country that there are one or two distinguished 1\fr. REED. By striking ·out certain words and inserting Englishmen here now who are engaged iri the task of endeavor­ others. ing to secure for the English Government the ·same prices which Mr. LODGE. By striking out certain words in the offered our Government secures from its .A.nierican producers. They substitute. To move to strike out and insert anything to per­ are 'also engaged in the task of trying to secure the same prices fect an amendment or to substitute has been held over and over for American food for the people of Europe that are charged to again to be in order. · our people. I do not blame these· agents of foreign Govern­ :Mr. REED. If the Senator will pardon me, let me make ments for endeavoring to accomplish that; but I do say that our this suggestion: Suppose that the· rule is accepted as advocated own Government should see to it that our own markets and our by the Senator .from New Hampshire, let us see where we mYri people are represented by· those who have no interest save would come out. Assume tllat this bill had certain numerals in in America. If the Senate does not pause to listen now, I pre­ it, as, for instance, $10,000, and it was desired to change tbern dict that the country will listen. I call your attention to the to $5,000. The only way in the world we could make an amend­ following _article recently published in a newspaper: ment would be to move to strike out " $10,000 " and to insert EMBARGO HASTENS END, SAYS RHONDDA-BRITISH FOOD CONTROLLER "$5,000." The Sen-ator from New Hampshire has set up a rule DECLARES IT ALSO WILL HELP SOLVE ALLIES' FOOD PROBLEM. here that would make it impossible in any way to change the LONDON, July '10. text of a proposed amendment. Lord Rhondda, the food controller, in a statement to the Associated Press to-day on the embargo proclamation of President Wilson, said: The PRESIDING OFFICER. The present occupant of the "The comprehensive and effective character of the President's latest chair is of the opinion that the amendment offered by the Sena­ action is typical of the way the United States bas thrown itself heart tor from Oregon [Mr. CHAMBERLAIN] as yet ba" rio status in and soul into the war. It seems to me that the dditional pressure which thereby will be brought to bear upon our enemies should go far the bill. The motion made by the Senator from Missom.:i [Mr. toward bringing this struggle to an earlier termination, especially in REED] is not to strike anything out of the bill, but merely to view of the fact that in applying an embargo on provisions the Presi­ change the language of the proposed amendment. His motion dent will have the advantages of Mr. Hoover's unequaled knowledge of conditions in the neutral countries. is much in the nature of a perfecting amendment: The present " The embargo, by diverting supplies from neutral destinations, also occupant of the chair is of the opinion that the Senate rules sbonld help to solve the food problem of the European allies. But can not ·be so construed as to prevent the Senate from perfect­ while our difficulties as regards supply are appreciably eased by this embargo, we can not really effectiv ely deal ·with the vital and pt·essing ing a t>ending amendment. The Chair therefore overrules the question of price until Congress passes the food bill. So long as there point of order raised by the Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. Is no control over the principal market. so long obviously must the HoLLIS]. prices of the allies' staple food remain variable, and, as a rule, danger­ Mr. REED. Mr. President, I want to beg the attention of ously high. the Senate to this amendment. We have proceeded to a point I put that in, in answer to those who state they· do not have where it must be agreed that there ought to be a commission to pay high prices in England. I continue reading: · to execute the powers contained in the bill. The question now I hope soon to announce measures for the control of our own home­ grown crops. This should help to equalize · distribution and reduce is whether we shall have a commission of three or a commis­ prices. But it win, of course, be infinitesimal as compared with the sion of 1lve, and also what shall be the qualifications .of the wo1·ld-wide effect of the present food discussion in Oongress, the t·es"lt members of that commission. of which we await with natural ana:iety, Ordinarily in the Senate, when it is proposed to confer powers You may be assured that England will give the control of her upon the Secretary of .Agriculture, it is taken for granted that food prices to a great Englishman, who will get the best prices _ that is a thing that ought to be done if it relates in any way to he can for England. I want to put the control of American agriculture. It now seems to be almost settled, from the last foods and food prices in a board of American citizens who have vote, fhat this bill is to deal only with agricultural products . no alliances abroad, and I call your attention to the fact that, and fuel. Under those circumstances, I can not see how we reading between the lilies, we ·au must know that it is not in can justify ourselves to the country for refusing to place the terms of this food bill Lord Rhonda finds his ::;olace and upon this board as one of its members the man who is at the content and hope; it is in the administrator of the bill, for there bead of the .Agricultural Department of the United States, who is nothing in the terms of the bill to give him such hope. bas placed under him a very large corps of salari~d 3:ssistants, 1\fr. HOLLIS and Mr. WILLIA.l\!S addressed the Chair. who has those men already located in every countY and almost The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from New Hamp­ in every vil1age in the United Stat~s, who is possessed of a vast shire is recognized, having first risen. and potential working machinery, and who is not only himself Mr. HOLLIS. Mr. President, the amendment offered by the supposed to be an expert but whose army of helpers are sup­ junior Senator from Missouri [Mr. REED] is very frankly aimed posed to be experts. To throw aside this machinery, to ignore at Mr. Hoover. It is no secret to the Senate, nor to the country, it, to set it at naught, and to refuse to employ it can not be that the junior Senator from Missouri is very bitterly opposed justified by any sound argument, and will not be justified upon to Mr. Hoover, and we are to have a chance on this amendment this floor. to vote whether we want Mr. Hoover kicked out of a very im­ In addition to that, my amendment proposes that there shall portant position, or whether we do not. If the Senate sym­ be named upon this commission the presidents of two agricul­ pathize with the views so often and so forcibly expressed by the tural colleges located in the great wheat belt of the United Senator from Missouri on the floor of the Senate for the last States. If that provision thus put into the amendment is car­ fortnight, I assume that they will V()te his amendment into the ried out, we shall have two of the great experts connected with bill and thereby vote Mr. Hoover out. agricultural education upon the board, and who are consequently I do not know Mr. Hoover; I have never met him; I have in touch with the agricultural conditions from those parts of the seen him only twice, and that was twice on the same day, whe~ country that are to bee pecially affected by this bill. he was mercilessly cross-examined by the S4:!nator from Missouri, The amendment then proposes that one member of the board very much as be would have been examined if he had been on shall he a practical farmer. The amendment fm·ther proposes trial for some crime in a police court. that all of the members of the board shall be qualified electors Mr. REED. l\!r. President-- of the United States who have lived in the United States for The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from New at least 12 months. Hampshire yield to the Senator from Missouri? ' 1\Ir. President, I want this bill that is to control the American 1\Ir. HOLLIS. I do not yield. I have not the time to yield. market to be controlled by Americans, by men whose every The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from New Hamp· interest is united to America and who have no interest else­ shire declines to yield. where sufficient to control their judgment. I put into the Mr. REED. I simply want to challenge that statement, an~ RECORD a day or two ago the authorities showing that Mr. say that it is absolutely untrue. Hoover's entire manhood life has been spent outside of the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from New Hamp· United States; that his connection to-day is with a large num­ shire has the floor: - ber of English, Belgian, Chinese, and Russian companies; and ·Mr. HOLLIS. The Senator-- . that, so fnr as I was able to learn, he is connected ·with but Mr. REED. And the record will show it is untrue. one American· company. I put it upon the conscience of this Mr. HOLLIS. The record will speak for itself. Senate whether, in administering our foods and onr fuels, we l\Ir. REED. It will. . ought to turn that matter over to a man whose every interest Mr. HOLLIS. It has been published; the Senator has re· is with some other country than our own, who for many years ·ferred to it many times; he has .attacked Mr. Hoover mercilessly has made only a few trips to the United States, and then, ac- on many occasions, and I say the record shows that he attacked \ .

1917. . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE. 5257 ~ him mercilessly on that occasion, as if be had been up before ~specially because of the absolutely uncalled for, unprovoked, h police court for stealing chickens in Kansas City. I repeat and unjustified attacks that have been made upon him. that. ~.rhe Senator from Missouri says we may " rest assured that Mr. REED. Mr. President-- England will app9int a great Englishman " for this sort of posi­ Mr. HOLLIS. I refuse to be interrupted. tion. If America appoints Hoover, she will appoint a great Amer­ Mr. REED. I rise to a question of personal privilege. ican for.: this position, one of the greatest in this country. The l\1r. HOLLIS. All t11e Senators hn-ve heard the Senator from Bible was not false when it said that " a prophet is not with­ Missouri; they have listened to the Senator from Missouri going out honor save in his own country." This particular prophet on llay after day. I have not interrupted him, and I refuse to bas been honored everywhere except right here. He is a virile be interrupted now. . American of both the self-made and college-made type. He is a Another reason why I object to this amendment is that five man all over, every fiber of him-intellectual, physical, and members on a commission of this sort would make it unwieldy. moral. He is not a volunteer for any Government " job." He It should be smaller. There should not be more than three. was called upon to perform a publi.c duty; he answered the I do not know of any other variance between the amendment call ; and he has been prosecuted upon this floor as if be were of.l'ered by the Senator from Missouri and the one offered by the a criminal, or a susp~ct at any rate. The line of argument Senator from Oregon, but I believe, and I hope, that the amend­ pursued concerning him has been such as to arraign him as un­ ment offered by the Senator from Oregon may be adopted by the American and possibly dishonest. I repeat, l\fr. President, that Senate. if I had my way I would name him in this bill, and I would name Mr. \VILLIAMS. Mr. President-- him for the purpose of answering these attacks, unprovoked, Mr. REED. I rise to a question of personal privilege. uncalled for, unjustified in every possible sense. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Missouri 'The Senator from New Hampshire says be does not know 1\Ir. rises to a question of personal privilege. The Senator will Hoover. I do. 1\Ir. Hoover is bead and shoulders above the state it. average man. His Americanism can not be challenged. He is 1\Ir. REED. I say that the statement just made by the Sena­ as loyal as man can be. Thomas Jefferson once said of ol"ious to have been said about John Adams, even by Ur. l\Ir. HOLLIS. Mr. President-- Jeffer. on, but Mr. HooYer is as honest as God makes men. He Mr. REED. And that the printed record-- has not merited a particle of the abuse which has been showered 1\Ir. HOLLIS. I think I ought to call the Senator to order. upon his bead merely because be has answered a call to duty This is no place to indulge in words of that kind- by the President of the United States. 1\fr. REED. The printed record will show-- Tbe more men there are upon this commission the less effi­ 1\fr. HOLLIS. Or in fisticuffs or in altercations of any sort. ciently it is going to work. This is a war commis ion to meet The record will speak for itself. a w~r emergency, .and it ought to be a one-man power, and that The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Missouri man held to strict responsibility, and that man ought to be the will state his question of personal privilege. choice of the President of the United States, who is the Chief 1\Ir. REED. The question of personal privilege is just what I Magistrate of this country. have said, that the statement made by the Senator is untrue, The Senator says he wants a man who has no interest save and that the t·ecord-- for America. I do not. ·we have got a number of allies in t11is The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Chair is of the opinion fight, and it is a great fight. It includes nearly the whole world, that the Senator i subject to being called to order. and I should dislike to see America appoint a man' to run any 1\Ir. WILLIAl\IS. That is not a question of personal privilege. part of this job who had no eye and no ear save for America. I It is not a question of personal privilege to arise for the purpose want an eye and an ear for France and Belgium. I want a man of calling another Senator a liar on the floor of this body. who has beep. identified to some extent ·with poor, stricken Bel­ 1\lr. REED. I have not employed any such language. It re­ gium; a man whose heart is overflmving with sympathy and mnined for the Senator from Mississippi to employ it. mercy and benevolence. and whose deeds will overflow with Mr. WILLIAMS. The Senator said "totally untrue and ab­ beneficence for her. I do not want any mere selfish Chauvinist in solutely false." That amounts to what I ~aid. this position. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from :Missouri has If there is a position in the world that does demand wide­ the floor. spread sympathy for all the world, and especially for our allies, 1\lr. WILLIAMS. I do not see any distinetion. l\Ir. Presi­ it is this position. I would not like the little provincial presi­ dent, haYe I the floor? dent of a State agricultural college to handle a great interna­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from 1\Hssourl tional question like this. In nine cases out of ten he would be .was stating his question of personal privilege. The Chair incompetent for the job. I regard the utterance of the desire warns the Senator from Missouri to use different language than to have a man who is an American, "nothing but an American," he bas been using. and solely American in his sympathies, as shameful. 1\lr. REED. I am endeavoring to state it. The Senator has 1\Ir. President~ I repe.at, I wish 1 had the opportunity to vote asserted that I misb·eated · 1\Ir. Hoover when examining him; to put the name of Hoover in this bill. "A prophet,'~ as I have that I treated him as a chicken thief, and he employed similar said, "is not without honor save in his own country." Hoo·ver expressions. I say, as a question of personal privilege, tbat that was not without honor in Belgium; he has not been without statement is a reflection upon me. Now, I say, in reply to the honor in France-lovely, amiable, sweet France, suffering as statement, that the record is printed ; every word that I saitl never people suffered before, fighting as people never fought be­ to 1\Ir. Hoover appears in the record, every word that be fore, our ally in this great war for the liberty of the entire said in reply appear in the record, and nQ candid man ean world. I am glad, if it be true, that Hoover permits his Ameri­ read it and find in it the slightest justification for the statement canism not entirely to monopolize him; but that be bas sym­ made by the Senator from New Ramp hire. That is what I pathy for the French and the Belgians and the other peoples, and say as a matter of personal privilege, and I say to the Senator­ will to some extent adapt his conduct to their needs and n eces ~ ! say to the Senate, not to the Senator from New Hampshire­ sities. I say I am glad if that be true, m; is charged. · · that I invite every man who is fair and decent and honest to 1\Ir. LEWIS. Mr. President, I beg to offer a suggestion to the read my questions to 1\Ir. Hoover and to read his answers. ·Senate respecting this provision in the bill. The suggestion is l\1r. WILLIAMS. 1\ir. President-- merely an expression of my feeling as to -what will be the The PRESIDil\G OFFICER. The Senator from 1\Iississippi. final effect of the operations of the particular method prescribed l\'11·. WILLIAl\1S. · Mr. President, notwithstanding what the in the proposed substitnted measure. Senntor from 1\Iis. ouri has just said, it is plain, palpable, and l\Ir. President, I do not rise to entPr into the controversy as obvious to every Member of the Senate who bas been listen­ to the fitness or unfitness of any particular gentleman for the ing to him for some days-many days_:that l1e has been en­ position designated. The measure provides that whoever may gaged in the busine of prosecuting lli. Hoover. be named shall be named by and with the advice and consent of Now, 1\fr. Pre_ident, the ob:)ect of the Senator from l\llssouri, the Senate. I tendered such an amendment myself while- in if I understand it, is to prevent the President from appointing executive sessioD here, it being my theory then, as it is my a man of his cltoice to this place, or else, if the President does opinion now, that no one should be appointed to a

.,.- 5258 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE~ JULY 19,

to this body for confirmation, surely no other officer having only trol. This is an exeeutive function to be performed. We do not conteiQ.poraneous powers should be permitted to exercise them have t~ree Secr~taries of War nor three Secretaries of the Navy without the same constitutional supervision as is applied to the nor three Presidents. If we did, we would have less efficient members of the Cabinet. government. To that extent, therefore, I · approve the section, in that it I have no fear as to usurpation of power, since we have in . calls for the confirmation of the appointee, whoever he is, by this bill a limitation of all of these powers to the duration of the people's representatives, the Senate. But, Mr. Pi·esident, I the war. That is the safeguard. If we did not have that in can not approve, as I view the situation, this board as substitut­ this bill, there would not be a Senator who would vote for it, ing the place of the one who should be the head of the food­ because there would be danger of power being usurped after control agency. When the time comes to nan1e that officer he the war. But when we consider tha,t in times of war concen­ should be a man who has the ability to create a board or a tration of power is absolutely necessary, and we take into con­ bureau. He himself should be the head; the members of the sideration the fact that under divided authority this power be­ bureau should be his subordinates, subject to his employment comes weak and ineffective and contentions occur that impair and to his dismissal. He should have authority, full and com- the efficiency of the very object we wish to attain, it seems to p~t~ . me we ought not to consider such _division of responsibility. . Mr. President, if we name a board constituted of a large num­ I am opposed to the amendment providing for five members. ber, I warn you now, sir, we will have another repetition of I would rather have a commission of three, or a board of three, that inexcusable situation which confronts America touching than a board of five; but I would rather have one man to direct the Shipping Boartl and the Shipplng Corporation. If the mat­ this whole administration of affairs than to have a commission ter of the construction of ships had been placed in a single re­ of three. I should not want to· do that in time of peace, but I sponsible head, which person had been subject to the confirma­ think it is eminently proper-that we should do it in time of war. tion of this body, there would have been no such exhibition as If there... is one thing that history has demonstrated. it is that tlmt to-day of a contest for epaulets between commanding democracies can not conduct war until they give autocratic heads of contesting agencies for the gratification of their am­ power. There is·no way of conducting a war successfully with­ bition, while the opportunities of America are being wasted out vesting the power in a centralized form, practically in one and her need is passing by without being served at a critical man ; and every time a republic engages in war you find that hour. America observes that at a: time when there shoultl be legislation of that kind always takes place. If it is not tlone the ringing of the hammer, the buzz of the saw, and the em­ there will be dissensions, there will be differences of opinion, ployment of hundreds of thousands of men in building ships you will have in your ranks dissenters, and the inevitable result in order that our men may be quickly transported and our food is that you will not wage a successful war. soon conveyed, we have instead a conflict between boards and I have no doubt that the action of one man in supreme author­ members of boards as to which shall doiPinate, who shall be ity will be direct, it will be specific, it will be to the point. captain, which shall be general, who shall have the power before Th-ere is here a great problem to be solved and much valuable the country and be recognized as king of the enterprise. Surely time will be lost if we have a commission or a board. The-in­ we will not duplicate that sort of thing, I trust, in this essential evitable result, to my mind, will be a deh·imental effect on the anu serious matter of distribution of the foods and the conh·ol administration of this measure. of them. The illustration which the Senator from Illinois [Mr. L~<;wis] Therefore, 1\fr. President, as I would. be opposed to a war has just given demonstrates to my mind that it would he far board of many of equal authority, lest in a conflict between oetter to have this shipbuilding program in the hands of either them we CQrne to confusion ; as I will oppose the war board 1\Ir. ·Denman or Gen. Goethals. Either· one of them would do proposed by the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. WEERS] be­ the work better and would produce better results, and the very cause of the reasons which I now urge; because I would oppose fact that they jangle, and that they dispute, and that they are a board toruli the State Department or a board to run the War continually seeking to have their particular scheme adopted Department or a board to run the Department 6f Justice, I demonstrates to my mind that in division there is wnnt of respectfully urge that what should be done is simply that there proper administrative power. ~hould be one responsible head, whose qualifications should be 1\fr. President, these are the principles that it seems to me submitted to the Senate in the person himself and should there ought to control this body. We ought to have, in my juug­ be canvassed and investigated, and, if found competent, in the ment, one man, and I am convinced that we will get better jngle authority should be vested the full and complete power, administration in that way. No one here is trying to

invoked so many times in this d~bate, in order to do what? To If that be· treason or heresy, if that l,>e ·wickedness, then l.~t do a disservice to his country. my friends and enemies alike regard it as suits them best. I 1\Ir. KENYON and 1\fr. REED addressed the Chair. say tb.at Congress does still have some duties tQ perforpt, and The PRESIDING OFFICER. . The Senator from Iowa. that one of these duties is to see that thos~ placed in positions l\Ir. KENYON. Mr. President, I am not willing to vote for of great power over citizens. of the United States shall them- an amendment to exclude Mr. Hoover from this board. At the selves be citizens of the United States. I reply further that I ' same time I think a man who serves on this board ought to be a will answer to my own constituency, and am not alarmed though citizen of the United States, and I believe Mr. Hoover is. Every- I am warned by a man wl}o has probably never. been in my-State body knows that Mr. Hoover was absent from this country for a that the people are impatient. .And I will answer to them as number of years while engaged in some wonderfully splendid I answer now in due sobriety and not out of the dr~gs of intoxi- · humanitarian work. That ought not to count against him. cation. I ask the ~enator from Oregon if he will not accept an amend- I am reminded this morning of the fact that history repeats ment providing that the members of this board shall be citizens itself. I read; · of the United States, and I ask the Senator from Missouri if His personal inf2uen{!e-- .he is not willing to accept that amendment? That is, Jetr.erson's- Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Mr. President, in reply to the Senator, prevailed in everything. Members of Congress knew very well b~w I thought I had expressed a willingness to have the words sorely the bill would plnchi but they never dreamed of disob~ying. "citizen of the United States" inserted in the bill. I think they "All our surplus produce wll rot on our hands!" cried .a Member ot there. If I did not make m~elf ciearly understood, the House. " God knows what all this means! I can not under tand Ought to be "~ it. I see etfeets. but I can trace them to 110 ea. use. • • • DMk· I say now that I am perfectly willing to have the language ness and ~ystery <1vershadow this House. and the whole Natioll. we inserted that is usually placed in statutes of this kind; that is, know nothmg; we are permitted to know nothing. We sit here as mere that these men shall be citizens of the United States. automata; we legislate without knowing; nay, sir, without wishing to know why or wherefore.•t The embargo was to be tried because Mr. Mr. KENYON. I did .not understand that the Senator had Je1l'erson believed in its efficacy. made that clear. Tha~ is fair apd right, and I hop~ the Senator Its~~sing year of his Presidency was darkened and distressed by from Missouri will accept that amendment. · Mr. HOLLIS. Mr. President. I shall object to the motion So wrote Woodrow Wilson, -the historian, of Mr. Jefferson the made by the Senator from Missouri for t.l:iis reason: Every President, and the Congress of that time. So will the future' his- · qualification that is added to the text offered by the Senator torian write of Woodrow Wilson. the President, and the Con­ from Oregon is a limit tying the hands of the Executive just gress of this time. so mucb. Now, the Presid€nt of the United States may be The PRESIDING -DFFICER. The question recurs on t11e safely_trusted to appoint proper -persons to these places. I do amendment offered by the Senator from Missouri to ' the amend~ not know whether Mr. Hoov€1· is even a _citizen -or not; but if ment. · ,, ·the President of the United States, on looking up the matter, The amendment to the amendment was rejected. finds that he is not a citizen, but still wants to appoint him on The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question recurs on the this board, I believe he saould have the right to do it. Then, amendment offered by the Senator from Oregon. when the matter comes before the Senate for confirmation, if :Air. JONES of Washington. I wish to offer an amendment the majority of the Senators think that the -men who have been to that, and I ask the Secretary to read it as I have indicated nominated by the President should not hold the offices, they will it there. . ' fail of confirmation. The PRESIDING OFFIC~R. It will"be rea.d. The country is behind the President of the United States on The SECRETARY. In the proposed amendment of the Sen.ator this matter of food control. as it is behind him on all other mat- from Oregon strike out, in line 18, after the word "appoint," ters. The eountry is impatient of delay. The country is im- the words AJ by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, patient of tbe technical questions that have been t•aised. The thi-ee commissioners"; in line 21, strike out the word ·" each," country will be impatient that this attack is made in this side and, in the same line, strike out the words "who shnll con ti· way on Mr. Hoover, in the hope that a majority of the Senators tute a board"; in line 22, strike out the word "administration" will not dare to v-ote against a proposition -of this kind. Now, and insert the word "administrator," and, after the ~ord "ad­ I am not afraid to vote against it. I hope a majority of the ministrati-on," strike· out the words " and who shall u and insert Senators are not afraid to vote against it. The President will the word " to "; in lines 24 'and 25 of the proposed amendment see whether Mr. Hoover is a citizen of the United States. as printed in the committee print strike out the words " One Whether he is a citizen of the United States or not, the Presi- of said commissioners shall be a farmer -actually engaged at the dent will then decide whether be wants to p_nt him on the board, time of his appointment in the cultivation of the soiL The nd then the Senate will have a right to pass upon his qualificn- President shall design-ate the chairman of said board" ; and in tions when the matter comes to the Senate. Un~ B, page B of the printed amendment, strike out the word Mr. REED. 1\1r. President-- -u commissioners" nnd insert the words "food administl:ator," The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Chair desires to remind so that it will read: the Senator from Missouri that he bas spoken once. He is further authorized and dl.reeted to appoint Herbert C. Hoover, l\1r. EEED. I call the Chair's attention to the fact that I at an annual salary of $7,5001 payable monthly, food administrator to ·strn· ctly sai·d I "'aS ans=eri'ng m; the time o-" the Senator ft·om perform sneh duties· in carey1ng ·out the purposes o! this act as tlie dl " .,. '.1. President tlhall direct. Said food administrator shall hold office at the Oklahoma and I sat down without saying what I wanted to say. pleasure of the President during the continuance of the war. I hope the Chair did not misunderstand my position. I have. Mr. .TONES of Washington. 'Mr. President, this controversy tried to make it very plain. seems to very largely revolve around Mr. Hoover, and it seems The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Chair believes upon refl~- to me· that the Senate should declare oefinitely whether or not tion that the Senator from Missouri 1s correct. it wants Mr. Hoover to act as food commissioner. It seems to Mr. REED. I thank the Chair. · be generally understood that the President wants to appoint Mr. President, notwithstanding the burning blast that comes Mr. Hoover cominissioner. I agree with the Senator from from the sterile .Arizona and the frigid wave that blows from Colorado that if we n.re going to ihave a commission we ought New Hampshire. I venture to say there is nothing subtle and to have, for the purposes of this act, a commission composed of there is nothing concealed in this amendment. I openly proclaim one person, a person who can aet decidedly, definitely, and my desire to have the Senate of the United States say what promptly in the e matters. the qualifications shall be of the men who are to compose this I know but very litt1e about Mr. Hoover, except what I have board that is to have power to dictate the pri('es of all that heard. I have met him twice. I will say that I was very the people consume in the shape of food and fuel, and to dictate fa:vorably impressed with him. I believe that he is about as the prices that shall be paid to the 45,000,000 people engaged in eompetenf a man as we could get to disch~ge the !responsibill~ agricultural pursuits. It seemed to me that it was a very ties that we intend to repose in some eommissi-on by the term~ modest request that the men appointed should be "qualified of this act, and if we have to have some one to do the e things, . electors of the United States.' ~ The term as thus employed 1 would as soon see Mr. Hoover appointed to do them as anybodY. means nothing more than that a man shall not be selected · I know of. unless he is possessed <1f that character of citizenship whlch en- :Mr. SHAFROTH and Mr. VARDAMAN addressed the Chair. titles him to vote. It does not mean that he technically shall The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Wash~ llave registered but he must be a man who is entitled to ington yield; and if so, to whom? register. It does not mean that he shall have voted at the last Mr. .TONES of Washington. I yield first to the .Senator from • el.ection or that he must vote at the next electio~ but it means Colorado. that' he must be a man who possesses qualifications that will l\1r. SHAFROTH. I should like to suggest to the Senator ,enable him to vote at the next election. from Washington that his amendment, in my judgment, 'is ex- 1917. CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE. 5261

movement, of foods, feeds, and fuel, including kerosene and gasoline, cellent, except in 'naming a man: 1\Ir. Hoover may die even hereafter in this act called necessaries; to prevent, locally or generally, before tllis bill becomes operative or he may die at any time scarcity, monopolization, hoar11ing, injurious speculation, ot• manipula­ during the war, and consequently it ought to read "an adminis­ tions, atrecting such supply, distribution, and movement; and to estab­ lish and maintain governmental control of such necessaries during the trator to be appointed by the President." It seems to me, when war. The President is authorized to make such regulations and to issue you name· one man you are doing that which might make the such orders as he may deem advisable to carry out the provisions of bill totally inoperative. I agree with the Senator tliat there this act. He is furtner authorized and directed to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, three commissioners, at an annual ought to be a one-man power ·in exercising the powers that are salary of $7,500 each, payable monthly, who shall constitute a board of ve ted under the bill, and I agree heartily with every syllable food administration, and who shall perform such duties in carrying out of his amendment except putting in the name· of 1\Ir: Hoover. the purposes of this act as the President shall direct. One of said 1\fr. commissioners shall be a farmer actually engaged at the time of his ap­ GORE. 1\lr. President-- pointment in the cultivation of the soil. The President shall designate The VICE PRESIDEN~ Does the Senator from Washing- the chairman of said board. Said commissioners shall hold office at the ton yield to the Senator from Oklahoma? _ pleasure of the President during the continuance of the war. l\lr. JONES of Washington. I wish to yield first to the Sen­ 1\Ir. SHAFROTH. I desire to renew the amendment offered ator from Mississippi who rose. by the Senator from Washington, leaving out the name of Mr. 1\fr. GORE. I hope the Senator from Washington will permit Hoover.- me to say to the Senator from Colorado that if by any mis· The VICE PRESIDE1\TT. The amendment to the amendment -chance or misfortune 1\Ir. Hoover should shuflle off this mortal will be stated. coil the American people would be helpless and hopeless. They The SECRETARY. Strike out all of the proposed amendment would be sorrowing as those without hope. after the word " appoint " and insert : 1\lr. JONES of Washington. I now yield to the Senator from A food administrator at an annual salary of $7,500, payable monthly, Mississippi. to perform such duties in carrying out the purposes of this act as the 1\Ir. V ARD.Al\I.Al~. I rose to make the same inquiry which is Pref:ident shall direct. Said food administrator shall hold office at the ·suggested by the Senator frQm Colorado. It seems ·to me' that pleasure of the President during the continuance of the war. it is needless to put in the name of 1\Ir. Hoover. Everybody M1:. · SHAFROTH.· Mr. President, I believe that the adminis­ knows that the President would appoint him to perform the n·ation of this bill will be greatly aided and assisted by having ·functions of this office. ~s the Sen a tor from Colorado has sug­ one administrator. I believe a commission even of three will geste<-1, suppose he shouid die or decline to accept the ptace, not produce any result as expeditiously as the one administrator what would become of the country? Can we afford to take any chru·g~d with the re ponsibility of the performance of-this duty. chances on it? · I have ~aid that I believe three would be preferable to five 1\Ir. KNOX. 1\Ir. President, I beg to call the attention of the commissioners, but I believe that one in time of war is the Se~tor from Washington to the fact that under the Constitu­ proper number to have, and I am confident if you incorporate tion we would be infringing upon the functions of the President the amendment I have offered into the bill it will greatly im· if we undertook to name the officer in this act. The Senute has proYe the measure. · _ no function to perform in respect to the appointment of officers. The fear of ·usurpation, it seems to me, is visionary. One. The Constitution provides that the President shall nominate inan pq_wer _in war is necessary. Division of counsel produces and, by and with the consent of the Senate, appoint officers cre­ delay. The i~vitab~e result when ·you have commissions is ated by law. So it would be futile, as far as the President is that disagreem~nts occur between the commissioners and that concerned, to name Herbert C. Hoover in this act. He could evidently would work to the inefficiency of the service. appoint John Jones in spite of the fact that the act contained For these :reason , 1\11·. President, it seems to me that we such a provision. ought to take the bill -as it ·was originally introduced in that 1\Ir. JOJ\TES of Washington. I think the Senator from Penn­ respect. syl\ania is right, and, in view of the fact that the Constitution •Mr. WILLIAMS. There is that -very thing going on in the would prevent us from naming Mr. Hoover, I wlll withdraw the Shippirig Board. amendment. Mr. SHAFROTH. As the Senator from Mississippi has just 1\Ir. McCUMBER. l\lr. President, I now wish, if it is ~ order, said, we are having that very thing occurring in the Shipping to present the amendment which I presented yesterday and have Board. . it acted upon. Mr. V ARD.Al\IAN. Will the Senator yield to me for a mo- 1\Ir. CHAMBERLAIN. I do not think this question has been ment? · disposed of. 1\!r. SHAFROTH. I yield. 1\fr. GORE. 1\lr. President-- l\Ir. V ARDAl\1AN. Does the Senator think that the ad\ ice The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North Da­ and counsel of a practical, intelligent farmer on the board would kota yield to the Senator from Oklahoma? be productive of friction? Does not the _Senator think that Mr. GORE. I simply desire to ask the Senator from Penn· really it would be very helpful in ·the solution of the various syl\ania if the Constitution obtains in time of war? problems which will come up for the consideration of the board? 1\lr. 1\IcCUl\IBER. I understand there is no amendment before I think the advice and counsel of a sensible, patriotic, honest the Senate at the present time. farmer would.be helpful in discharging the duties of any office. . The VICE PRESIDEKT. The amendment of the Senator Of all the vocations of man none is so calculated to develop all from Oregon [1\fr. CHAMBERLAIN] is before the Senate at the the latent qualities of mind and body and soul as that of the present time. well-to-do ""'farmer. 1\fr. 1\fcCU:MBER. I do not wish to speak on that, and I shall 1\!r. SHAFROTH. I have not any doubt that advice of the not seek the floor until it has been disposed of. farmer would be good and no doubt it would be taken, but to l\lr. 1\IYERS. 1\Ir. President, I am in fa,or of the amend­ say that he shall have a voice in voting as to whether his ment offered by the Senator from Washington [1\fr. JONES], policy shall be pursued will simply produce wrangling. I haY8 and I insisted on the floor of the Senate the other day upon it. not any doubt that Gen. Goethals and Mr. Denman are both I believe that one man on this commission would be better than excellent men, but they have radically different ideas concern­ three. ing what is necessary to be done. It is a clear illustration of the The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator from "'Montana took saying that divided respousibility produces confusion and dela:r, the floor this morning, when the amendment of the Senator from and if there is one thing that is fatal in war it is hesitatiou. Oregon was the pending amendment. On that account it seems to me it is wise to have one executive 1\Ir. MYERS. I did not speak upon this amendment. officer. The VICE PRESIDENT. Upon this pending amendment. The Mr. SMITH of South Carolina. Mr. President-­ Chair has no way of telling what a Senator is going to talk Mr. SHAFROTH. I yield to the Senator. upon. The amendment to the amendment has been withdrawn. 1\fr. SMITH of South Carolina. I would just like to ask the Mr. MYERS. What is the pending question? Senator if he does not think, in.view of the fact that the farm­ The VICE PRESIDENT. The _pending amendment, which has ing inte1;ests are to be vitally affected, it would go largely to been pending all day; is the amendment offered by the Senator reassure the great mass of the producers of this country to from Oregon to insert as section 1 what has been read. know that there was a member of the board who was to pass 1\fr. VARDAMAN. I ask that the pending amendment be upon the matters under consideration here, at least officially, stated. who was one of their own class? The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will state it again. 1\.Ir. SHAFROTH. Mr. President, I do not think it will pro­ The SECRETARY. Strike out section 1 and insert the follow·· duce harmony. I believe it will produce dissension. I know ing: that farmers are b.uman. Tllat, by reason of the existence of a state of war, it is essential to Mr. REED. "Mr. President-- the national security and defense, for the successful prosecution of the war, ll.Ild for the support and maintenance of the Army and Navy, to as­ Mr. SHAFROTH. Just like the representatives of the agri­ sure an adequate supply and equitable dtstribution, and to facilitate the ~ultural States here i they will want something in the bill that

I 5262 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY 19, may be extreme, just -like some of the Senators would like to to placate the ' farmer for having taken largely everything out have $2.80 named in the bill as a minimum price, for wheat. of the bill except what" the farmer produces. I do not think But when you have one person who feels he must represent all it is exactly square to our leaders on the Republican side, some classes and who is not connected with any industry, his judg­ of whom are present, some of whom are absent. I see one or ment is likely to be better. Under any circ~mstances it pro­ two of th~ leaders who framed the bill on the other side. Some duces discord, it produces delay, it produces an inefficiency of of them are absent. administration. I yield to the Senator from Missouri. I think before this is finally d~termined the Senator from Mr. REED. The Senator talks as other Senators have talked Colorado ought to consult with the leaders who framed the about dissension in the Shipping Board. Does not the Senator bill. We ought to deal fairly with one another. We ought to know that the Shipping Board is an absolute unit ; that there deal honestly. How can the Senator from Colorado display is not any dispute between them; that the dispute is· between a such want of obedience to things after they have been fixed for general manager appointed by the Shipping Board and the board us. These leaders of ours with great unselfishness, these sacri­ itself? · ficing and noble leaders, representing great manufacturing Mr. SHAFROTH. I do not know what the dispute is in the States, great iron and steel and cotton States, have sacrificed Shipping Board, but I do know there are two elements, as it their time, put forth their efforts and so framed the bill that were, one .represented by Gen. Goethals and the other repre­ it affects the producer alone. Could anything be more magnani­ sented by the chairman of the board. I know that ~hen you mous than that? Shall we display our ungratefulness by reject­ have two people to pass upon measures you can not always have ing their labors and their unselfish skill? I hesitate. concord; men's minds are so constructed that they do not be­ Mr. JONES of Washington. Mr. President-- lieve alike, though both are honest. When you have one man The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Idaho yield then you have one mind to control. Though that mind may to the Senator from Washington? not be as good as three, it will p1·oduce better effect in the end, Mr. BORAH. I yield. l>ecause it will produce effectiveness. Mr. JONES of Washington. Are the leaders the Seru1tor Mr. President, I believe that as we are in war we ought to refers to members of the Agricultural Committee, or have they have an administration by one man, just like we have one gen­ charge of the bill? eral upon the field of battle. If you were going to have three Mr. BORAH. No; they are the leaders of the Senate. men or five men to direct the Army you would have disputes as 1\Ir. JONES of Washington. When did they have a meeting to what is the best course to pursue. We never provide for to consider this measure? three governors qr three sheriffs. We should neveJ; provide for Mr. BORAH. Now, the Senator is getting into details. more than one executive officer, especially in times of war. If [Laughter.] It hardly seems proper in war times to reveal these you have farmers and men representing other industries upon secrets. • this board you are going to have the farmers' side magnified by Mr. JONES of Washirrgton. I should like very much to know the farmer, you are going to have the coal industry's side mag­ who ·are the members of this self-constituted committee of nified by the coal magnate, you are going to have some other leaders, if the Senator can give me the names. industry's side magnified as to that member's industry. Under Mr. BORAH. Men are not elected leaders ; they are born those circumstances either one of them charged with the duty leaders. [Laughter.] This bill has been framed by them. We of representing all would be better than to .hate all three, be­ ought not to attempt, or assume for a moment to change it. I cause the very disputes that wil1 occur will cause delay in the hope the Senator from Colorado can assure the Senator from determination of matters. .J Idaho that he has consulted with the leaders as to the privilege .Mr. V ARDA.MAN. The Senator puts himself in antagonism of offering tbli! amendment. Do not lead us into dangerous to the whole scheme of the management of national affairs in paths, into a political eul de sac. time of war. • Mr. SHAFROTH. I will state that I do not know who are Mr. SHAFROTH. I do not see th;~.t I am in antagonism the persons referred to by the Senator from Idaho. I do believe with it. that it is a good amendment to be made. I have not been in­ Mr. NELSON. May I ask the Senator a question 1 formed that any particular number of men said we will frame Mr. SHAFROTH. Yes, sir; I yield. . a measure and put it through the Senate. They have their Mr. NELSON. Does not the Senator- think, in view of the individual views, but the views of each Senator must be eon­ fact that the farmer is the goat of this legislation, you would suited. I would not consider myself bound by them if they had supplement it and make it perfect to exclude him from the made the agreement, but it is like everything else in the way of board? a compromise. Men who have deep interest in this bill no Mr. SHAFROTH. No; I do not think so. I do not think doubt have conferred, and they have come to an agreement as the farmer is made the goat ; I think the farmer is made the to the differences among themselves, and they no doubt feel beneficiary. I think when you fix the minimum price at $1.75 a that it is best to put the measure in this shape. I feel that we bushel for wheat he has a cinch. That is wJ;tat I think, and it ought to have an opportunity to determine the matter for our­ can not but produce great results in the way of stimulating selves on this particular amendment at least. that inU.ustry. Mr. BORAH. I have no doubt they feel just as the Senator The inevitable result will be that supply and demand will says they feel. I have seen evidences of that this morning by control the price of wheat. In my judgment, when you attempt their votes. For some two or three weeks we spent time here to regulate the maximum price, which this bill does not do, but putting different things in the bill which ought to be regulated even if it should attempt to do it, you will find great difficulty. and controlled. I beard some of the most intense and powerful You can not easily overcome the law of supply and demand arguments I have ever heard for putting this and that in the ~ that is recognized throughout the world as to controlling prices. bill, but there came a change in the spirit of the dream, and You can modify it to some extent. But I am in favor of this the bill was reframed and reorganized. As we had framed the bill even if it were to include fixing maximum prices, because I bill the things which the farmer must buy-farm implements, believe where exorbitant profits are extorted by certain indus­ binder twine, fertilizers, and such things-were included, in­ tl'ies the representatives thereof will yield to some extent in cluded after long debate. Now our leaders get together and, fear if nothing else of some punishment that might be inilicted with a spirit of unselfishness seldom witnessed in legislative upon them. halls, take out of the bill everything in their States and leave Mr. President, it does seem to me we should put this execu­ iq the products of the farm. I hesitate to record a disapproval ti Ye office in the hands of one man, such as the President has of such magnanimous leadership. selected, but even if some one else should be selected it Is Mr. MYERS. Mr. President, the man who wm fill this posi­ better in time of war that we should have an administrator tion will have as great responsibility as any Cabinet officer. without a board. In my opinion the Secretary of War will have no greater duty, Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, I am very much inclined to no greater responsibility than the man who fills this position. agree with the Senator from Colorado. I think even if we It will be equal in importance and responsibility to that of should have a commission of five we- would, in fact, have but any Cabinet officer. In fact, he will be a Cabinet officer in all one member of the board. The others would draw their salaries, but the name during the continuance of the~ ar. , but there would be but one real executor. The only effect of Suppose during the war we had three Secretaries of 'Var, a commission is to provide more salaries, more expense, and le s three Secretaries of the Navy, three Secretaries of Commerce, efficiency. But the reason why I hesitate to support the amend­ and three men filling positions at the h~ad of each other execu­ ment of the Senator from Colorado is because it does not seem tive department. Does .anyone believe that the war would be to me exactly respectful toward our leaders. They have agreed prosecuted as speedily, effectively, decisively as it will be with upon this bill and have arranged what should go in and what one man at the head of each one of those departments? should stay out, and among the other compromises was this, I can not see but that there will be just as great responsi­ that some farmer should be appointed. That, of course, was bility resting upon the man who will fill this position as will

I 1917. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 5263

rest upon any Cabinet officer most intimately connected with that it this amendment is' adopted the act, when it is passed, the war. It is of just as great importance and responsibillty will be put into effect very promptly ; but if we provide fur a to provide food and supplies at home and for the Army as It Js commission of three there is no telling when that commission to raise an army and put it into the field to fight . • An army iu will be organized. Judging from the past it will be quite a the .field without food is of no more benefit than an army in the while. After the Federal rE.>serve act was passed it was nearly field without munitions would be. Food is just as essential a year before the board provided for therein was appointed. to success in war as munitions, and the supply must come from After the shipping law was passed it was several months be­ the people who are working at home to support the troops !n fore the Shipping Board was appointed. So if we provide for the field. a commission of three in this bill, there is no telling when this As I said the other day, I do not believe there is nny doubt act will be put into effect. It seems to be generally accepted that one man, a man of action. decision, experience, skill, that the President has the man selected whom he wants to ad­ knowledge, executive ability, in this position would act more minister. this act. So if we provide for a commission with just effectively, efficiently, promptly, and decisively than three men, one administrator the act will be put into effect promptly. That for it is certain there would be more wrangling and delay With is what we want. - three than with one. It has been urged that it is very important to have this act Mr. Sl\UTH of South Carolina. Before the Senator takes his passed promptly. So we have said; and so, when we are going seat. if be will permit me, I wish to ask him, since he has illus­ to vote on it, I think. we ought not to put anything into it which trated the point he is making by using the Secretary of War, is likely to delay putting it into effect. have we not a Council of National Defense, consisting of more The contro-versy between the Shipping Boara and the manage­ than one per on, which we have to advise the Secretary of War? ment, anason of the chairman of the Council of National Defense. controversy between l\1r. Denman and Gen. Goethals, but the 1\fr .. 1\IYERS. I do not so understand; but, anywa,Y. we have injury has come because of the failure on the part of the Presi­ only one head of the ·war Department~ the Secretary of War. dent to do promptly the things which we authorized him.to do. We should have one man at the head of the food administration, Over a month ago we authorized the President as follows: and he should be 1\fr. Hoover. He may have numerous assistants The President is hHeby authorized and empowered, within the limits and advisors, but there should be one head and his word should ot· the amounts herein authorized. to purchase, requisition, or take over the poss~ssion ot for use or operation by the United States any ship now be decisive. constructed or in the proces of construction or hereafter constructed or Mr. SMITH of South-Caroiina. We have the Interstate Com­ any portion thereof or charter of such ship. merce Commission, the Federal Trade Commi sion. we have the We gave that power to the President. · The President could different commissions that have been appointed in the wisdom of have exercised it, but he has not done so. ·we saw by the papers this body. We have distributed them so as to avoid one-man this morning or yesterday that ships under construction for for­ power, and we did it in the Council of National D~fense. eign countries in our shipyards have not been commandeered. While I am on my feet I wish to call attention to the fact Wby not? Tbe President has the power to do it. I learned that in the Council of National Defense every industry re:pre­ from reliable information a few days ago that within two or sentecl is represented by a personal interest. three weeks four large 8,000-ton steel ships, which were being Here we cOllle to the conservation of food, and I heartily agree constructed in the yards at Seattle, had been allowed to pass witll the propo ition incor})orated in this amendment that there into the hands of a foreign country; and I saw in the papers shall be a commission of three, one of whom shall be a repre­ two or three days ago that two 8,000-ton steel ships at Seattle sentative of the class that produces those things which are to be had been allowed to pass under the Japanese flag. l\Ir. President, administered; that that class shall be officially represente mission or three to direct the handling and control of the com­ purchases of coal, I think it was, for the benefit of the people modities of this country, as provided in this amendment The of A.merica we had mo1·e than one commissioner. One man difference of time required by the President to appoint one man w-ould not do. A price of $3.50 a ton for coal was asked, or three men to enforcE.> the provisions of this bill will not delay and it was refused because there had been contracts made for the operation of the bill a day. Before the bill reaches the about half that price. That was one instance where having President it will have to go to conference, when it passes the more than one man on a board saved the American people quite Senate, and the c-onference report will have to be agreed to. a nice sum of money. I took occasion to congrn.tulate the man Between now and until the bill reaches the President he will who stood by bis guns and got the coal at a reasonable price. make up his mind whom he intends to appoint. I do not believe I believe that if we have more than one man on this board the it will be 24 hours after be signs the bill before be sends the people of America will be better satisfied, for it will be a nearer nominations of three persons to fill the positions provided for approach to democr-acy. in this bill to the Senate of the United States for confirmation. Mr. JONES of Washington. :Mr.· President. l had risen for lUr. President, the labors mvolved in administering this bill the purpose of offering an amendment when the SE.>nator from will be so great that no one.man can carry them into operation Oolorado rose to offer his amendment. I am in favor of the quickly. I have no doubt that the President will appoint Mr. amendment not only for the reasons which have already-been Hoover as the chairman of the proposed commission. The bill given, an~ which I shall not repeat, but for the further · reason authorizes him to appoint the chairman. I want to say that -5264 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY · 19,

Mr. Hoover will need all the assistance that he can possibly vote at this time, I shall vote in. favor of the commission, al­ get. There will have to be an organization from one end of though I desire to suggest to the Senators who composed th2 the country to the other, in every State, in every city, and in amendment that it k~ps the promise to the ear and may brer.k every little hamlet. I might say, Mr. President, that I think it to the hope. part of that organization is already effected ; that I believe The President is not requiren to assign to this commission a many of the men selected are in the different States to carry on single duty. He can select other agencies for the administra­ the work as soon as the bill becomes a law: In fact, Mr. Presi­ tion of the entire bill. I rather look upon the introduction of dent, I think some work is being done now by n number of peo­ the commission as simply a tub . to the whale, simply a sop to ple in different' States of the Union, and it can not help but be those who have been insisting upon divided authority, for there an advantage to Mr. Hoover to al]pw the President to select two is not attached to the commission a single duty, n single au­ persons who are qualified to assist him in carrying out the pro­ thority, by virtue of the law itself. The language of the pro­ visions of this bill. posed amendment is that the commission "shall perform such I believe, as the Senator from South Carolina [Mr. SMITH] duties in carrying out the purposes of this act as the President said, that the board ought to have on it one farmer, who knows shall direct." If he does not care to direct the commission to _all about the details of the raising of wheat, its cost, aningle person or through n commission? If called upon to Senator from Oregon. 1917: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 5265

Mr. J"ONES of Washington. · I .ask for the yeas and nays. The' VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment to the amendment 1\Ir. HARDING. I $hould like to ha-ve tha amendment to the will be stated. amendment stated. The SECRETARY. After the word " gasoline " it is proposed to The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will state the amend­ insert ~'-iron, steel, copper, and· aluminum." . ment to the amendment. Mr. NEWLANDS. 1\Ir. President, I believe that the original The SECRET.AJtY. It is proposed to strike out all after the bill, as amended, included too ma.ny products. I belieTe that words "he is further authorized and directed to appoint," in the amendment now offered by the Senator from Oregon as a line 18, page 2, of the amendment, and insert : substitute does not include enough, and I think it should include a 1'ood administrator at an annual salary of $7,500, payable monthly, iron, steel, aluminum, and copper. • to perform such duties ln carrying out the purposes of this act as the When I had the floor before I presented the fact that these President shall direct. Said food administrator shall hold ofii.ce at the pleasurt> of the President during the -continuance of the war. industries of copper, iron, steel, and aluminum were practiC'al monopolies-not, perhaps, monopolies in the iegal sense. but Mr. J"ONES of Washington. I ask for the yea."~ and nays. The yeas and nays were ordered, and the Secretary proceeded practical monopolies in the sense that these large indu tries to call the roll. were conducted by a very few great corporations that practicnlly 1\fr. FLETCHER (when his name was called). :Making the controlled the industry, and whose voice .in the indusb·y was same announcement of my pair and its transfer as heretofore, omnipotent. I called attention to the fact that these produrts I vote "nay." were essential to the successful prosecution of the war; that Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN (when his name was called). I have they all entered into the make-up of munitions of war. I al o a general pair with the junior Senator from Montana [Mr. pointed out the fact that they are basic material's. related to WALSH], which I transfer to the senior Senator from Maine almost every other form of pr·oduction, and Without which few [Mr. FERNALD] and vote "nay." forms of production can be successf"ULIY condu~ted. I also Mr. l\1cCUl\1BE.R (when his name was called). I have a pointed out the fact that, though the e great industries had generaJ pair with the senior Senator from Colorado [1\!r. been mobilized at Washington under the sanction of the law THOMAS]. The junior Senator from Wyoming [1\Ir. KENDRICK] which provides for the Council of National Defense and the bas a pair with the senior Senator from New 1\Iexico [1\Ir. FALL]. advisory commission, and although they are repre entecl by the We have arranged that the Senator from Colorado and the Sen­ great chiefs of industry who ought to have breadth of vi~ion, ator from New 1\Iexico may stand paired, allowing the Senator they have failed to realize their opportunity in making a reason­ from Wyoming and myself to vote. This announcement may able price for the Government and a ren~onable price for the stand for the day. I vote "nay." public, and that in pursuing these skyrocket prices they were 1\fr. REED (when his name was called). Making the same raising the price level so high that an effort would be madE> to -transfer of my pair as on the last vote, I vote "na.y." raise the wage level throughout the' country in order to corre· Mr. TILLMAN (when hjs name was called). Transferring spond with it, and that that would mean continual unrest, mn­ my pair witb the senior Senator from West Virginia [Mr. GoFF] tention, and strife--civil war-whilst we are engaged in the to the Senator from Arkansas [1\fr. KnmY), I vote "nay." supreme contention abroad. Mr. V ARDA.l\IAN (when his name was called). I have a I contend, Mr. President, that in view of the~e facts it i es­ general paid with the junior Senator from Idaho [rt1r. BRADY], sential tbut the heavy hand of the Government should be laid I transfer that pair to the senior Senator from California upon these Industries; that if there are industries whirh in [Mr. PHELAN] and vote" nay." time of stress can be called public necessities and which require The roll call was concluded. public regulation, these are tlw industries. I have called atten· l\1r. MYERS. I inquire if the Senator from Connecticut tion to the fact that the cont:I'bl of the e industries is in a few [Mr. McLEAN] has . voted? · hands, that there need not be a confusion <>f counsels, that they The VICE PRESIDENT. He bas not. have the ability to survey the situation and the power to meet Mr. MYERS. I have a pair with that Senator, whi<>h I trans­ it, and that they have failed of tbeir opportunity. fer to the Senator from Missouri [Mr. STONE] and vote "yea." Mr. President, t1iey are even more culpable than the coal pro­ Mr. CALDER. I have a general pair with the junior Senator duc~s of the count;rsr; for we know that the proouction of from Rhode Island [Mr. GERRY], but 1 am at liberty to vote on bituminous coal is in the hands of myriad men, unable to have all matters connected with this bill. I therefore vote" nay." a common mind upon any ~mbject, whereas these men are o Mr. SUTHERLAND (after having voted in the negative). I thoroughly bound together and so few in number t]lat it is easy have a general pair with the junior Senator from Kentuck7 for them to reach a conclusion. The coal industry lost its oppor­ [Mr. BECKHAM]. I am advised that, if present, the Senator tunity, in my judgment; for whil~t osten ibly it loweretl the would vote " nay " on this question, and I therefore permit my price from $5.50 to $3 a ton, the operators ignored the fact that vote to stand. that was doubling the price of less than $1.50 a ton a year ago; Mr. BORAH. I desire to announce the absence of my col­ and so they failed to meet their opportunity, though they met league [Mr. BRADY] on account of illness. I will permit this it in better form than the chiefs of these other industries. statement to stand for the day. 1\Ir. President, I do not wish to load down this bill. but I do The result was announced-yeas 10, nays 63, as follows: insist that if there are necessaries, tl!e e are necessaries ; that YEAS-10. if there is need of Government intervention anywhere. it is Borah King. Pcmerene Willla.ms. nece sary here; that not only the wants of the Government and Johnson, Cal. McNary Shafroth of the public require it, but the safety of our country at the Jones, Wash, Myers Townsend conclusion of the war. If, as the result of skyrocket price~ to NAYS--63. which we s.urrender these industrie~ now, wage levels are rai~ed Ashurst Hale .McKellar Smith, Ga. throughout the country, we will find at the end of the war that Bankhc>ad Harding Martin Smith, Md. BrandPgee Hardwick Nelson Smith, s. c. we will have a wage level far beyond that of any other com­ Broussard Hitchcock New Smoot peting country, and that in the world's markets our prorluct , Calder Hollis Norris SterUng produced by higher-paid labor, can not meet the products of ChamberlaiD Busting Overman Sutherland Colt James Page Swanson other countries, and that upon our own soil the products of CnlbPrson Johnson, S.Dak. Penrose 'l'homp.son cheaper labor from abroad will di place the products of our own Cummins Jones. . N. Mex. Pittman Tillman country. Curtis Kellogg Poindexter Trammell Dillingham Kendrick Ransdell Underwood Any economist ought to vlew this conrlition with apprehfm. ion FIPtcher Kenyon Reed Vardaman and alarm, and particularly the intelligent men who control France Knox Sheppard . Wadsworth t:tese great industries, and who ought to have sufficient breadth Frelinghuysen La Follette Sherman Watson Gore I.odge Shields Wolcott of vision and sufficient knowledge of economic laws to realize Gronna McCumber Smith, Ariz. that this is no time to impose either upon the Government or NOT VOTING-23. upon the country exaggerated prices for the products which tlwy &ckham Goff Owen Stone control; and that a wise statesmanship, not only in the interPSt Brady Hughes Phelan Thomas of the country, but in the interest of the commodities theffi.qelves, Ij'au Kirby Robinson Walsh Fernald Lewis Saulsbury Warren demands that there l!lhould be an immediate naming of a fair Gallinger McLean Simmons Weeks and reasonable price for their commodities, both to the Govern4 Gerry Newlands Smith, Mich. ment and to the public. So Mr. SHAFROTH's amendment to Mr. CHAMBERLAm's amend­ Mr. President, I think it essential that the prices to tbe public ment was rejected. should be the same as they are to the Government. It is just The VIOE PRESIDENT. The question recurs on the amend- as necessary, as I stated this morning, that we should bHve ment of the Senator from Oregon. · a strong Nation as it is that we should have a strong Army. Mr. NEWLANDS. Mr. President, I offer an amendment ·to We must have our people well fed and well clothed and well the amendment, which I send to the desk~ equipped if we wish to sustain a well-fed and well-clothed and 5266 .. CONGRESS!ON AJJ RECORD-.SENATE. JULY 19,

well-equipped Army, and mooopoly shoulU not be allowed to im­ before Congress meets again; or, after it does meet, ·before we press its power either upon the public or upon the Gover.nment must put in five or six weeks in discussing another bill . . itself. This does not touch anything that is in this substitute al­ Mr. President, the captains of industry in this country have it ready, but it leaves the things not mentioned in the bill entirely in their power to so adjust their prices as to avoid the applica­ in the hands of the President when the need is presented. · tion of the governmental .forces which are now being sum­ I liope that the amendment may be adopted, and I ask for tlle moned to regulate them. They deplore the tendency to State yeas and nays upon it. socialism, but if State socialism comes it will be because they Mr. KING. 1\fr. President, I shall not vote for the amendment have failed to meet the issue of the hour by a wise and states­ offered by the Senator from Wisconsin, although much might be manlike maintenance of reasonable price levels. I ask for the said in support of the same. Because of the extortionate prices • yeas and nays upon the amendment, Mr. President. alleged to have been charged by middlemen and speculators in The yeas and nays were ordered, and the Secretary proceeded foodstuffs, a demand was made upon Congress to enact a food­ to call the roll. control bill. The view seemed to be that prices could be fixed 1\lr. FLETCHER (when his name was called). Making the by a commission created by Congress that would reduce the same announcement of my pair and its transfer as before, I vote prices of food products to the consumer. The contention is now "nay." - made that it is improper to control the products of the farm, 1\fr. FRELINGHUYSEN (when his name was called). I unless the Government shall .regulate the commodities which make the same announcement as before regarding my pair and the farmer requires, and it is suggested that steel and farm vote" nay." implements, as well as a great variety of commodities, shall be Mr. REED (when his name was called). Making the same subjected to governmental control and regulation. transfer as on the las~ roll call, I vote "yea." - . I have never been an advocate of the theory of price fixing upon 1\Ir. SUTHERLAND (when his name was called). I have a the part of the Government. It has proven unsatisfactory and general pair with the junior Senator from Kentucky [l\Ir. BECK­ futile whenever practiced and is reminiscent of outworn fbrms HAM]. As be is absent, -I withhold my vote. If at liberty to of legislation. The law of supply ancl demand and legitimate vote, I would vote "yea." and proper competition have l;>een the accepted formula in the l\fr. TILLMAN (when his name was called). I transfer my economic world for more than 100 years. It is possible that great pair with the senior Senator from West Virginia [Mr. Gm'F] to concentration of capital and the development of monopoly, not the junioL· Senator from Arkansas [Mr. KIRBY] and vote "nay." only in production but in transportation, may in part nullify the l\1r. VARDAMAN (when his name was called). Making the beneficent law of competition and lead to governmental regula­ same transfer as before, I vote " yea." tion, which in the end will terminate in State socialism. I believe The roll call having been concluded, the result was an­ this bill, if enacted. into law, will prove a disappointment and nmmced--yeas 27, nays 50, as ·follows: will fail to ~ realize the expectations of its proponents. I wns YEAS-27. interested in the contention of the Senator from Nevada [ :.\l r. Borah Rusting McNary Shields NEWLANDS], who called attention to the exorbitant a ml £'X­ Cummins Johnson, Cal. Nelson Sterling tortionate prices being charged by the steel companies, the coal, Curtis Jones, Wash. Newlands Thompson aluminum, and other organizations producing things which are France Kellogg Norrts Townsend Gor e Kenyon Reed Trammell necessities in our civilization. He called attention to their failure Gronnu La Follette Sheppard Vardaman to respond to the needs of the people and to measure up to the Hitchcock McCumbe-r Sherman standards of patriotic duty. I did· not vote for the Senntm·'s NAY~-50. amendment, although there is much to be said in favor of tlre Ashurst Hardwick Myars Smith, S.C. proposition that if you control the products of the farm by Bankhead Hollis New Smoot .• f governmental legislation there should be regulation of <.;Li act· Brandegee James Overman Stone Broussard Johnson, S.Dak. Page Swan on .. ! :: commodities required by the farmer as well as by the public Calder Jones, N.Mex. !>en rose TiUmail generally. But I am so averse to governmental regulation :1 nd Cl nmberlain Ker:drick Poindexter Underwood ,,, the intrusion of the Government of its power into private enter­ Colt King Pomerene Wadsworth Culberson Knox Ransdell - warren _.l, prises that I felt constrained to vote against the motion. It · Dillingham Lewis Shafroth Watson rj may be, before thts war is over, that the Government will be Fletche: Lodge Simmons Williams '~ compelled to lay its heavy hand upon many activities and con­ Frelingbuysen McKellar Smith, Ariz. Wolcott Hale McLean Smith, Ga. trol the business of many corporations and individu a l ~ . B ow­ Harding Martin Smith, Md. ever, I think I speak the sentiments of some Senators when I NOT VOTING-19. say that the corporations referred to by the Senator from Kevada B€ckbum Gerry 'Phelan Sutherland · • and which were included within his amendment and tho e re­ Brady Goff Pittman Thoma::; ferred to in the committee's original amended bill neetl not Fall Hu~hes Robinson Walsh Fernald Kiroy Saulsbury Weeks conclude that their extortionate prices and their unjustifiable Gallinger Owen Smith, Mich. • profiteering will be condoned or approved. They will be remem­ So 1\fr. NEWLANDs's amendment to Mr. CHAMBERLAIN's amend- bered when the revenue bill comes up for consideration. And, ment was rejected. _ speaking for myself, if not for others, there will be a di SiJOsi­ 1\'lr. BUSTING. Mr. President, I offer an amendment, which tion to require them to put into the Treasury of the United , I ask to have read. States the gigantic sums which they have wrongfully extorted . The PRESIDING OFFICER. The amendment will be stated. from the people. It is to be regretted that, in this war period, '.fhe SECRETARY. On page 2, line 6, ~fter the words" kerosene there should be a purpose upon the part of so many to exact and gasoline," it is proposed to insert the following: . from the GQvernment, our allies, and our people prices that are .. And, upon a finding by the President that a necessity exists therefor, not only abnormally high ·but such as can be properly denomi­ such other things of whatever kind, nature, or description as the Presi- nated extortionate. dent from time to time shall include by proclamation. · This bill is in the natul"e of a compromise, as I unuerstanu it, l\lr. BUSTING. Mr. President, I fully appreciate that the and, while I do not approve of many of its provisions aml am situation as to food, fuel, and feed is the most acute, and yet not satisfied with its general plan, I shall support it in the end. there is no question in my mind that before long many other The VICID PRESIDENT. The question is on the amendment things will have to be, and some now ought to be, included of the Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. B u sTING ] to the amendment which will appear just as immediately necessary as these things of the Senator from Oregon [Mr. CHA~rBEBLAI 1 1. designated in the bill. 11-Ir. BUSTING. On that I call for the yeas and nays. I do not know whether we are going to have a recess of Con­ The yeas and nays were ordered. gress or not; but we may ha\e a recess, and emergencies may The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will call the roll. arise when it will be entirely essential~yes, indispensable­ The Secretary called the name of Mr. AsHURST, and he an- that this law shall apply to other commodities besides · the swered in the negative. things mentioned in the bill. I went into this matter yesterday Mr. SHAFROTH. Mr. President, I should like to have the at some length, and I do not propose to repeat what I said amendment stated. then; but I want to say that for the reasons there stated, and The VICE PRESIDENT. The roll call has begun, anu a re- for the reasons I now state, it seems to me that this amendment sponse has been made. . ought to be adopted, so that at least during the recess and until The Secretary resumed the calling of the roll. another bill can be enacted in place of it designating other com­ 1\fr. FLETCHER (when his name was called). I make tile modities that shall be put within the control of the Government same h·ansfer of my pair as before, and I vote "nay." in the same manner and to the same effect as these others we Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN (when his name was called) . . I shall have some power in the hands of the President wherepy make the same announcement as on the. former vote of the we can regulate things that we may need .to have regul~ted . transfer of my pair with _tl~e Senator from New Jersey [~r. 1917~ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .. 5267

HUGHES] to the Senator from Maine [Mr. FERNALD] and vote NOT VOTiNG-19. "nay." Brady Gerry Phelan Thomas Fall Goff Robinson Tillman Mr. SUTHERLAND (when his name was called). I have a Fernald Harding Saulsbury Underwood general pair with the junior Senator from Kentucky ·[MI.·. BECK­ Frellnghuysen Hughes Smith, Mich. Walsh u.nx] and withhold my vote. Gallinger Kirby Stone Mr. SHAFROTH (when Mr. THOMAs's name was called). I So Mr. BoRAH's amendment to the· amendment was rejected. t1esire to announce the unavoidable absence of my colleague :Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, we have now reached the [Mr. THoMAs] on account of illness. point I presume where we are going to vote on the substitute 1\lr. VARDAMAN (when his name was called). I have a gen­ o1rered by the Senator from Oregon [Mr. CHAMBERLAIN] to sec­ eral pair with the junior Senator from Idaho [Mr. BRADY]. In tion 1 of the blll. For several days the Senate gave attention hi absence I withhold my vote. to section 1 of the bill. It is quite an important section. As 1\Ir. POMERENE. I desire to announce that the Senator from it came from the House it referred to foods, feeds, and fue't, Delaware [1\fr. SAULSBURY] is detained on important business. and articles required for their production. The Senate Com· The roll call having been concluded, the result was announced­ mittee on Agriculture, after a great deal of deliberation added yeas 15, nays 58, as follows: several things to the articles enumerated by the House. The YEAS-15. Senate again after two or three days' debate and consideration Borah Johnson, Cal. Kenyon Nelson of the section added several more provisions. All these were Cummins Johnson, S.Dak. La Follette Pittman Gronna Jones, Wash, McCumber Thompson - added after unlimited debate, after full consideration, and, I Hustlng Kellogg McNary think, without exception upon a roll call of the Senate, at leal'it NAYS-58. many of them were put on by a yea-and-nay vote, until when Ashurst Harding New Smith, Md. the Senate got through with the section the Senate had added Bankhead Hardwick Norris Smlth, S.C. petroleum and its products, steel and iron and their products, Brandegee Hitchcock Overman Smoot .Broussard .Ho111s Owen Sterling• copper and Its products; hemp, jute, sisal, and their products; Calder James Page Stone lead, timber, lumber, farm implements and machinery, and fer­ Chamberlain Jones, N. Mex. Penrose Swanson tilizers. These things were added, as will be disclosed by an Colt Kendrick Poindexter Townsend Culberson King Pomerene Trammell examination of the RECORD giving the debates, on the theory Curtis Knox Ransdell Wadsworth that if we were' going to control the products of the farm we Dillingham Lewis Sbafroth Warren ought to give to the same authority in the same law the control Fletcher Lodge Sheppard Watson France McKellar Sherman Williams of the things that the farmer has to buy. Frelinghuysen McLean Simmons Wolcott I call your attention, 1\ir. President, to the fact that if a mini­ Gore Martin Smlth, Ariz. mum price is fixed in accordance with this or any other law Hale Myers Smith, Ga. on any of the products of the farm one of the consid, hut we to ask if the junior Senator from Alabama [1\fr. UNDERWOOD] do not control them in this bill. I am in favor of· controlling has voted? these things and having them controlled by law, but I am going The VICE PRE'SIDENT. He has not. to vote to take them out of control in this bill." Some Senators Mr. HARDING. I withdraw my vote, being paired with that argue, and perhaps have made themselves believe, that the bill Senator. is going to be defeated if that is not done. I want to "ay to you, l\lr. POMERENE. I desire to announce that the Senator Mr. President, that the bill will lose more supporters by con­ from Delaware [Mr. SAULSBURY] is detained on important busi­ fining the bill to a conh·ol of what the farmer produces and not ness. · including in the same bill and in the same law the things that he has to buy than it will by any other feature of the bill. As The result was announced-yeas 27, nays 50, as follows: a matter of economy, for the minimum price which I presume YEAS-27. will be fixed on one or more of the products of the farm we Borah llusting Nelson Shields ought to control the things that those who produce tho~e articles Cummins Johnson, Cal. New Sutherland have to buy. We ought to regulate them. 'Ve ought not to Curtis .Jones, Wash. Norris Townsend France 1 Owen Trammell submit the farmer to control with his product and c&mpel him Gore ~~ i?o1fette Reed Vardaman to pay what may be asked for what he has to produce. Mark Gronna McCumber Sheppard Watson you, Mr. President, if we do, the men who fix the minimum price llit<'hcock McNary Sherman will have to fix it higher, and it will mean a great deal of NAYS-50. possible expenditure of public funds, in my judgment, if that Ashurst Ho11is Myers Smith, Md. course ~ pursued. Bankhead James Newlands Smith, S.C. Beckham Johnson, S. Dak. Overman Smoot First, it seems to me to be a rna tter of common justice that Brandegee Jones, N. Mex. Page Sterling if we are going to control the output of the farm we ought in Broussard Kendrick Penrose Swanson the same way, by the same machinery, under the same law. bY. Calder Kenyon Pittman Thompson the same power, control the things that the farmer has to buy, Chamberlain King Poiudexter Wadsworth Colt Knox Pomerene Warren to see that he is not fleeced in that direction; and then as a Culberson Lewis Ransdell Weeks matter of economy we ougbt all to be interested jn having a Dillingb:nn Sbafroth Williams minimum price that will be fair, that will not be too high, be­ Fletcher ~~1f:llar :::limmons Wolcott Hale McLean Smith, Ariz. cause under the regulations of this bill that will probably be­ Hardwick Martin Smith, Ga. .. come the real price. If we do not take any control of the pro_d- 5268 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. JULY 19, ucts that the farmer ·must buy', knowing that he is going to pay, discriminatory and unfpir or wa..<~tefut,'• be "shall order such as has already been shown to-day, from 100 • to 600 per cent licensee, within a reasonable time fixed in the o'rder,'• to make it aclvance for those things, we must know that that means an in­ .just and reasonable; and if the licensee shall refu.c;e to do so, he creased minim'nm price. if we want to stlmll\ate production. can take away their license. In other words, I understand that because the object of fixing a minimum price is to stimulate this provides for a regulation of all the charges for farm imple­ production. ments; for instance, for fertilizer, and so forth. and that by this The world is short of food and we all concede that we- want to provision the farmer is protected. Has the .Senator from N e­ increase the yield particularly of wheat. perhaps in time other braska examined that? .things, and if we fix a minimum price with a view of stimu­ - Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, I will say to the Senator, in lating production it must be so high that it will be profitable. the .first place. that it is limited, as the Senator has noted, to That profit is affected by what it costs to produce the crop. It articles of interstate commerce, which has nothing to do with is affected by what the farmer pajs for his farm machinery. the price. That you ha•e taken out from regulation. It is affected by what 1\lr. JONES of Washington. If they can regulate the profit, the farmer in some localities-not in mine, but in a great many it seems to me that necessarily would regulate the price. localities-has to pay for fertilizers. That has increasoo 600 Mr. NORRIS. The profit. of a factory? per cent in cost. That is now excluded by this proposed amend-, Mr. JONES of Washington. Yes. ment of the leaders, and so on through everything that the Mr. NORRIS. Where does the Senator get that? farmer bas to buy. l\1r. JONES of Washington. The print says on page 9: But, l\lr. Pre:o::ident, if we fix a minimum price that is re­ Whenever the President shall find that any storage charge, commis· munerative--and none other will be any good-if we fix a mini­ sion, profit, or practice---- - mum price that is profitable--and none other will accomplish any 1\fr. NORRIS. Weil, certainly a storage charg~ or a regula­ increase of production-we must take all these things into con­ tion of a storage charge on farming implements, for instance. siueration. It is not nece~c;ary to say, as has been said by· would :!JOt accomplish anything. · one Senator, that when we come to the revenue bill we shall 1\fr. JO:NES of Washington. I know that; but the word increase the taxes on the ste£>1 men and on the fertilizer men, for "profit,'! as I ttnderstancl, is what they claim will give thP Pre!'i­ that will not ail'~ct the minimum price which we will have to fix dent power to regulate the charges which shall be made to the for thE> farmer to regulate the procluction of food in this country. farmer, because they can regulate the profits made in factories. It seems to me, therefore. Mr. President, since we come to this I notice this peculiar phraseology in connection with coal : test between the substitute, that takes all the things that the Fifth. Any person operating a <'oal mine Producing coal, and any farmer has to buy out of the bill, and the bill as we once fixed it person dealing In coal, which enters into interstate or foreign com· after deliberate and candid consideration and judgment. that merce- Senators ought to he itate before they vote now in accordance That would catch the retailer as well as the man who oper­ with the demands of the. e leaders who have. wisely or unwisely, ates the mine; but with refPrence to farming implements, it as the case may be, taken all these things out from the control only touches the per on operating the factory and does not go of the bilL to any person dealing in farming implements. The PRESIDING OFFICER {1\!r. AsHURST in the chair). Mr. NORRIS. Does the Senator from Washington desire my The Senator from Nebraska will pardon the Chair. The Sen­ judgment on that? ator's time has expired. Mr. JQNES of Washington. Yes; I do. Mr. JONES of 1Vashington. Mr. President, I want to a.c;k the Mr. NORRIS. A factory manufacturing, for instance, farm Senator from Nebra.o;;ka a question. and he can answer it in my implements could sen them at a profit to a subsidiary corpora­ time. It bas been suggested to me, by, I suppose, some of the tion of not to exceed oae-half of 1 per cent, and they could leaders, that this matter is largely taken care of in another dispose of them then to a dealer from that corporation at a amenrtmPnt which these leaders have prepar~d. and whkh I profit of 2,000 per cent. suppose they expect to submit, but which they have not referred Mr. JONES of Washington. Suppose we should insert in this to apparently in this debate. That is found on page 7. It pro­ language here-- po~es to strike out all of section 5 and to insert in lieu thereof a Mr. NORRIS. Let me say further, while I am on the question, provision with rPference to licensing all kinds of business. Un­ that if this section to which the Senator refers would regulate der this they provide that "the President is hereby authorized· and prevent e:xhorbitant prices being paid by the farmer, then to give a license," and so forth, "to any person operating an why not regulate them all in that way? Why not excluue every­ elevator "-- thing and put it into this section, if that is going to regulate Mr. NORRIS. From what page is the Senatur reading? prices? I am not talking against that provision or of thE> pro· Mr. JONES of Washington. From page 8 of the committee · posed amendment. There is something similar in the bill, and print, which .embodies all of the amendments which our leaders I think that is an important thing and ought to be in it, but it have prepared. certainly will not save the farmer from the payment of exhorbi· Mr. NORRIS. It is not a committee print. tant prices. Mr. JONES of Washington. Yes; it is a committee print. Mr. JONES of Washington. Suppose we should insert in line That is what it is called. 18, after the word "machinery,'' the words "and any person Mr. NORRIS. Those amendments are not reported by the dealing in farm implements or machinery "? committee. I will say to the Senator. Mr. NORRIS. On wltat page does t:he Senator suggest that Mr. JONES of Washington. No; but they bav~ got the com- amendment? mittee to have them printed. , Mr. JONES of Washington. On page 8, in line 18, so that Mr. NORRIS. They had to use some committee stationery, It would provide a regulation not only of the person operating then, to· print them? the fa~tory but of the person dealing in farm implements-for Mr. JO!'lES of Washington. They have hart access evidently instance, the retailer. Does not the Senator think that that tu the committee room, although I understand they are not mem­ wonld help it considerably? bers of the committee. Mr. NORRIS. It might, although my opinion is merely given Mr. NORRIS. Some of them probably are members of the offhand, just having the matter called to my attention. I hnve committee. It would not do to say that there are no leaders not given it any consideration. on the committee. . 1\lr. HARDING. Mr. President, it has occurred to me, after Mr. JONE~ of Wa~hington. Oh, well, I thought the place of listening to the remarks of my di~tinguished nPighbor from the committee itself had been taken by these Senators. Nebraska [1\lr. NORRIS], who has referred SO frequently to the l\1r. NORRIS. That is probably true; but I snppose that in leaders, and at the same time listening interestedly, as I have, some way they got some of the committee stationery, printeu the to those who do not assume that quality, that perhaps it would proposed amendments on that stationery, and headed it "Com­ be well for a " neutral " to speak. I can not quite describe mittee Print." the impression that has been maue upon my mind by listening l\lr. JONES of Wa~hington. On page 8 they provide for a to the debate on this bill. I nave been wondering what one license, and in lin£> 17 it reads: who is disinterested would say of the discussion in the Uniteil. Fourth. Any person opeL·ating a factory which produces farm imple­ States Semite--whether we were debating warfare between ments or machinery whlch enter into interstate or foreign commerce. selfish interests in the United States or whether we were debat­ Then- ing means of ftu·thering the defense of our common country. Sixth. Any person engaged in producing, selling, or hnndlin.g fertilizer I come from a neutral State, 1\Ir. Presiuent. Ohio is both or fertilizer Ingredients- ~ industrial and agricultural. I am not sure but that we are the Without taking time to read further we find that "whenever third or forth corn .State in the Union. We raise half ti.S much the President shall find that any storage charge. commission, wheat as North Dakota; we rate about the third in quantity profit, or practice of any llcen.See is unjust or unreasonable or of oats produced in any State in the Union, and unless the ., .-

CONGRESSIONA:.L -RECORD-·· SENATE. 5269

weather man interferes very much with our harvest, .we are .NEWLANDS] talking about the extreme necessity of a well-fed going to make the most splendid contribution of wheat this year and well-cared-for people. Well, in a sense that is a very agree­ that the State has ever made to the bread supply of the Nation. able thing to say, but if I could fix a condition to strengthen the So I am a " neutral," Mr. President, as between the agricul­ fiber of the citizenship of the United States of America I would turist, on the one hand, and the industrial brother on the other; prescribh some self-denial ; and I want to put the prediction in and, oddly enough, I know a little something about farming. I my remarks now that the nation which comes to the fore in have followed the cradle, Senators, with the rake, when wheat the great reorganization and reconstruction of the social fabric sold for 40 cents a bushel. That was in the day when farming and the industrial world after peace comes again*will be the was something of a contest for subsistence. In this latter day nation which has taught itself some self-denial, some economy. farming has become an occupation for profit; and I happen to and thrift in its ~very-day affairs. know that, under normal conditions, dollar wheat makes it a The greatest difficulty with the United States of America-­ Yery profitable occupation-perhaps not to the farmer who The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Ohio will farms the farmers, but it is to the farmer who farms a farm; pardon the Chair. The Senator's time- and I make bold, l\Ir. President, to say now that the regulation 1\lr. HARDING. I want to say this, Mr. President : The of the price of wheat will indirectly operate to regulate the price greatest difficulty with the United States of America is that we of all farm products, and that is exactly what this bill is ain1ed have lived according to extravagant standards; we boasted them. to do or it ought not to be a pending proposal before this body. It was a peculiarly American development. Nobody has been It is not a discrimination, Mr. President, against the Ameri­ willing to preach that we ought to modify somewhat our style can farmer. I ,said a moment ago I represent an agricultural of living. If I could have my way, Mr. President, I would go State. I have not received 20 protests from farmers against th~ back to the good old simple days of the fathers, and if we - pas~age of this proposed regulatory measure. The Ohio farmer could do that we would solve, naturally and effectively, the who is promised $1.75 for his wheat will be reasonably content. problem that this Congress is now trying to solve inside of 60 If the Congress desires to put a higher price on wheat and days, with the law that we have already enactea providing maintain the relative cost of .bread for the American industrial against the export of foodstu1is from this country. worker, it must of necessity provide for a higher compensation Mr. SHEPPARD. Mr. President, one of the results of the for that workman. adoption of the substitute will be to take cotton out of the bill. Of course, Mr. President, I should like to have it understood I voted to include cotton in the bill on a former occaSion be­ in the beginning that I am not much in sympathy with any cause I believed that it was so fundamental a necessity that feature of this bill, certainly not with the principles involved. it \vas entitled to the protection and the privileges of the bill, I accept it as a matter of necessity in a time of war. I think it and that the possibility of the recurrence of a disaster to cotton is the entering wedge to the establishment of the socialized like that of 1914 ought to be prevented. It has become evident, state; and I have opposed pending amenuments suggesting the however, that the bill can not be passed, or that its passage will inclusion of iron and steel and their products and numerous be seriously imperiled, with the retention of cotton in the meas­ other necessities that the American farmer must buy, because I ure, and I shall support the substitute. think the regulation of the price of the great necessity, flour, The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. AsHURsT in the chair). is the most that we need do in this trying hour, and it is the The question is on the substitute proposed by the Senator from least step toward the socialized state. Oregon [Mr. CHAMBERLAIN]. ' I know how Senators feel; I have listened with a great deal Mr. NORRIS. On that I ask for the yeas and nays. of interest, and with mixed impressions, to discussions in regaru The yeas and nays were ordered, and the Secretary proceeded to the suspension of constitutional powers. Well, Mr. President, to call the roll. that suspension, if it were not unseemly to say it, began last Mr. CALDER (when his name was called). I have a general year in this body when the United States Congress undertook pair with the junior Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. GERRY], to fix a· wage rate in this country. I refer to the passage of the but I am at liberty to vote on this measure. Therefore I vote Adamson law. 'Vhen we established that principle .and the "yea." United States Supreme Court gave its assent, we laid the first l\Ir. FLETCHER (when his name was called). Making the stone in the structure of the socialized State; and .it is impor­ same announcement of my pair and its transfer, I vote" yea." tant to say at this hour that while we are- making the worlu Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN (when his name was called). I safe for democracy we are going through the processes of revo- transfer my pair to the senior Senator from Maine [Mr. FER­ . lution or evolution that are very likely to leave the world a NALD] and vote" yea." socialized democracy. . Mr. REED (when his name was called). Making the same 'You need not be surprised thereat. In this tumult of the transfer as on the last roll call, I vote" nay." world, in this contest between pop:ular government and au­ Mr. VARDAMAN (when his name was called). Making the tocracy, in the great revolution in Russia and the hoped-for same transfer as heretofore, I vote "yea." revolution in Germany, there has come the inevitable contest The roll call having been concluded, the result was an­ between the toiling mass and those who have heretofore domi­ nounced-yeas 60, nays 16, as follows : nated society. It need not be surprising, therefore, to find slumbering beneath the surface in these United States the un­ YEAS-60. mistakable processes of revolution. I am not seeking to paint Ashurst Hardwick Myers Smith, Ga. Bankhead Hollls New Smith, Md. a pessimistic picture, but I have the strong conviction, Mr. Beckham J'ames New lands Smith, S.C. President, that in this year of 1917 we have much more to do Brandegee Johnson, S. Dak. Overman Smoot than to preserve the American Republic. We have the greater Broussar·d J'ones, N.Mex. Page Sterling Calder Kendrick Penrose Stone task of preserving the inherited institutions of the fathers. If Chamberlain Kenyon Pittman Swanson this body had adopted any one of the pending amendments in Colt King Poindexter Thompson whose behalf arguments have been made on this floor, we would Curtis Knox Pomerene •rrammell Dillingham Lewis Ransdell Vardaman have driven not one blJ.t many a wedge into the overturning Fletcher Lodge Saulsbury Wadsworth of the institutions we boast to-day. - Frelingh uysen McCumber Sbafroth Warren Yet, Mr. President, I recognize the necessity that grows out Gore McKellar Sheppard Watson Hale McLean Simmons Weeks of the exigencies of this world tumult. The toiling masses Harding Martm Smith, .Ariz. Williams of America can not live under our standards of living at the NAYS-16. present high cost of the necessities of life. If you could regu­ late the habits of men by statutory enactment, if Congress could Borah Hitchcock La Follette Reed Cummins Rusting McNary Sherman prescribe a little self-sacrifice and still more of thrift, then the France J'ones, Wash. Nelson Sutherland entire problem would solve itself. No Congress, no political Gronna Kellogg Norris Townsend party, no leadership can set aside the abiding laws of economics. NOT VOTING-20. You can not abolish the requirements of the law ~supply and Brady Gerry Owen Thomas demand; you can only temporize and avoid its effects. If I Culberson Goff Phelan Tillman could have my way I would say to the people of the United Fall Hughes Robinson Underwood States, " If there are things that seem to you too high, do not Fernald J'ohnson, Cal. Shields Walsh buy," and 1 we would soon solve the problem. That is one of Gallinger Kirby Smith, Mich. Wolcott the reasons why I very readily assented to the opposition to So Mr. CHAMBERLAIN's amendment in the nature of a substi­ putting in all these different produc'ts, iron and steel and other tute was agreed to. enwnerated necessities. Mr. GORE. l\Ir. President, I offer an amendment and ask to ·why, Mr. President, we are the most extravagant Nation on have it printed and lie on the table. the face of the earth. I listened a little while ago, with mucb The PRESIDli~G OFFICER. The amendment will be re­ respect and great interest, to the Senator from Nevada [Mr. · ceived, printed, and lie on the table. 5270 _CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY 19,

1\Ir. CHAMBERLAIN. 1\Ir. President, I desire to offer ·the shall be unlawful for any person to engage In any such business without having obtained said license and conforming to the rules and regula­ amendment to section 5, which I send to the desk and ask to have tions prescribed in connection therewith. Whenever the President shall read. have ,given said notice it shall be unlawful for any carrier to receive for The PRESIDING OFFICER. The amendment proposed by transpor-tation any of the foregoing enumerated products from any person who shall not have obtained the license herein authorized and the Senator from Oregon will be stated. provided t.or. The SEcnETA.RY. It is p-roposed to strike out all of section 5, and in lieu thereof to insert tbe following: In other words, the original bill covered all necessaries. The SEc. 5 . .That the President is authorized whenever in his judgment amendment, as submitted, limits the licensing feature. the national security and d~fe:nse will be thereby subserved, to require Mr. NELSON. l\1r. President, will the Senator yield for a the following per sons to take out licenses in such form and under such rules and rt>gulations as he may prescribe, to wit. First, any person question? operating an elevator or other storage facility used for the storing of Mr. CHMffiERLAIN. Yes. wheat whi<.h constitutes a part of interstate or fort>ign commerce ; Mr. NELSON. Why have you omitted from the storing pro­ second, an:v person oper.ating a cold-storage establishment for tbt> stor­ age of meat, poultry, or dairy products constituting a part. of inter­ vision corn and oats and limited it simply to wheat? I refer state or foreign commerce; third, any person operating a packing bouse to line 9 of page 8 of this substitute bill. The licensing only produ-cing meat o-r meat products whlcb enter into interstate or foreign relates to elevators storing wheat, not to those that store corn eommerce; fourth, any person operating a factory wWcb produces farm implements or m.achinery which enter into interstate or foreign com­ or oats. Why have you omitted those? merce; fifth, any person operating a coal mine producing coal, and any Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. I do not know that there was any person dealing in coal, which enters into interstate or foreign com­ particular purpose in it. Wheat is the principal food com­ merce; sixth, any person engaged in producing, storing, or handling fertilizer or fertllizt>r ingredients whlcb enter into interstate ot: foreign modity, and therefore wheat was specifically included. commerce ; sewnth, any person, not a retailer as defined in this section, 1\Ir. NELSON. Is not corn a food commodity, too? who shall engage in handlin.,.. any of the foregoing enumerated products. Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Yes; it is. Whenever tht> President ~ give notice that the foregoing persons, or any of them, shall be required to take out a license as herein provided, Mr. ~"'ELSON. Why should not corn be included? it shall bP unlawful for any person to engage in any ruch business 1\Ir. CHMIBERLAIN. Well, it might have been included, Mr. without having obtained said licens44and conforming to the rules and It it regulations prescribed in connection therewith. Whenever the PrPside.nt President. can be amended if the Senator thinks ought shall have given said notice it shall be unlawful for any carrier to to be. receive for transportation .any of the for(>g()ing enumerated products 1\Ir. NELSON. I suggest that the Senator amend it. from any person who shall not have obtained the license herein author­ Ized and provided for. WhP.n~ver the President shall find that any Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. I suggest that the Senator offer an storage chargel commission.- profit. or practice of any licensee is unjust, amendment. I have limited it to wheat in the portion of the or unreasonab e, or discriminatory and unfair or wasteful, and shall bill to which tbe Senator refers. order such llce-nsee, within a reasonable time ftxed in the order to ills­ continue the ame. unl"ss such order, which shall recite the facts found Mr. NELSON. I am not one of the leaders, so it would be is revoked o-r suspended, such licensee shall, within the time prescribed useless for me to offer it. 1n tht> order, discontinue sucb unjust, unreasonable, dlscnminatory, Mr. CH.A.l\IBERLAIN. Neither am I, I will say to the Senator. and unfair storage charge, commission, profit, or practice. The Presi­ dent, may, in lieu of any such unjust, unreasonable, discriminatory, and I am simply a worker in the ranks trying, as best I can, in a na­ unfair storage charge commission, profit, or practice, tlnd what is a tional crisis to reach a fair solution of a most difficult and ju t, reasonaule, nondiscriminatory. and fair storage charge, eommis­ puzzling question. I thought it best to confine it to wheat, as sion, profit, or practice, and in any proceeding brought in any court such order of the President shall be prima facie evidence. Any person did many Senators with whom I have conferred. If the Senate who, without a license issued pursuant to this section, knowingly en­ wants to change it or modify it in any way, of course the Senate gages in or carries on any bn iness for which a license is required under has the power to do it. I simply offer that as a substitute for this set:tion, or willfully tails or refuses to discontinue any unjust~ un­ reasonable, discriminatory, and unfair storage charge, commission, profit, section 5 of the bill as it stands; and I have no doubt that tbe or practice, in accordance with the requirement of an order issued under Senate, following its usual practice, will offer a great many this section, or any regulation p-rescribed under this section, or the amendments to it before the discussion ends. The suggestions officer or agent of any carrier who shaU knowingly receive for trans­ portation any such product from any person so required to take out which will be made in this Chamber will but -confirm my state· such license but wh-o sbaU have failed or refused to do so, or whose ment that the subject is a most difficult one to solve and adjust, / license shall have been revoked, shall, upon conviction thereof, be pun­ for no two Senators will entertain the same views upon it. ished by a fine not exceeding -$5,000 or by imprisonment tor not mor(> · than two years, or both : P1'0vided, That this section shall not apply 1\Ir. THOMPSON. Mr. President, I desire to call up my to any farmH, gardener, cooperative as_~ociation of farmers or gar­ amendment, to this section, if the original section has been per­ deners (including live-stock farmers), or other person with respect to fected so far as the acting chairman of the committee is con­ the products of any farm~ garden. or other l.and ownPd, leased, or cul­ tivated by him, nor to any retailer with respect to the retail huslness cerned. I will ask the Senator from Oregon, in charge of the actually conducted by him, nor shall anything in this section be con­ bill, whether he has amended the original section so far as he strued to authorize the fixing or imposition of a duty or tax upon any cares to have it amended'? If so, I desire to offer an amendm~nt article imported into or exported from the United States or any ~tate, Territory, or the District of Columbia: Pt·ovidea furth-er, That far the to the substitute. purposes of this act a retailer shall be deemed to be a person, copart­ Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. That is the only amendment I pro­ nership, firm, corporation, or associAtion not engaging in the wholesale posed to offer to the substitute, :Mr. Preside.Qt. I assumed that . business whose gross sales do not exceed $100,000 per annum. Senators would offer other amendments. l\1r. CHAl\fBERLAIN. 1\Ir. President, if the Senators fol­ 1\Ir. THOMPSON. 1\Iy amendment is to strike out the inter­ lowed the amendment which has just been read and compared state and foreign c9mmerce clause wherever it appears in this it with the section as it now stands in the bill as reported from section. I should Uke to have the amendment stated. the committee, they will find this essential difference: The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Secretary will state the Section 5 now provides that from time to time, " whenever amendment to the amendment. the President shall find it essential to license the importation, The SECRETARY. It is proposed to strike out the words " whicQ. exportation, manufacture, storage, mining, or distribution of constitutes a part of interstate commerce" where they appear any necessaries constituting a part of commerce with foreign twice in the amendment, and the words " which enters into in­ countries, or among the several States, including the several terstate or foreign commerce " where those words appear four Territories and the District of Columbia, in order to carry into times in tbe amendment, and all similar words wherever they effect any of the purposes of this act, and shall by proclamation may appear in said section or in said proposed amendment. so announce, no person shall, after a date fixed in the proclama­ Mr. THOMPSON. Mr. President, I offer this amendment tion, engage in business" unless he has a license for that pur­ and desire a vote upon it, because the matter proposed to be pose issued under the act. Now, in this proposed amendment stricken out has no place in a bill of this kind, and because, in that portion of section 5 has been stricken out and in lieu of it my judgment. it will interfere very greatly with the full oper· is inserted the following: ation ahd administration of the law as contemplated by the act. The President is authorized., whenever in his judgment the national It seems to have been the plan of those opposed to this bill security and defense will be thereby subserved, to require the following persons to take out licenses in such form and under such rules and to put in the bill as many objectionable things as they could r egulations as he may prescribe, to wit: First, any person operating to prevent its passage; and, failing in that, to put in the bill as an elevator or other storage facility used for the storing of wheat many things as possible to limit it in its operation. which constitutes a part of interstate or foreign commerce; second, any person operating a cold-storage establishment for the storage of meat, These clauses, in my judgment; are the most objectionable poultry, or dairy products constitntin~ a part of interstate or foreign of any in the bill, so far as the operation of the act is con­ commerce ; third, any person operatmg a packing house producing cerned. I am aware that there are some Senators who have meat or meat products which enter into interstate or foreign commerce; fourth, any person operating a factory which produces farm implements claimed tha.t this was necessary to make the act constitutional, or machln~>ry which enter into interstate or foreign commerce; fifth, but I do not believe that the constitutional lawyers who made any person operating a coal mine producing coal, and any person deal­ the argument wm seriousl~ contend that there is greater power ing in coal, which enters into interstate or fore-Ign commerce; sixth, any person engaged in producing storing, or handling fertilizer or fer- under the commerce clause of the Constitution than there is . tilizer ingredients which enter hlto interstate or foreign commerce; under the war power of the Constitution. sevent~ any person, not a retailer as defined in this section, who shall This is not an attempt. 1\Ir, President, to exercise the powers engage m handling any of the foregoing enumerated products. When­ ever the Pre ident shall give notice that the foregoing persons, ot any of Congress under the commerce clause of the Constitution. of them, shall be required to take out a license as herein provided, it There is no intention of that character, but it is purely and

I ,.

1917. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE~· 5271 simply, as stated on the face of the bill, and as every line of court says in Ste'wart v. Kahn : " The meas1ll'es to be taken in carry­ ing on war and to suppress Insurrection are not defined. The deL'ision the bill indicates, an exerc.ise of the war power, whleb is the of all such questions rests wholly in the discretion of tho:se to whom the greatest power we have under the Constitution, it having been substantial powers involved are confided by the Constitution. In the laid down fundamentally and by the highest court in this land latter case the power is not lfmtted to victories in the field and to the dispersion of the insurgent forces. It carries with it inherently the as to be absolutely without limitation, except, of course, ac­ power to guard against the tmmediate renewal ot the conflict and to coruing as: it may be modified by internationnllaw. remedy the evils which have arise-n :fr&m its rise and progress." It i not my purpose, Mr. President, to present a constitu· In the case of Stewart against Kahn (11 Wall., 493) these tional argument in the limited time I have this afternoon, but fundamental principles have been applied by the Supreme Co-urt I wish briefiy to review many of the authorities which have of the United States. They have so briefly and su<:cinctly stated been produced here, so that the minds of all may at least be ~e ~se that I desire to read this much of the opinion: at rest as to the constitutionality of the bill without these Congress is authorized to make all laws necessary and proper to carry clauses, and also to make the bill• better in its enforcement into eft'eet the granted powers. The measures to be taken in carrying within the object of the law. First, we have the case of Miller on war and to suppress insurrection are not defined. The decision of all such questions rests wholly in th~ discretion of those to whom the against The United States, reported in Eleventh Wallace, page substantial powers involved are confided by the Constitution. 268, where the Supreme Court held that the confiscation stat­ We have had a long line of authorities both from the funda­ ute passed during war times was constitutional, and where it mental law and the decisions of the higher courts sustaining laid down the doctrine that legislation founded upon the war this principle. powe~s-- We are here exercising the war power and not a single Mr. GORE. Mr. President-- authority has been produced which in any way contradicts the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Kan­ right of Congress to pass this law-without any limitation in sas yield to the Senator from Oklahoma? interstate commerce. Limiting it to interstate commerce raises Mr. TH01UPSON. I can not yield in the limited time I have. the question immediately as to all products as to whether they I would be glad to yield if I could do it with{)ut it bcing taken are to enter into interstate commerce or not, which is a needless out of my 10 minutes. controversy and throws a damper upon the enforcement of the Mr. GORE. I wish to remind the Senator that in the case law in the very outset. The party we aim to reach will dodge of Miller against the United States it was the confiscation of behind the interstate-commerce clause. the property of an enemy, not of a citizen. - These authorities show that Congress had passed these acts Mr. THOMPSON. But the court did lay down the proposi­ tion, and it is the law of this case, and the Senator can not pro­ strictly as a necessity of war, and whether the power was duce an authority of any higher court to the contrary, that the express or implied it made no difference as to their constitution­ war powers of the Government have no express limitation in ality. The life of the Nation was in jeopardy, as it is now, and the Constitution, and the only limitation to which their exer­ the doctrine of -self-preservation was resorted to to maintain it; cise is subject is the law of nations. In this same ease the Self-preservation is the first law of nature as well as the first proposition is laid down flatly: law of nations. The construction of the courts on the war power of Congress is in accordance with the old maxim., " Salus populi The Constitution confers . upon Congress expressly power to declare war, grnnt letters of marque and reprisal, nnd make rules respecting suprema lex "-the good of the people is the supreme law. captures on land and water. Upon the exercise of these powers no The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator's time has ex­ restrictions are imposed. Of course, the power to declare war involves pired. the power to prosecute it by all means and ln any manneY in which ?!Ir. war may be legitimately prosecuted. KNOX. Mr. President, I should like to make an inquiry of the Senator from Oregon in charge of the bill. I should like It is also held in this case : to ask him why this licensing provision is limited to the storing For it is evident that legislation iounded upon the war powers ol of such articles as will constitute a part of interstate or for­ the Government, and directt!d against the public enemies ot the United eign commerce. _What is the purpose in connection with that States, is subject to dltrerent considerntions and limitations from those applicable to legislation founded upon the municipal power of the Gov­ limitation? ernment and directed against crimmals. Leg,islation in the former case Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. The Senator will recall that in the is subject to no limitations, except such as are imposed by the law of Agricultural Committee there was a great diversity of opinion nations in the conduct of the war. • • • • The war powers of the Government bave no express Umitatlon in the amongst the members· of the committee as to whether it was Constitution, and the only limitation to which their exercise is subject necessary to confine it to interstate commerce. The committee is the law of nations. was fairly evenly divided, and when we reported out a bill, the We have heard read one of the leading cases which was re­ Senator will remember, there was a sort of a compromise reached ferred to by the distinguished Senator from New Hampshire under the terms of which one section of the bill omitted inter· [" 1r. HoLLIS], Luther v. Borden (7 How., 1), where the court state commerce and the other section included the words " inter­ lays down the principle that the constitutional guaranties state commerce." I myself do not believe that the bill is framed against search and seizure, two of the most vital rights of c.iti­ under the interstate clause of the Constitution. I believe it was zens, do not prevail under martial law, a form of c.ivil war. contemplated to have been framed, and the powers given under We have here the case of McCulloch against Maryland, which it are under the war-power clauses of the Constitution, but be· has been read 'So many times,_ reported in Fourth Wbeaton, cause there has been such a difl'erence of opinion among Sena­ where this principle is laid down by Chief Justice Marshall on tors on it, that was inserted. page 421: Mr. KNOX. I entirely agree with the Senator from Oregon,. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitu­ as I do with the argument just made by the Senator from Kan• tion- sas [Mr. THOMPSON], that we are not fighting this war under As it is in this case under the war power- the interstate-commerce clause of the Constitution, and if we and all the means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to were, section 4 of the bill should have had the limitation in the that end, which are not prohibited, but consistent with the letter and section now under consideration. I feared that the thought spirit ot the Constitution, are constitutional. might have been in the mind of some Senators, because the argu­ Then we had cited the celebrated Legal Tender cases, Knox v. ment has been advanced on this floor, that the only power we ;Lee and Parker v. Davis (12 Wall., 45), the National Bank have is under the interstate commerce power. I quote from an cases, and Willoughby on the Constitution, where the whole argument made upon the bill by the junior Senator from Georgia principle is summed up in section 715, which I desire to have [Mr. liABDWICK], some week or 10 days ago, who, having read made a part of my remarks, as I have not time to read It now. the fourth section of the bill, said that it applies to " the pro­ The constitutional power given to the United States to declare and visions of interstate and foreign commerce, which is the full wage war, whether foreign or civil, carries with it the authority to use all means calculated to weaken the enemy and to bring the struggle to limit of the power of Congress." I do not think the interstate a successful conclusion. When dealing with the enemy all acts that and foreign commerce clause of the Constitution of the United are- calculated to advance this end are legal. Indeed, the President States is the full limit of the power of Congress in a rase of in the exe!'eise simply of ills authority as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy may, unless prohibited by congressiona.I statute, com­ this kind. I think it has nothing whatever to do with this legis­ mit or authorize acts not warranted by commonly received principles lation. We are legislating, as the Senator ;from Kansas has well of international law, and Congress may l!y law authorize measures said, under the war power. To emphasize the opposite doch·ine which the courts must recognize as valid, even though they provide penalties not supported by the general usage of nations In 'the conduet the Senator from Georgia read section 4 of the bill which pro­ of war. Thus during the Civil War in certain ca es the provision by vides, for instance-- congressional statute for the confiscation of certain enemy property or That it Is hereby made unlawful for any J)€rso-n willfully to destroy land was enforced, though such confiscation was not in aeeordance with any necessaries r:or the purpose of enhancin.g the price or restricting the general usage of foreign States. the snpply thereo!r - - Even in dealing with its own loyal subjects, the powe:r to wage war enables the GoverJJment to override 'in many particulars private rights .He said that in a measure to prevent the destruction, for .in.:. which in time of peace are inviolable. stance. of· wheat or of corn or of food of any kind, or of steel The power to wage war carries with it the authoricy not onlJ to bring it to a full conclusion but, after the cessation of active mllliary or of any supplies which might be necessary for the Government, operations, to take measures to provide against its renewal. As the if it is done within a State it is beyond the reach of the FP.deral

- 5272 -CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE. JULY 19,

-Go\ernment to prevent such destruction; and that -any act, est business men in a free Republic. The power to license and or this act specifically, which was then under consideration as the power to revoke license is-the power of life aud

While ·r do not intend to move to strike out the I?aragrapb in The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Idaha this section which relates to coal, when the time eomes I shall wish to be recognized? endeavor to point out how utterly futile it win be In the pro­ Mr. BORAH. No. tection of the people of this country against the excessive prices EXECUTIVE SESSION. for coal which now prevail, and which we have every reason to Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Then I move that the Senate proceed believe will. prevail in the future. It is simply idle to suggest to the consideration of executive business. the relief through the fixing of profits for each individual -eoal The. motion was agr~ to, and the Senate proceeded to the operator. I did not want silence on my part to mislead the consideration of executive business. After 10 minutes spent in Senate into the belief that I regard this provision as sufficient executive session the doors were reopened .. in that respect; and I hope that when the Senator from ()hio RECESS. presents the amendment to which I have referred i~ 'Yill be considered upon its merits, without regard to the provision Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. I move that the Senate take a recess which happens to be in this licensing section. until to-morrow morning at 11 o'ctock. · 1\lr. SMITH of Georgia. 1\Ir. President, I am not one o~ those The motion was agreed to; and (at 5 o'clock and 40 minutes who believe that a declaration of war in any sense suspends the p. m., Thursday, July 19, 1917) the Senate took a recess until Constitution; I hardly think a lawyer can seriously ·take that to-morrow, Friday, July 20, 1917, at 11 o'clock a. m. position; but I believe the power given by the Constitutl.oQ to Congress to legislate for the conduct of the w.ar gives Congress ' . a vast power beyond what Congress has in times of peace, and NOMINATIONS. 1f the necessity arises for legislation which in a merumre might Executwe mnninations received by the Senate July 19 (legisw­ be considered in disregard of the usual rights growing out of tive day of July 18), 1911. State lines, I believe that a large discretion rests with Congress UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS~ to determine the necessity and then to act. Albert Schoonover, of Los AngeleS, Cal., to be United States But. so far as the licensing provision is concerned, I do not attorney, southern district of California. (Reappointment.) believe there is a necessity to require a license for more than I • that class of persons covered by this section. I think 1t goes as UNITED .STATES MARSHAL. • far as the necessity requires. I think lt would be unwise to ex­ Charles W. Lapp, of Ohio, to be United State-S marshal, north­ tend the licensing power to every line of food sales, to every ern district 9f Ohio. (Reappointment.) line of food and fuel business. If we reach those engaged. in PROMOTIONS IN TilE ARMY. interstate commerce, we reach the larger dealer and we carry MEDICAL CORPS. the control practically to the retailer. I think we go as far as the necessity requires, and I think we cover the case so as to To be colonels with rank from May 15, 191'1, to fill origina~ accomplish all that we are called upon to accomplish. . vacancies. Without passing upon the question as to whether tbere might Lieut. · Col. Henry D. Snyder, subject to examination required , not be a necessity which would justify legislation going further, bylaw. I think the facts that confront us really require us to stop with .... Lieut. Col. Allen M. Smith, subject to examination required the provision as offered by the Senator from Oregon [Mr. CHAM­ bylaw. · BERLAIN]. I shall therefore vote against the amendment offered Lieut. Col. Joseph T. Clarke. by the Senator from Kansas [Mr. THOMPSON). ·I do- not know Lieut. Col Merritte W. Ireland. just what the amendment of the Senator from Ohio [Mr. PoM­ Lieut. Col Henry C. Fisher. ERENE] or the Senator from Iowa [Mr. CuMMINs] is wlth refer­ Lieut. Col. Henry A. Shaw, subject to examination required ence to coal. Those amendments will probably come up as inde­ bylaw. pendent propositions. It will be sufficiently soon to reach conclu­ Lieut. Col. Francis A. Winter. sions with reference to them when they are before the Senate. Lieut. Col. Champe C. McCulloch, jr. Mr. BRANDEGEE. Mr. President, I prefer the amendment Lieut. Col. Frederick P. Reynolds. of the Senator from Oregon to the provision In the bill. but I Lieut. Col. Paul F. Straub, subject to examination required do not think that there is at this time any necessity for confer­ bylaw. l"ing this vast amount of power upon the President of tbe United Lieut. CoL Alexander N. Stark. States. I agree with the sentiment expressed by the Senator Lieut. Col. Charles Lynch. .from Oklahoma [Mr. GoBE] a few moments ago, that nothing Lieut. Col. Edward L. Munson, subject to examination re-- but the most manifest national necessity would justify Con­ quired by law. · gress in attempting to confer upon the President the authority, Lieut. Col. James M. Kennedy. either himself or through an agent, to say what amount of profit , Lieut. Col. Deane C. Howard. the business men of this country may make in their individual Lieut. Col. William H. Wilson. businesses. It is utterly abhorrent to my idea of free institu­ Lieut. Col. William F. Lewis, subject to examination required tions. by law. I do not think the time has come when we ought to say to the Lieut. Col. Thomas S. Bratton. President, " Look around, and whenever, in your judgment, you Lieut. Col. Thomas J. Kirkpatrick. think it should be done. say to this man or to that man, 'You Lieut. Col. Irving W. Rand, subject to examination required can not do business without taking a license from me; and by law. when you take it you can only conduct your business according Lieut. CoL Powell C. Faunt'Jeroy. to the regulations I will hand to you, together with your license, Lieut. Col. James S. Wilson. one of which will be that you shall not make more than 3 per Lieut. Col. Basil H. Dutcher, subject to examination required cent or 4 per cent profit on your business.'" I do not think by law. there is any occasion whatever for that kind of legislation at this Lieut. Col. Leigh A. Fuller, subject to exall)..ination required by time. I regret that any such provision is in the bill at all. I law. prefer the amendment of the Senator from Oregon to the provi­ Lieut. Col. George A. Skinner. R. sion of the bill because it limits the universal exte~on enu­ Lieut. Col. Cnrl Darnall, subject to examination required merated in section 4. by law. Lieut. Col. Henry Page. Mr. CHAMBERLAIN and Mr. BORAH addressed the Chair~ Lieut. Col .. Bailey K. Ashford. • The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Oregon. Lieut. Col. Henry A. Webber, subject to examination required 1\Ir. CHAMBERLAIN. If the Senator from Idaho desires to by law. speak, I will yield to him. . Lieut. Col Jere B. Clayton, subject to examination requ]red The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Oregon bas l.Jy law. spoken once. Lieut. Col. Weston P. Chamberlain, subject to examination Te­ Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. I was going to suggest an executive quii·ed by law. se ion, that is all. Lieut. Col. Edward R. Schreiner, subject to examination re­ l\1r. BORAH. If the Senator desires an executive session, I quired by law. do not care to occupy the floor. Lieut. Col. Frederick M. Hartsock, subject to examination re- Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. There are a number of Senators who quired by law. _ desire an executive session; and, unless there is some Senator Lieut. Col. Douglas F. Duval, subject to examination required who desires to go on now, I will move an executive session, but by law. I do not want to lay this bill aside unless that course meets with Lieut. Col. Clarence J". Manly, subject to examination required the general approval of the Senate. b~ law~ 5274 CQNGRE~SIONAL R.ECORD-SENATE .. JULY 19,

:ro be lieutenant colonels with. rank from May 15, 1917, to fill Maj. Peter C. Field. original vacancies .. Maj. Herbert G. Shaw. Maj. David Baker, subject to examination required by law. Maj. : Louis Brechemin, jr. Maj. Albert E. Truby. Maj. Clement ·c. Whitcomb, Maj. James R. Church, subject to examination required by Maj. Wilson T. Davidson. la'l\-. Maj. Cosam J. Bartlett, subject to examination required by Maj. Joseph H. Ford. law4 . ~ · Maj. Percy M. Ashburn, subject to examination required by Maj. Reuben B. Miller, subject to examination required by law. · · law. . . . Maj. Elmer A. Dean. Maj. Charles A. Ragan, subject to examination required by Maj. Francis M. C. Usher, subject to examination required by law. . · la'lv. · Maj. William R. Eastman, subject to examination required by Maj. Willard F. Truby. . law: Maj. Frederick F. RusselL Maj. James F. Hall~ ' Maj. Edwin P. Wolfe. Maj. Raymond F. Metcalfe. Maj. Henry S. Greenleaf, subject to examination required by Maj. Edwin W. Rich. . law. Maj. Perry L. Boyer, subject to examination required by law. Maj. Louis T. Hess, subject to examination required by law. Maj. James M. Phalen, subject to examination required by Maj. Christopher c: Collins, subject 'to examination required law. by law. Maj. James L. Bevans, subject to examination required by Maj. Benjamin J ~ Edg~r. jr. law. Maj. Samuel M. Waterhouse. Maj. William L. Little, subject to examination required by Maj. Eugene H. Hartnett. law. Maj. Clyde S. Ford, subject to examination required by law. Maj. Allie W. Williams, subject to examination required by Maj. Charles E. Marrow, subject to examination required by law. , law. - Maj. John L. Shepard, subject to examination required by law. 1\Iaj. 1\.C A. W. ~hockley, subject to examination: required by law. · To be lieutenant col011els with rank trom May 15, 1917, to ftll Maj. Theodore C. Lyster. casual vacancies. 1\Iaj. Sanford H : Wadhams, subject to examination required Maj. William L. Keller, subject to examination required by l>y law. law, vice Lieut. Col. Henry. D. Snyder, promoted. 1\faj. Chandler P. Robbins, subject to examination required by Maj. Charles C. Billingslea, subject to e:x:amination.required by law. - law, vice Lieut. Col. Allen M. Smith, promoted. Maj. Thomas L. Rhoads. Maj. William H. Moncrief, subject to examination required by Maj. Harry L. Gilchrist, subject to examination required by law, vice Lieut. Col. Joseph T. Clarke, promoted. law. Maj. Nelson Gapen, subject to examination required by law, Maj. William J. L. Lyster, subject to examination required by vice Lieut. Col. Merritte W. Ireland, promoted. law. Maj. Charles F. Morse, subject to examination required by law, 1\Iaj. Elbert E. Persons. vice Lieut. Col. Henry C. Fisher, promoted. 1\Iaj. William N. Bispham, subject to examination required by Maj. Haywood S. Hansell, subject to examination required by Jaw. law, vice Lieut. Col. Henry A. Shaw, promoted. 1\Iaj. Edward F. Geddings. Maj. Junius C. Gregory, subject to examination required by Maj. Arthur W. Mor~e. law, vice Lieut. Col. Francis A. Winter, promoted. Maj. Frank C. Baker. Maj. Clarence H. Connor, subject to examination required by Maj. Charles R. Reynolds. law, vice Lieut. Col. Ch~pe C: McD_ull9ch, jr., promoted. Maj. Paul C; Hutton, subject to examination required by law. Maj. Jay w. Grissinger, subject to examination required by Maj. Frederick A. Dale. · law, vice Lieut. Col. Frederick P. Reynolds, promoted. 1\Iaj. Jay Ralph Shook. Maj . .Will L. Pyles. subject to examination required by law, 1\iaj. William E. Vose, subject to examination required by vice Lieut. Col. Paul F. Straub, promoted. law. Maj. William M. Smart, subject to examination required l>y Maj. Frank T. Woodbury. law, vice Lieut. Col. Alexander N. Stark, promoted. Maj. Henry H. Rutherford. Maj. Robert M. Blanchard, subject to examination required 1\faj. Ernest L. Ruffner. by iaw, vice, Lieut. Col. Charles Lynch, promoted. Maj. Eugene R. Whitmore, subject to examination required by Maj. Samuel M. De Loffre, subject to examination required by " la"·· law, vice Lieut. Col. Edward L. Munson, promoted. 1\Iaj. Patrick H. McAn

Maj. Robert H. Pierson, subject to examination required by Capt. Henry Beeuwkes. law, ')ice Lieut. Col. H enry A. Webber, promoted. Capt. Edward M. Welles, jr., subject to examination required l\1aj. James I. Mabee, subject to examination required by law, by law. vice Lieut. Col. Jere B. Clayton, promoted. Capt. Condon C. 1\IcCornack. Maj. George P. Peed, vice Lieut. Col. Weston P. Chamberlain, ,Capt. William H. Thearle, subject to examination required by promoted. law. Maj. Ralph S. Porter, subject to examination required by law, Capt. Glenn I. Jones, subject to examination required by law. vice Lieut. Col. Edward R. Schreiner, promoted. , Capt. George W. Cook. Maj. Henry D. Thomason, subject to examination required by Capt. Charles C. Demmer, subject to examination required by law, vice Lieut. Col. Frederick M. Hartsock, promoted. law. Maj. Percy L. Jones, vice Lieut. Col. Douglas F. Duv-al, pro­ Capt. Charles T. King. moted. Capt. Thomas H. Johnson, subject to examination required by Maj. Fred W. Palmer, subject to examination required by law, law. · · vice Lieut. Col. Clarence J. Manly, promoted. Capt. William H. Allen. To be lieutenant colonel with mnk from June 25, 191'1, to fill a Capt. Larry B. McAfee. casual vaaancy. Capt. Adam E. Schlanser, subject to examination required by ~~ . Maj. Edward B. Vedder, subject to examination required by Capt. Carl E. Holmberg, subject to examination required by law, vice Lieut. Col. George D. Deshon, who died June 24,1917. law. To be majar with rank from March 22, 1917, to jill, a casual Capt. John P. Fletcher. vacancy. . Capt. Joseph E. Bastion. Capt. Thomas D. Woodson. Capt. Ray W. Bryan, subject to examination required by law, Capt. Alexander T. Cooper, subject to examination required vice Maj. William M. Roberts, retired from active service March by law. 21,1917. Capt. John T. Aydelotte. To be majors with rank from May 15, 191'1, to fill ·originaZ Capt. Taylor E Darby. vacancies. Cavt. Thomas C. Austin, subject to examination required by Capt: William H. Richardson, subject to examination required law. by law. Capt. Edward Kremers. Capt. William K. Bartlett, subject to examination required Capt. Charles W. Haverkampf, subject to examination re- by law. quired by law. Capt. John R. Barber. Capt. Harry R. Beery, subject to examination required by 1aw. Capt. Joseph A. Worthington, subject to examination required Capt. James R. Mount, subject to examination required by law. by law. Capt. Royal Reynolds. Capt. Mahlon Ashford. Capt. James S. Fox. Capt. Edward G. Huber, subject to examination required by Capt. Felix R. Hill, subject to examination required by law. law. Capt. Ralph G. DeVoe. . Capt. John S. Lambie, jr., subject to examination required Capt. Wayne H. Crum, subject to examination required by law. by law. Capt. John A. Burket, subject to examination required by law. Capt. Arthur N. Tasker, subject to examination required by - Capt. Wibb E. Cooper. law. Capt. Thomas L. Ferenbaugh. Capt. Howard McC. Snyder. Capt. William L. Sheep. Capt. Calvin D. Cowles, jr. Capt. Edgar C. Jones, subject to examination required by law. Capt. Garfield L. McKinney. Capt. Arthur 0. Davis. Capt. Hiram A. Phillips. Capt. Floyd Kramer. Capt.-William L. Hart. Capt. Edward L. Napier, subject to examination required by Capt. Henry C. Coburn, jr., subject to examination reqUired law. by law. Capt. W. Cole Davis, subject to examination required by law. Capt. Arnold D. Tuttle, subject to examination required by law. Capt. John S. Coulter, subject to examination required by law. Capt. William R. Dear. Capt. Frederick H. Foucar. Capt. Charles E. Doerr. _ Capt. Paul W. Gibson, subject to examination required by law. Capt. Daniel P. Card, subject to examination required by law. Capt. George B. Lake. Capt. Ralph H. Goldthwaite. Capt. Frank N. Chilton, subject to examination required by law. Capt. Edgar W. Miller. Capt. Leo C. ~udd. Capt. Frederick S. Wright. Capt. Leonard S. Hughes, subject to examination required by Capt. Daniel W. Harmon, subject to examination required by law. 1 law. Capt. Jay D. Whitham. Capt. James C. Magee. subject to examination required by law. Capt. Henry P. Carter. Cant. Corydon G. Snow, subject to examination required by Capt. James L. Robinson. law. Capt. Francis X. Strong. Capt. Norman L. McDiarmid, s~bject to examination required Capt. Robert C. McDonald. by law. Capt. Howard Clarke. Capt. George H. McLellan. Capt: Alleyne \On Schrader, subject to examination requireu Capt. Alexander D. Parce. by law. Capt. James A. Wilson Capt. Morrison C. Stayer. Capt. Clemens W. 1\fcl\!illan, subject to examination required Capt. Robert W. Kerr, subject to examination required by law. by law. Capt. LeeR. Dunbar. Capt. Harry G. Ford. Capt. Leon C. Garcia, subject to examination required by law. Capt. James F. Johnston. Capt. William S. Shields, subject to examination required by Capt. Hem·y C. Maddux, subject to examination required by law. · law. Capt. Addison D. Davis, subject to examination required by Capt. Samuel S. Creighton. law. Capt. Henry C. Michie, j1·. Capt. William H. Smith. Capt. Lauren S. Eckels. Capt. Clarence E. Fronk. Capt. Albert P. Clark. Capt. Thomas J. Leary. Capt. Charles E. McBrayer. Capt. Albert S. Bowen, subject to examination required by Capt. Eugene G. Northington. law. Capt. Harley ;r, Hallett, subject to ex:uninntion required by Capt. Ernest R. Gentry. law. Capt. Roy C. Heflebower. Capt. Sanford W. French. Capt. George M. Edwards, subject to examination required by Capt. Thomas J. Flynn, subject to examination required ·by law. law. ; Capt. George B. Foster, jr. Capt. George E. Pariseau. Capt. Joseph Casper. · Capt. Daniel F. Maguire.

LV-335 I

5276 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-SENATE.

Capt. Edward C. Register, subject to· examination required. by Lient E1clred B. Armstrong to ·be-· a lieutenant commander in law. · . the Navy from the 26th· day of June, 1917. Capt. John 1\1. Willis, subject to examination required.by law. The foUowing-named lieutenants to be lieutenm)t commanders Capt. Joseph L. Siner. · in the Navy fl·om the 1st day of Jury, 191'Z: Cnpt. Wtlliam Deritorr. - . William A. Glassford, }r., and Capt. John J. Reddy, subject to examination required by law. Conant Taylor. Capt. Herbert H. ~arpe,. subject to' examination required by Lieut. (Junior Grade) Richard S. Galloway to be a lieutenant law. in the Navy from the 29th day of August, 1916.. Capt. Lloyd A. Kefauver. The followjng-named lieutenants (junior grade) to be Ueu~ Capt. William T. Cade, jr. tenants in the Navy from the 5th day of June, 1917: Capt. John R. McKnight, subject to examination required by EdmundS. R. Brandt,· law. Frank E. Johnson, · Capt. Edgar D. Craft, subject to examination required by law.' J'ames R. Barry, and Capt. Neal N. W9od. Stewart A. Manahan. Capt. William B. Meister, subject to e mination required by The following-named ensigns to be lieutenants (junior grade>: law. in the Navy from the 6th da.ll! ot June,. 1917: Capt. Leeson 0. Tarleton. Carl H.. Jones, Capt. Shelley U. Mar1etta. Alfred IL Balsley. Capt. Harry H. Van Kirk, subject to examination required by Edmund w. Burrough, law. .Albert H .. Rooks, ·· Capt. Robert Skelton. Byron B. Ralston, Capt. Omar H. Quade. Rich rd L Conolly, Capt. Thomas E. Scott. Edwin T. Short., . Capt. Alfred P. Upshur. Robert A. Dyer, 3d, I• Capt. Thomas EJ. Harwood, jr. Francis K. O'Brien, · Capt. Philip B. Connolly. Marion Y. Coh-en, Capt. Samuel Ji. Turnbull, subj-ect to exnmination.r-equired by Philip R. Weaver, law. .John F. Moloney,. Capt. Mich?-el A. Dailey. Paul Fitzsimons, jr., and Capt. Leopold MitchelL Haiden T. Dickinson_ Capt. Adna G. Wilde. The following-named midshipmen to be ensigns in the Navy Capt. Frederick C. A. Ke-llam, jr. from the 30th day of March, 1917: Capt. .Joimson F. Hammond. subject to examination required Lawrence·Wainwrigbt, and by law. John V. Murphy. Capt. John G. Ingold, subject to examination required by law. Naval Constructor Horatio G. Gillmor, with rank o.f com~ Capt. Alvin C~ Miller. . manderr to be a 113vnl eonstruetor- in the Navy with rank of cap~ Capt. Chester R. Haig, subject to examination required by law. 1 tain from the 1st day of July, 1917. Capt. John H. Trinder, subject to examinati-on required by law. 'Jllie following-na:n:red naval ce:nstructors, with rank of lieu~ Capt. Wi1lia.m E. Hall. tenant commander, to be naval constructors in the Navy \\.-itb Capt. Hew B. 1\fcl\furdo. , rank of commander from. the 1st day of July, 1917: Capt. Thomas ,V. Burnett, subject ta exa.mination required by Henry T. Wright, law. . Guy A. Bisset, and Capt. Ke-rwin W~ Kinard, subject to. examination required by - John E. Bailey. law. The following-named ensigns to be assistant na-val construe· Capt. IWbert 1\1. Hardaway, subject to examination requireu tors in the Navy from the 30th day of June, 1911: by law. . Robert N. S. Baker and Capt. John W. Sherwood, subject to examination required bT. I wnuam Nelson. law~ The following-named warrant officers to be ensigns in the Capt. Guy L.. Qualls. Navy from the 7th day of Jnly~ 1917: Capt. James E. Baylis. George E. Maynard, Capt. Douglas W. McEnery, subject to examination required Arthur B. McCrary, by law. Seldon L.. Almon, and Capt. John W. Meehan. William.E. O'Connor. Capt. Charles 1\L Walson. The following-named midshipmen to be ensigns in the Navy Capt. Luther R. Poust, subject to examination required by law. from the 30th day of 1\Iarch, 1917 :- Capt. Benjamin B. Warriner~ William F. Dietrich and · ; I Capt. William D. Herbert. William McK. Reifel. Capt. Stephen H. Smith. Ensign Conrad D. Fry to be a lieutenant (junior grade) in the Capt. George F. Lull. . Navy fro-m the 6th day of June, 1917. Capt. Charles C. Hillman, subject to examination: required by Pay Clerk Frank D. Hathaway to be~ chief pay cl~rk in the law. Navy from the 11th day' of' .Tu1y, 1916. Capt. Sidney L. Chappell. Pay Clerk Frank Lewis to be a chief pay clerk in the Navy. .. Capt. Fl~tc.her 0. McFarland. from the 19th day of July, 1916. · · Capt. Harry L. Dale. First Lieut. Howard W. Stone to be a captain in. the Maxine Capt. Alvin W. Sc.hoenleber, subject to examination required' Corps from the 29th day of August, 1916. by law. Second Lieut. DeWitt Peck to be a first lieutenant in the Capt. Ernest C. 1\IcCulloc.h. Marine Corps from the 29th day o.f August, 1916. Capt. George R. Callender. The following-named pay clerks to be assistant f)aymasters in Capt. Edward T. B. Weidner. the-Navy from the 20th day of June) 191'Z: Capt. Raymond W. Bliss. Rufus B. Langsford, \ Capt. Raymond C. Bull, subject to examination required by Blaine Hunter, law. Harry Atwood. and Capt. Norman T. !}:irk. . Samuel B. Deal, jr. Capt. William B. Borden, subject tQ. examination required by The following-named citizens to be. second lieutenants in the law. ,. Marine Corps for a probationary period of two years:- Capt. Clarence R. Bell. Dan E. Root, a citizen of California, and Capt. Robert H. Duenner. Lucian. W. :Burnham, a- citizen of Massachusetts. Capt. Hurry Selby Purnellr POSTMASTERS. · PROMOTIONS AND. APPOINTMENTS IN 'll[E NA.VY. I ALABAMA. Lieut. Commander. 'Villiam O~ Asserson to be a commande-t: in ;Edward C. Barnes to b_e _IJ{Jstmasie~ 't Ever~re~ Ala.; in the Navy from the 29th day of August, 1916. : P.lace of Edward C. Barnes. Incumbents comm1sswn expired Lieut. Charles H. Bullock to be a lieutenant commander in II June 17, 1917. : . · the ~avy from the 29th day of Februar-y. 1917~ . _ ~ John W. Barnes to be postma~ter at ~ra~ville-" ~a., m place Lieut. George s. Bryan to be a lieutenant commander in the· of John W. Barnes. Incumbents comnnss1on expl_red J'm;e 17• L-. Navy from the 23d day of May, 1917. 1917. _ 1

) . 1917. . BONGRESSION AL RECORD-SENATE. 5277J

J. F. Beatty to be postmaster at Atmore, Ala., in place of J. F. Ernest J. Patton to be postmaster at Cabot, Ark., in place of Beatty. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. · · ·E. J. Patton. Iricumbent's co~mission expired May 6, 1917. H. T. Brown to be postmaster at Calera, Ala., in place of H. T. .... T. L. Pound to be postmaster at DanvUle, Ark., in place of Brown. Incumbent's commission expired June 13) 1917. T. L. Pound. IncUIJlbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. Clarence Byrd to be postmaster at Opp, Ala., in place of Clar­ T. G. Robinson to be postmaster at Marvell, Ark., in place of ence Byrd. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. T. G. Robinson. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. 1\1ary E. Cain to be postmaster at \Vetumpka, Ala., in place of Alice L. Rolley to be postmaster at Crawfordville, Ark. Office l\1. E. Cain. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. became presidential April1, 1917. J. A. Cluck to be postmaster at Bridgeport, Ala., in place of Edward R. Screeton to be postmaster at Hazen, Ark., in place J. A. Cluck. Incumbent's commission expir.ed June 13, 1917. of Edward Screeton. Incumbent's commission e4pired June 6, W. L. Crew to be postmaster at Good Water, Ala., in place of 1917; W. L. Crew. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. A. J. Stephens to be postmaster at Morrillton, Ark., in place of II. H. Farrar to be postmaster at Blocton, ·Ala., in place of A. J. Stephens. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. H. H. Farrar. Incumbent's commission expired June-13, 1917. D. B. Thompson to be postmaster at Hope, Ark:, in place of J. F . Frazer to be-postmaster at Lafayette, Ala., in place of D. B. Thompson. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. J. F. Frazer. Incumbent's commission expired June 23, 1917. W. F. Turner to be postmaster at Atkins, Ark., in place of Zenella K. Glover to be postmaster at Millport, Ala. Office W. F. Turner. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. hecame presidential January 1, 1917. Miles J. Webb to be postmaster at Lamar, Ark. Office became S. J. Griffin to be postmaster at Cullman, Ala., in place of presidential April 1, 1917. S. J. Griffin. Incumbent's commission expired April 28, 1917. John D. Wilbourne to be postmaster at Pine Bluff, Ark., in 'Velborn V. Jones to be postmaster at Auburn, Ala., in place place of John D. \Vilbourne. Incumbent's commission expired of w·elborn V. Jones. Incumbent's commission expired June April 28, 1917. 13,1917. . CALIFORNIA. A. A. Leach to be postmaster at Dadeville, Ala., in place of Lutie 1\I. Anderson to be postmaster at Roseville, Cal., in place A. A. Leach. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. of L. M. Anderson. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, Henry C. Oswalt to be postmaster at Fairhope, Ala., in place 1917; . of Henry C. Oswalt. Incumbent's commission expired June 13, R. J. Bagpy to be postmaster at Visalia, Cal., in place of R. J. 1917. Bagby. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, ·1917. Hamilton B. Ralls to be post.rnaster at Piedmont, Ala., in Crete Gardiner de Back to be postmaster at Isleton, Cal. Office place of H. B. Ralls. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, became presidential October 1, 1916. 1917. Percy B. Brown to be postmaster at Holtville, Cal., in place 0. 1\I. Reynolds to be postmaster at Anniston, Ala., in place of Percy B. Brown. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, of 0. 1\1. Reynolds. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. 1917: - . John P. Day to be. postmaster at Woodlake, Cal. Office became , David M. Scott to be postmaster at Selma, Ala., in place of presidential October 1, 1916. D. 1\1. Scott. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. Albert E. Dixon to be postmaster at Point Lorna, Cal., in place J. B. Sinquefield to be postmaster at Lockhart, Ala., in place of Albert E. Dixon. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, of J. B. Sinquefield. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. 1917. Emma Dodge to be postmaster at Danville, Cal. Office became J. L. Thornton to be postmaster at Alexander City, .Ala.. in presidential October l, 1916. _ place of J. L. Thornton. Incumbent's commission expired May . Alice T. Durnin to be postmaster at Colfax, Cal., in place of ~mn - . Alice T. Durnin. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. Dora G. 'Vendel to be postmaster at Tallassee, Ala., in place of Otto Haese to be postmaster at Mojave, Cal., in place of Otto Dora G. ·wendell. Incumbent's commission expired May 29,1917. Haese. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. llichard :0. Williams to· be postmaster at Opelika, · Ala., in E. Earl Hughes to be postmaster at Fresno, Cal., in place of place of R. D. Williams. Incumbent's commission expired April E. Hughes. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. 28, 1917. Henrietta L. Juhler to·be postmaster at Spreckels, Cal. Office ARIZONA. became presidential October 1. 1916. Flora S. Knauer to be postmaster at Reedley, Cal., in place of Letitia F. Murphy to be postmaster at Pearce, Ariz., in place F. S. Knauer. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. of Letitia F. Cunningham; name changed by marriage. W. A. Lucas to be postmaster at Cucamonga, Ca1., in place of Christoph Scheele to be postmaster at St. Johns, Ariz. Office W. A. Lucas. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. became presidential April 1, 1917. Luke F. Morgan to be postmaster at East Auburn, Cal., in ALASKA. place of Luke F. Morgan. Incumbent's commission expired May 29,1917. J". Clifford Hendee to be postmaster at Thane, Alaska. Office Miriam T. Paine to be postmaster at Mariposa, Cal. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. • became presidential April 1, 1917. ARKANSAS. Percy S. Peek to be postmaster at Mokelumne Hill, Cal. Office became presidentiD.l April 1, 1917. Pe:1rl Berkl1eimer to be postmaster at Augusta, Ark., in place Ellis T. Tanner to be postmaster at San Jacinto, Cal., in place of P. Berkheimer. Incumbent's commission expired Mny 1, 1917. of Elfis T. Tanner. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, C. A. Berry to be postmaster at Huttig, Ark., in place of C. A. 1917. Berry. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. Charles Whited to be postmaster at Willits, Cal., in place of A. ,V. Cammack to be postmaster at Portland, Ark., in place Charles Whited. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. of A. W. Cammack. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, Bert Woodbury to be postmaster at Fall Brook, Cal. Office 1917. . became presidential April 1, 1917. H. R. Cantrell to be postmaster at Mansfield, Ark., in ])lace. of H. R. Oenn·en. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. COLORADO. G. G. Dandridge to be postmaster at Paris, A.{k., in place of Jefferson D. Frazey to be postmaster at Antonito, Colo., in - G. G. Dandridge. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, .1917. place of J. D. Frazey. Incumbent's·commission expired Febru- Laura B. Denton to be postmaster at Luxora, Ark. Office be- ary 21, 1916. . came presidential April 1, 1917. . Eva B. Hamilton to be postmaster at Stratton, Colo., in place J. F. Gillespie to be postmaster at Carlisle, Ark., in place of of E. B. Hamilton. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, J. F. Gillespie. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. ~n . Noah J. Hazel to be postmaster at Marked Tree, Ark., in place Gladys L. Johnson to be postmaster at Olney Springs, Colo. of Noah J. Hazel. Incumbent's commission expired June 27, Office became presidential April 1, 1917. - ~n . Olive A. Killin to be postmaster at Kiowa, Colo. Office be­ P. G. Henry to be postmaster .at Texarkana, Ark., in place of came presidential April1, 1917. P. G. Henry. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. H. E. MaxVille to be postmaster at Paonia, Colo., in place of H. B. Ingram to be postmaster at Conway, Ark., in place of H. E. Maxville. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. H. B. Ingram. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. F. F. -Reinert to be postmaster at Fort Morgan, Colo., in place W. E. Lamb to be postmaster at J.epanto, Ark. Office became of F. F. Reinert. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, presidential January 1, 1917. 1917. Anne Patton to be postmaster at Altheimer, Ark. Office be­ M. M. Sutley to be postmaster at Center, Colo., in place of came presidential April 1, 1917. M. M. Sutley. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. 5278 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE.

CONNEC'fiCUT. . Bessie Bryan Simpson to be postmaster at Ki... slmmee, Fla., John J. Bohl to be postmaster at Stamford, Conn., in place of in place of B. B. Sii.TI])son. Incmnbent's commlsslon expired J. J. Bohl. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. May 6,, 1917. ' John J. Cassidy to be postmaster at Woodbury, Conn.,~n place Addison L. S~th to be postmaster at Grov~land, Fla. Office of J. J. Cassidy. . !Bcumbent's commission expired May 6, 1917. beea.Dle presidential April 1, 1917. W. S. Clarke to be postmaster at Milford, Conn., in place of Clarence C. ThuDbery to be postmaster at Lake Wales, Fla. W. S. Clarke. Incumbent's commission expired June 26, 1917. Offiee became presioential April 1, 1917. John L. Elliot to be postmaster at Clinton, Conn .• in place of Eva R. Vaughn to be postmaster at Century, Fla., 1n place of John L. Elliot. Incumbent>s commission expired May 20, 1917. E. R. Vaughn. Incumbent's 'Commission expired May 26, 1917. George F. Hammill to be postmaster at Georgetown, Conn.• in J. A. Williams to . be postmaster at Alachua, Fla., in place of place of George F. Hammill. Incumbent's commission ex];>ired J. A. Williams. Ineumbent's commission expired May 6, 1917. May 20, 1917. J. N. Willis' to be postmaster at Williston, Fla., in place of J. A. Leaby to be postmaster at Plainfield, Conn., in place of J N. Willis. l.ncumbent'.s commission expired June 5, 1917. J. A. Leahy: Incumbent's commission expired June 18, 1917. . GEORGIA. Matthew E. McDonald to be postmaster at Simsbury, Conn., Jackson C. Atkinson to be postmaster at Midville, Ga., in place in place of l\I. E. McDonald. Incumbent's commission expired of J. C. l~tklnson. Incumbent'"s commission expired May 29, March 1, 1917. 1917. · Thomas l\IcGrath to be postmaster at Washington, Connr, in B. T. Baker to be postmaste:r,: at Woodbury, Ga., in place of place of T. McGrath. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, B. T. Baker~ I.ocumbent's commission expired l\fay 9, 1917. 1917. · W. H. Beddingfield to be postmaster at Unadilla, Ga., in .place John J. Molans to be P<>stmaster at Seymour, Conn., in place of w. H. Beddingfield. Incumbent's commi'3sion expired June of J. J. Molans. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, 1917. 5, 1917. Edward Perkins to be postmaster at Suffield, Conn., in place of Charles Beaty to be postmaster .at Moultrie, Ga.• in place of E. Perkins. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. Charles :Beaty. Incumbent's commission expired Ma3 29, 1917. Hll.rry W. Potter to be postmaster at Glastonbury., Conn.~ in 1 James Park Bowie to be postmaster at Rome.. Ga., in place place of Harry W. Potter. Incumbent's commiBsion expired of J'. P. Bowie. Incumbent's commissioned expired May 22 June 5, 1917. • 1917. Ashmun P. Prickett to be postmaster at Hazard-ville, Coim., Elvira T. Burghard to be postmaster at Crumps Park, Ga. in place of A. P. Prickett. Incumbent's ·commission expired Office became presidential January 1. 1917. , June 5, 1917. Charles V. Clark to be postmaster at Louisville, Ga., in place Peter J. Prior to be postmaster at Plainville, Conn., in place · · of c. v. Clark. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, 191:7. of P. J. ~rior. InclJ!Dbent's commiBsion expired J?De 5, 1917.. 1 Thomas K. Dunham to be postmaster at Darien, Ga., in place Frederick H. Snnth to be postmaster at Dar1en, Conn., . m of' T. K. Dunham. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, place of Frederick H. Smith. Incumbent's. commission expired 1917 · June 18, 1917. . n: H. Dunla.p to be postmaster at Chipley. Ga., in place of , DELAWABE. . R. H. Dunlap. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. William Brockson to be postmaster at Middletown, Det, in · Fannie T. Elmore to be postmaster at Oglethorpe, Ga., in place of W. Brockson. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, place of F. T. Elmore. Incumbent's commiBsion expired May 22, 1917. . 1917. E1ijah E. Carey to be postmaster -at Millsboro, Del., in place Hattie F. Gilmer to be postmaster at Toccoa, Ga., in place of of E. E. Garey. Incumbent's commission expired June 27~ 1917. H. F. Gilmer. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, ~917. E. Pierce Ellis to be postmaster at Laurel, Del., in pla-ce of l\1artha R Gorham to be postmaster at Orawfordville, Ga., in ""E. P. Ellis. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. place of .M. E. Gorham. Incumbent's commission expired June John P. Murphy to be postmaster at New Castle, Del., in 17, 1917. .place of J. P. Murphy. Incumbent's commission expired June Mattie E. Gunter to be postmaster at Social Circle, Ga., in 13, 1917. . ... • place of M. E. Gunter. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, John B. Mustard to be J>Ostmaster a.t l\filton, Del., in place of 1917. J. B. Mustard. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1911. Josephine HilliaPd to be postmaster at Union Point, Ga., in William H. Robinson to be postmaster at Milford, DeL, in place of J. Hilliard. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, place of W. H. Robinson. Incumbent's commiBsion expired June 1917. • 13, 1917. Minnie E. Hogan to be postmaster at ColleO'epark. Ga., iu Orlando W. Short to be postmaster at Seaford, DeL·, in place place of M. E. Hogan. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, of 0. \V. Short. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. 1917. • · FLORIDA. Andrew J. Irwin to be postmaster at Sandersville, Ga., in John w. Alvarez to be postmaster at Starke, Fla., in place place of A. J. Irwin. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, o~ J. W. Alvarez. Incumbent's commission expired May 29,1917. 196~arles Jackson to be postmaster at Palmetto, Ga., in place Joseph B. Bower to be pQstmaster at Rockledge, Fla. Office of Chas. Jackson. Incumbent's commission expired l\Iay 29, became presidential October 1, 1916. Marcy B. Darnall to be postmaster at Key West, Fla., in 1917. · place of M. B. Darnall. Incumbent's commission expired June John F. Jenkins to be postmaster at Ashburn, Ga., in place 23, 1917. of John F. Jenkins. Ineumbent's commission expired May 29, Florida E. Gay to be postmaster at Lynn B.aven, J'la., in place 1917. of F. E. Gay. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. William F . .Tones to be postmaster at Hogansvill , Ga., in Samuel J. Giles to be postmaster at Carrabelle, Fla.. in place place of Wm~ F. Jones. Incumbent'"s commis ion expired May of S. J. Giles. Incumbent's commission expired May 26, 1917. 29, 1917. Crawford I. Henry to be postmaster at Apalachicola, Fla., in John· N. King to be postmaster at Rocoolle, Ga., in place of place of C. I. Henry. Incumbent's commission CA-pired May 6, J. N. King. Incumbent"s commission expired Jrme 17, 1917. 1917. . Richard E.. Lee to be postmaster at Concord, Ga., in place of W. H. Hoffman to be postmaster at Dunnellon, Fla., in place R. E. Lee. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. of W. H. Hoffman. Incumbent's commission expi~d June 23, Samuel . B. Lewis to be postmaster at Fayetteville, Ga., iu 1917. · place of S~ B. Lewis. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, Lewis L. Kenny to be postmaster at Fruitland Park, Fla. 1917. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. . "\V1lliam B. McCants to be postmaster at 'Vinder, Ga., in place Charles E. Kettle to be postmaster at Hastings, Fla., in place of .w. B. McCants. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, of C. E. Kettle. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, 1917. 1917. George D. Langston to be postmaster at Haines City, Fla. Vivian McCm·dy to be postmaster at Stone Mountain, Ga., Office became presidential October l, 1916. · in place of V. McCurdy. Incumbent's commission expired Mar EOward C. Lewis to be postmaster at Marianna. Fla., in place 29, 1917. of E. C. Lewis. Incumbent's commission expired June 23, 1917. Lonnie J. 1\.Ioye to be postmaster at Davisboro, Ga. Office b& Lula Newton to be postmaster at Winter Gardeii, Fla., in came presidential April 1·, 1917. · place of Lula Newton. Incumbent's commission expired June B. A. Parker to be postmaster a.t Whigham, Ga., in place of 23, 1917. B. A. Parker. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. . Elmer J. Roux to be postmaster at Fernandina, Fla., in place David P. Philips. to be postmaster ·at Lithonia, Ga., in place of of E. J. Roux. Incumbent•s commission expired April 28, 1917. D. P! Philips. Incumbent's commission· expired May 1, 1917. 1917. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-~ENATE . 5279

L. J . .Pritchard to be postmaster at Tennille, Ga., in place .of Charles A. Fletche-r to be postmaster at Mendon, Ill., in place L. J. Pritchard. Incumbent's ~ commission expired June 5, 1917. ()f C. A. Fletcher-. Incumbent's commission e)q)ired June 27 W. A. Talley to be postmaster at Milltown, Ga., in place of 1917. • W. A. Talley. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. William Foran to be po tmaster at Sorento, 111., in place of J. L. Wells to be postmaster at Smithville, Ga., in place of W. Foran. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. J. L. Wells. Incumbent's commission expired May. 29. 100..7. D. M. FUllmer to be postmaster at New Athens, In., in place HAWAlL of D. 1\f. Fullmer. Incumbent's commission expired May 20 1917 _Henry Gilbert t(} be postmaster at Ashley, Ill., in place' of H: 1\!. J. Borges to be postmaster at Schofield Barracks,. Hawaii, G1lbert. I ncumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. in place of 1\1. .J. Borges. Incumbent's commission. expired June Daniel A. Grady to be postmaster at Waukegan, TIL, in pla~ 13, 1917. of D. A. Grady. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. Henry D. Corbett to be postmaster at Hilo, Hawaii, in place George A.. Griffith, st·., to be postmaster at Rankin m ·in of H. D. Corbett. Incumbent's commission; expired June 13, place of G. A. Griffith, sr. Incumbent's commission' explred 1917. 1\!ay 1, 1917. A. F. Costa to be postmaster at Wailuku, Hawnil, in place of William F. Ragebusch to bP. postmaster at Okawville, Ill., in A. F. Costa. Im•umbent's commission expired June 13, 1917. place of W. F . Hagebusch. Incument's commission expired May Christopher B. Hofgaard to be postmaster at Waimea, Hawaii. 29,1917. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. \V. H. Harkrader to be postmaste1' at Hamilton, Ill.. in place A. H. Silva, jr., to be postmastel:'" at Kahului, Hawaii, in place of W. H. Harkrader. Incumbent's commission expired 1\Iay 20 of A. H. Silva, jr. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. ' 1917. W. D. Hall to be postmaster at Port Byron, Ill., in place of IDAHO. W. D . .Ha~. Incumbent's commi sion expired May 20, 1D17. 1\1anford W. Harland to be postmaster at Troy, Idalro, in BenJannn T. Hart to be postmaster at Altona, Ill. Office be­ place of M. W. Harl1nd. Incumbent's commission expired May came presidential April ·1, 1917. - 6, 1917. - James F . Harrison to be postmaster at Leap River, Ill. Office Charles L. Hollar to be postmaster at Kellogg, Idaho, in place became presidential January 1, 1917. of C. L. Hollar. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. George B. Howison to be postma ter at Waterman, Ill. Office Frances H. Langford ta be postmaster at Rogerson, Idaho. becru:ne pre hlential October 1, 1916. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. E. P. Kimball to be po tmaster at Virden, Til:, in plac-e· of Elmer G. Lightfoot to be postmaster at Fairfield~ Idaho. E. P . Kimball. Incumbent's commi ~ ion expired June 5, 1917. Office became presidential January 1, 1917. Arthur M. Kloepfer to be postmaster a.t ·winnetka, Ill., ia Samuel J. Linder to be postmaster at Ilo, Idaho. Office bea place of A. 1\l. Kloepfer. Incumbent's commission expired June crune presidential October 1, 1916. 26,1917. Franklin A. Miller to be postmaster at St. Anthony, Idaho, in Jos ph H. Knebel to be- po tmaster at Pocahontas, Ill., in place of F. A. 1\Iiller. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, place of J. H. Knebel. Incumbent's commission expired June 1917. 26,1917. Mike A. Rogan to be postmaster at Avery, Idaho. Office be­ 0. M. Lewis to be postmaster at Bridgeport, Ill., in place of came presidential April1, 1917. C. M . Lewis. Incumbent's commission e:A--pired June 5, 1917. L. A. Wisener to be postmaster at Grangeville, Idaho, in place Daniel Du Russell to be postmaster at Trenton, Ill., in plaee of L.A. Wisener. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, ~917. of D. Du Russell. Incumbent's commis ion expired June 5, ILLINOIS. 1917.'. . - Eber E. Bassett to be postmaster at West 1\icHenry,, Ill. Office W ..J. McKenna to be postmaster at Melvin, Ill., in place of W. J . McKenna. Incumbent's comnilssi.on expired June 6. 1917. became presidential October 1, ~916. David R. Bennett to be postmaster at Panama, Ill. Office be­ William M-cNeill to be postmaster at Prophetstown, ID.,_ in came presidential April 1, 1917. place of 'Vm. McNeill. Incumbent's commission expired June Walter V. Berry to be postmaster at Irving, Ill. Office became 5,1917. presidential October 1, 1916. J . P~ 1\IcPherren to be postmaster at Ho~er, TIL, .in place of E. F. Bieser to be postmaster at Nashville, Ill., in place of E. F. J . P. 1\fePherren. Incumbent's co1ll1Ilis ion expired May . 29 Bieser. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. 1917. ' Alonzo Boren to- be postmaster at Herrin, Ill., in place of W. F. Lutyen to be postmaster at Flanagan, Ill., in place of Alonzo Boren. Incumbent's commission expired June 26,.1917. W. F. Lutyen. Incumbent's commis ion expired June 5, 1917. John D. Brady to be postmaster at Buda, Ill., in plac.e of. J.D. A.. .,E. 1\larti.n. to be postmaster at Benton, Ill., in place of A. E. Brady. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. Martin. Incumbent's commi ion expired J·une 5, 1917. F. W. Burley to be postmaster at Winslow, ill Office became F. Mnrf{)J} Martin to be po tmaster at Noble, Ill., in place of 1 presidential October 1, 1916. . F. l\L Martin. Incumbent's commission expired Jtlile 26, ~917. E. E. Burton to be postmaster at Newton, Ill., in place of E. E . Mabel1\1inger to be postmaster at Buckley, Ill. Office became Burton. Incumbent's commi sion expired June 5, 1917. presitl.ential Odober 1, 1916'. James E. Caley to be postmaster at 1\Iackinaw, Ill., in place of Thomas J. Mowbray to be postmaste1· at Bradford, Ill.~ in J. E. Caley. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. place of T. ;I. Mowbray. Incumbent's commission exp-ired June W. H. Chapman to be postmaster at Clifton, IlL, in place of 26, 1917. W. H. Cba.pman. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. James M. Nunamaker to be postmaster at Greenup, TIL, in William Champion to be postmaster at Granite City, Ill., in place- of J. M. Nunamaker. Incumbent's commission expired place of William Champion. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. June 13, 1917. George Petertil to be postmaster at Berwyn, Ill., in · place of W. E. Clayton to be postmaster at Johnston City, lll., In place G. Petertll. Incumbent's cormni ion expired June 27, 1917. of W. E. Clayton. Incumbent's commission expired J"one 26, H.. Poffenberger to be postmaster at Freeport, IlL, in place of 1917. H. Poffenberger. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 191"7. Nellie S. Cowing to be postiihtster at Homewood, ill. Office William A. Reeds to be postmaster at Oakland, Ill., in place becnme presidential October 1, 1916. o:f W. it. Reeds. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. John C. Crawford to be postmaster at Jonesboro; ill., fn.· place Harry L ReinoehL to- be postmaster at Flat Rock, IlL. 1n of J. C. Crawford. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, plAce of H . L. Reinoehl. Incumbent's commission expired June 1917. 26, Hl17. Thomas J. Cunningham to be postmaster at Taylorville, TIL, Robert L. Rich -to be pos'tma.-~ter at Cobde-n, Ill., in place of ' in place of T. J. Cunningham. Incumbent"s commission expired R. L. Rich. Incumbent's commission expired June- 5, 1917. June 5, 1917. William T. Robinson to be' postmaste1· at Kenilworth, Ill., in M'aFshali E. Daniel to be postmaster at McLeansooro, Til, in place of W. T. Robinson. Incumben.es commission expired Jan­ place of 1\f". E. Daniel. Incumbent's commission expired June 10, uary 11, 1916. 1917. llo\vazd L. Scott to be postmaster at Fox Lake, Ill. Office ·william B. Davis tO' be postmaster at· MoQPt Stei""lin~ lll., in became presidential October 1. 1916. place of W. B. Davis. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, M. 0. Scott to be po tmaster at Neponset, Ill., in plnce of 1917. M. 0. Scott. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. Lillian M. Dilg to be postmastel' at Morton Grove, IlL Office 0 . Cammie' See.ders to be postmaster at Palestine, Ill.: in place became presidential October 1, 1916. . of 0 . C. Seeders. Incumbent's commission expired 1\fay 29, 1.917.'. {)280 9Q~G~ESSlONA~ R]JQORP-. SENATE. - JUL:Y 19~

. Claude 'sliaffner to b~ postmaster at pallas City, Ill., in place ~ Charles C. Leisure to be ·postmaster at ·Earl Park, Ind., in of Claude Shaffner. Incumbent's. commission expired May 20, place of C. C. Leisure. Incumbent's commission expired May wn - 29, 1917. ' . . Porter B. Simcox to l:)e postmaster at Patoka, Ill., in place of Adolph H. Martin to be postmaster at Newburg, Ind., in place P. B. Simcox. Incumbent's comn)ission expired June 26, 1917. of A. H. Martin. Incumbent's commission expired l\Iay 22, 1917.: Hugh C. Smith to be postmaster at Lake Forest, Ill., in place N. Eddy Mason to be postmaster at Hagerstown, Ind., in place of II. C. Smith. Incumbent's commission expired June 27, 1917. of Eddy Mason. Incumbent's ~ommission expired June 6, 1917. George Spicer to be postmaster at Bindsboro, Til. Office be- Fred G. Rice-to be postmaster at Roachdale, Ind., in place of came presidential April 1, 1917. . F. G. Rice. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. David B. Troxel to be postmaster at De Land, Ill. Office be- John L. Roblyer to be postmaster at Flora, Ind., in place of ~ame presidential October 1, 1916. . J. L. Roblyer. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. ·wmiam Twohig to be postmaster at Galesburg, Ill., in place Atwell J. Shriner to be postmaster at Brookville, Ind., in place of William Twohig. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, of A. J. Shriner. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. 1917. Charles M. Snepp to be postmaster at Kewanna, Ind., in place Edgar F. Voshall to be postmaster at Pleasant Hill, Ill. Office of C. M. Snepp. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917, became presidential April 1, 1917. James H. !Spilman to be postmaster at Milroy, Ind., in place ', Lewis A. Westbrook tu be postmaster at Creal ·Springs, Ill., of James R. Sage, resigned. Nominated March 12, 1917, but in place of L. A. Westbrook. Incumbent's commission expired faile

A. D. Hix tobe·postmaster a·t Zearing, Iowa, in place of A. D. ' Robert V. Grattan to be-postmaster at Burden, KanS., in'plnce Hix. Incumbent's commission expired June 26, 1917. of R. V. Grattan. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, Eva Keith to be postmaster at Goldfield, Iowa~ in place of Eva 1917. Keith. Incumbent's commission expired June 26, 1917. Viola Hamilton to be postma&ter at Altamont, Kans., in place Christian Konrad to be postmaster at Lacona., Iowa, in place of of Viola Hamilton. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, Christian Konrad. Incumbent's commission expired June 2, 1917. 1917. Leroy H. Lvon to be postmaster at Colfax, Iowa, in place of ' S. J. Hampshire to be postmaster at Overbrook, Kans., in L. H. Lyon. incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. place of K J. Hampshire. Incumbent's commission expired Thomas J. McCaffrey to be postmaster at West Bend, Iowa, May 29, 1917. in place of T. J. McCaffrey. Incumbent's commission expired Charles Hewitt to be postmaster at Wakefield, Kans., in June 26, 1917. place of 0. Hewttt.. Incumbent's. commissi<;m expired May 6,

Lizzie D. McCormick to be postmaster at Letts, Iowa. Office 1917. · 0 became presidential October 1, 1916. Emma L. Hoopman to be postmaster at Lucas, Kans., in Stephen C. Maynard to be postmaster at Grand Junction, Iowa, place of E. L. Hoopman. Incumbent's commission expired May in place of S.C. Maynard. Incumbent's commission exptred June 22, 1917. 26 Hl17. Frederick M. Cook to be postmaster at Jamestown, Kans., in Edward J. Mitchell to be postmaster at Graettinger, Iowa, in plac-e of F. M. Cook. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, place of E. J. Mitchell. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. 1917. E. C. McDermott to be postmaster at Spearville, Kans., in 'Villiam R. Minard to be postmaster at Little Rock, Iowa. place of E. 0. McDermott. Incumbent's commission expired Office became rresidential January 1, 1917. June 17, 19~7. William W. Moore to be postmaster at Ainsworth, Iowa. Office John McKee to be postmaster at Clay Center, Kans., in place became presidential October 1, 1916. • of Jobn McKee. Incumbent's commission expired 1\lay 20, 1917. Charles N. Nel:-on to be postmaster at Bedford, Iowa, in place C. C. McKenzie to be postmaster at Morrill, Kans., in place of of C. N. Nelson. Incumbent's commission expired June 26, 1917. C. C. McKenzie. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, 1917. , Clint L. Price to be postmaster at Indianola, Iowa, in place of W. A. Matteson to be postmaster at Abilene, Kans., in place Clint L. Price. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. of W. A- Matteson. Incumbent's commi§sion expired April 24, Orien J. Perdue to be postmaster at Altoona, Iowa. Office be- 1917. · came presidential October 1, 1916. Martin Miller to be postmaster at Fort Scott, Kans., in place 'Valter Rae to be postmaster at Massena, Iowa, in place of W. of Martin Miller. Incumbent's commission expired June 13, Rae. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. 1917. Carrie H. Randall to be postmaster at Epworth, Iowa. Office R. H. Miles to be postmaster at Lyndon, Kans., in place of became presidential October 1, 1916. R. H. 1\liles. Incumbent's commission expired June 13. 1917. Robert M. Reid to be postmaster at Lake City, Iowa, in place Thomas O'Mara to be postmaster at Colony, Kans., in place of of Robert 1\1. Reid. Incumbent's commission expired June 26, Thomas O'Mara. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. 1917. C. \V. Remore to be postmast~r at No:~wood, I.owa, in place E. L. Pepper to. be postmaster at Conway Springs, Kans., in of C. W. Remore. Incumbents cormrussron exprred May 22, place otE. L. Pepper. Incumbent's commission expireu May 20, 1917. • . 1917. Rudolph W. Schlug to be postmaster ~t Strmyb~ry Pomt, Claude Rowland to be postmaster at Protection, Kans., in Iowa, in place of R. W. Schlug. Incumbents comnuss1.0n expired place of Claude R{)wland. Incumbent's commission expired June 26, 1917. . . . 1\!ay 6, 1917. Bessi~ C. Swan to be postmas~er at St?r~ C1ty, ~owa, m place Mary E. Shaffer to be postmaster at Fulton, Kans. Office be- of Bess1e C. Swan. Incumbents comnusswn exprred June 26, came presidential April1, 1917. 1917. . . Leonard Shamle.ffer to be postmaster at Douglass, Kans., in Edward E. Swank to b_e postmaste~ a~ R1cbl~nd, Iowa, in place place of L. Shamle:ffer. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, of E. E. Swank. Incumbent's comnusSlon exprred June 6, 1917. 1917. 0 Alfred E. Thomas to be post~aster a~ ~uxton, ~owa, in place Eugell.fr Skinner to be postmaster at Cherokee, Kans., in {}lace of A. E. Thomas. Incumbents commiSsiOn expll'ed June 26, of Eugene Skinner. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. . . . 1917. George M. Waterman to be postmast~r at S1~~y, Iowa! lU P. D. Spellman to be postmaster at Plainville, Kans., in place place of G. M. Waterman. Incumbents commiSSion expl.l'ed of P. D. Spellman. Incumbent's commission expired June 26, June 6, 1917. 1917. XANSA.S. J. H. Stanbery to be postmaster at Attica, Kans., in place of Lottie R. Boulls to be postmaster at Jennings, Kans. Office J. H.. Stanbery. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. became presidential April 1, 1917. James A. Thompson to be postmaster at White Water, Kans., Gus C. Buche to be postmaster at Miltonvale, Kans., in place in place of ~- A. Thompson. Incumbent's commission expired of G. C. Buche. Incumbent's commission expired 1\Ia.y 6, 1917. May 20, 1917. Ida J. Butler to be postmaster at Morland, Kans. Office L. G. Wagner to be postmaster at Sylvia, Kans., in place of became presidential April1, 1917. L. G. Wagner. Incumbent's commission expired May 1. 1917. Alfred D. Carpenter to be postmaster at Oswego, Kans., in William Walker, jr., to be postmaster at Goodland, Kans., in place of A. D. Carpenter. Incumbent's commission expired place of W. Walker. jr. Incumbent's commission expired May 1\fay 20, 1917.. . . 22, 1917. L. D. Cassler to be postmaster at Canton, Kans., in place of Cora l\f. Waters to be postmaster at Bird City, Kans. Office L. D. Cassler. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. became presidential April1, 1917. Edward Con·igan to be postmaster at Effingham, Kans., in J. J. Wilson to be postmaster at Moran, Kans., in place of ptace of Edward Corrigan. Incumbent's commission expired J. J. Wilson. Incumbent's commission expired' l\Iay 1, 1917. June 17, 1917, KENTUCKY. Caroline Doerschlag to be postmaster at ~ansom, Kans. Office became presidential January 1, 1917. A. K. Bowles, ji·., to be postmastet' at Jenkrns, Ky., in place-of Jefferson Dunham to be postmaster at Little River, Kans.~ in A. K.- Bowles, jr. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. place of J. Dunham. incuinbent's commission expired April ~4, Cleo W. Brown to be postmaster at Mount Vernon, Ky., in 1917. place of C. W. Brown. Incumbe~t's commtssion expired 1\fay 9, Elmer ·A. Dye to be postmaster at Logan, Kans., in place of 1917. ' E. A. Dye. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. John C. Carrithers to be postmaster at Taylorsville, Ky., in Axel Ellingson to be postmaster at Scandia, Kans., in place place of J. C. Carrithers. Incumbent's commission expired of A. Ellingson. Incumbent's commi..$sion expired May 6', 1917. May~. 1917. J. 0. Ferguson to be postmaster at Independence, Kans., in Sandy P. Cooke to be postmaster at ·Smiths Grpve, Ky., in place of J. 0. Ferguson. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, place of S. P. Cooke. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. 1917. Frank S. Foster to be postmaster at Ellsworth, Kans., in place Jordan Walker Crossfield to be postmaster at Lawrencebm;g, of F. S. Foster. Incumbent's commission expired June 26, 1917. Ky., in place of .J. OW. Crossfield. Incumbent's com!JlisslOn ex­ Agnes H. Gallagher to be postniaster at Summerfield, X~ .• pired June 21, 1917. in place of A. H. Gallagher. \. Incumbent's commission ~:xpired D. B. Fields to be postmaster at Olive Hill, Ky., in place of May 1, 1917. · D. B. Fjelds, Incumbent's commission expired June 13, 1917. 5282 'CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY 19,

John H. Grimes to be postmaster at Harrodsburg~ Ky., in S. H. Frost to b_e ,postmaster at Pittsfield, Me., in place of place of J. H. Grimes. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, S. H. Frost. Incumbent's commission expired June 27 1917. J917. William N. Gough to be postmaster at York Beach, M~. Office Morgan Kuykendall to be postmaster at Kevil, Ky., in place became presidential October 1, 1916. of Morgan Kuykendall. Incumbent's commission expired May Reuben A. Huse to be postmaster at Kingfield, Me., in place 22. 1917. of R. A. Huse. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. Coney Kitchen Lewis to be postmaster at Grayson, Ky., in Frederick H. Macomber to be postmaster at Seal Harbor, 1\le. place of C. K. Lewis. Incumbent's .commission expired May 22, Office became presidential October 1, 1916. 1917. . Delbert M. Story to be postmaster at Washbm·n, Me. ·Office Oharles E. Lightfoot to be postmaster at Cloverport, Ky., in uecame presidential April 1, 1917. . piace of C. E. Lightfoot. Incumbent's commission expired May Milford A. 'Waite to be postmaster at Canton, Me., in place of 6, 1917. M.A. Waite. William G. O'Hara to be postmaster at Williamstown, Ky., in MARYLAND. place of W. G. O'Hara. Incumbent's commission expired May 22,· 1917. Alice .L. Exley to be postmaster at Kensington, ' 1\Icl. Office E. F. Thomasson to be postmaster at Livermore. Ky., in place became presidential October 1, 1916. . of E. F. Thomasson. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, Clarence J. Rathbun to be postmaster at Mountain Lake Park. 1917. . Md. Office became presidential October l, 1916. • A. B. Tilton to be postmaster at Carlisle, Ky., in place of A. B. Sherlock Swann to be postmaster at Baltimore, Md., in place Tilton. Incumbent's commission 'expired June 23, 1917. of S. Swann. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. Orrin Derby Todd to be postmaster at Shelbyville, Ky., in Charles H. Wilson to be postmaster at Forest Hill, Mel. Office . place of 0. D. Todd. Incumfient's commission eJ..-pired May 9, became presidential April1, 1917. 1917. . MASSACHUSETTS. Paul H. White to be postmaster at La Center, Ky. Office be­ Jesse W. Crowell to be postmaster at South Yarmouth, 1\lass., came presidential April 1, 1917. in place of J. W. Crowell. Incumbent's commjssion ex-pired LOUISIANA. June 5, 1917. - Joseph Abadie to be postmaster at Rayne, Ln., in place of .J. Ralph L. Getman to be postmaster at Cheshire, Mass. Office Abadie. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. became presidential April 1, 1917. Ulysses .J. Barrios to be postmaster at Lockport, La., in place Lewis N. Gilman to be postmaster at Allerton, Mass. Office of U. J. Barrios. Incumbent's commission expired .June 5, 1917. became presidential October 1, 1916. J. W. Bouaiichaud to be postmaster at New Roads, La., in Benjamin R. Gifford to be postmaster at Woods Hole, Mas~ .• place of .J. W. Bounnchaud. Incumbent's ~ommission expired in place of B. R. Gifford. Incumbent's commission expire

1917. CONGRESSIONAL REdORD-SENATE. 5283

Charles W. Crago to be postmaster at Bellevue," Mich., in Michael Hollaren to be postmaster at Ellsworth, Miim., in phtce of C. W. Crago. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, place of M. Hollaren. Incumbent's commission expired June 23, 1917. . 1917. C. Dale Downing to be postmaster at St. Charles, Mich., in Gustav J. Jarchow to be postmaster at Harris, Minn. Office place of C. D. Downing. Incumbent's commission expired June became presidential April 1, 1917. G, 1917. Ludwig L. Johnson to be postmaster at Brookpark, Miim. Chester E. Farrier to be postmaster at Hillman, Mich. Office Office became presidential April 1, 1917. became presidential October 1, 1916. John C. Klein to be postmaster at St. Joseph, 1\Iinn. Office be­ Ada E. Gibbs to be postmaster at Fife Lake, Mich.· Office came presidential October 1, 1916. became presidential April 1, 1917. _ Alton E. Martin to be postmaster at Wo'odlake, Minn. Office Lena T. Gilbert to be postmaster at Metamora~ Mich. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. became presidential October 1, 1916. Paul D. M.itchell to be postmaster at Brooten, Minn., in place William J. Gleason to be postmaster at Ludington, Mich., in of P. D. Mitchell. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, place of W. J. Gleason. Incumbent's commission expired May 1917. ·.. 29, 1917. Gertrude- A. Muske to be postmaster at Swanville, Minn. William Grant to be postmaster at Coloma, Mich., in place Office became presidential October 1, 1916. of ,V. Grant. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. . Fred Von Ohlen to be postmaster at Henning, Minn., in place Ina l\f. Hammond to be postmaster at Rose City, Mich. Office of F. Von Ohlen. Incumbent's commission expired May 22,1917. became presidential October 1, 1916. Walter W. Parish to be postmaster at Rushford, Minn., in Cora Harden to be postmaster at Morley, Mich. Office became place of W. W. Parish. Incumbent's commission expired June presidential October 1, 1916. 17, 1917. ~ John C. Hoopingarner to be postmaster at Berrien Springs, Walter W. Pearson to be postmaster at Nevis, Minn. Office be- · 1\lich., in place of J. C. Hoopingarner. Incumbent's commission came presidential January 1, 1917. expired 1\lay 6, 1917. E. E. Putnam to be postmaster at Big Lake, Minn. Office be­ Berend Kamps to be postmaster at Zeeland, Mich., in place came presidential October 1, 1916. of Berend Kamps. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, Amelia M. Rajkowski to be postmaster at Rice, Minn. Office , 1017. became presidential October 1, 1916. B. W. Klackle to be postmaster at Bridgman, Mich. Office be­ Mark T. Randall to be postmaster at Amboy, Minn., in place came presis commission expired June M. E. Tubb. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. 17, 1~17. Charlie P. Wadley to be postmaster at Tunica, Miss., in place James E. Phillips to be postmaster at Meadville, Mo., in of C. P. Wadley. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. place of J. E. Phillips. Incumbent's commission expired l\lny Henrietta Welch to be postmaster at Carrollton, Miss., in place 29, 1917. of H. \Velch. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. William G. Pike to be po tmaster at Martinsburg, Mo. Office became presidential April 1. 1917. MISSOURI. John S. Smith to be postmaster at Eldorado Springs, Mo., J. W. Allen to be postmaster at Mountain Grove, Mo., in place in place of J. S. Smith. Incumbent's commission expired 1\Iay of J. W. Allen. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. 22, 1917. . Charles B. Bacon to be postmaster at Marshall, Mo., in place Perry B. Smith to be postmaster at Ellington, Mo. Office be­ of C. B. Bacon. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. came presidential April 1, 1917. A. P. Beazley to be postmaster at Eldon, l\1o., in place of A. P. :May W. Spurling to be postmaster at Higbee, 1\Io., in place Beazley. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. of M. W. Spurling. Incumbent's commission expired April 28, C. W. Brady to be postmaster at Independence, Mo., in plac£> 1917. of C. W. Brady. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. G. ,V. Summers to be postmaster at Hartville, 1\fo., in place Harlie F. Clark ·to be postmaster at Harrisonville, Mo., in of G. W. Summers. Incumbent's commission expired Mny 29, place of H. F. Clark. Incumbent's collliilissiori expired May 20, 1917. 1917. Francis E. Thurston to be postmaster at Knobnoster, 1\lo., in P. L. Connolly to be postmaster at Norwoo~ Mo., in place of place of F. E. Thurston. Incumbent's commission expired l\iay P. L. Connolly. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. 22, 1917. Walter L. Cox to be postmaster at Osceola, Mo., ~ place of H. J. von Gremp to be postmaster at Dixon, 1\lo., in place of W. L. Cox. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. H. J. von Gremp. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, Harry R. Culp to be postmaster at Alton, Mo., in place of H. R. 1917. Culp. Incumbent's commission expirnd May 29, 1917. William Warmack to be postmaster at Greenville, Mo., ln l\1. W. Daugherty to be postmaster at Ironton; Mo., in plac£> place of W. \Varmack. Incumbent>s commission expired 1\Iuy of l\1. W. Daugherty. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, 6, 1917 - 1917. Richard B. Wilson to be postmaster at Montrose. 1\Io., in J. B. Davis to be postmaster at Schell City, Mo., in place of place of R. B. Wilson. Incumbent's commission e;x::pired 1\Iay 20, .. J. B. Davis. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. 1917. Thomas A. Dodge to be postmaster at Milan, Mo., in place of 'MONTANA. ~- A. Dodge. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. Dan C. Ayer to be postmaster at Jordan, Mont. Office became Edward T, Duval to be postmaster at Skidmore, Mo., in place presidential JanuaJ'y 1, 1917. of E. T. Duval. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, 1917. Charles L. Beers to be postmaster at Judith Gap, Mont., Charles T. Ferguson to be postmaster at Burlington Junction, in place of C. L. Beers. Incumbent's commission expired May Mo., in place of C. Ferguson. Incumbent's commission expired 20, 1917. June 6, 1917. Mordena C. Busey to be postmastE>r at Em·eka. Mont., (n John S. Fowler to be postmaster at Cole Camp, Mo., in place place of l\:1. C. Busey. Incumbent>s commission expired l\fay 20, of J. S. Fowler. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. 1917: Patrick C. Gibbons to be postmaster at Edina, Mo., in place Roy M. Corley to be postmaster at Stevensville, Mont., ln of P. C. Gibbons. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, 1917. place of R. 1\I. Corley. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, Maud E. Haile to be postmaster at Duenweg, Mo. Office be­ 1917. came presidential J"anuary 1, 19!7. John Dailey to be postmaster at Medicine Lake, 1\font., ln T. B. Hardaway to be postmaster _at Jasper, 1\Io., in place of place of J. Dailey. Incumbent's commission expired June 13, '1.'. B. Hardaway. Incumbent's commission expired l\lay 6, 1917. 1917. John Hetrick to be postmaster at Laclede, Mo., in place of Bruce 0. Dean to be po tmaster at Musselshell, Mont. Office J. Hetrick. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. became presidential April 1, 1917. DeCoursey D. Hitt to be postmaster at Rock-ville, Mo., in B. L. Golden to be postmaster at Sheridan, l\1ont., in place of - place of D. D. Bitt. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, B. L. Golden. Incumbent's commission expired June 13, 1917. 1917. Benedict J. Gossack to be postmaster at Highwood, Mont. W. L. Hixson to be postmaster at Billings, Mo., in place of Office became presidential April 1, 1917. W. L. Hixson. Incumbent>s commission expired June 17, 1917. Sophia J. Guthrie to be postmaster at Reedpoint, Mont. Office J. Walter Hogan to be postmaster at Willow Springs, Mo., became presidential January 1, 1917. in place of J. W. Hogan. Incumbent's commission expired Alice B. Hensley to be po tmaster at Moore, l\1ont., in place of May 22, 1917. Alice Hensley. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. Hugh B. Ingler to be postmaster at Republic, Mo., in place J. P. Lavelle fo be po tmaster at Columbus, Mont., in place of of H. B. Ingler. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, 1917. J. P. Lavelle. Incumbent's commission expired 1\lay 20, 1917. Louie L. Jobe to be postmaster at Bloomfield, Mo., in place Alfred S. Opheim to be postmaster at Opheim, Mont. Office of L. L. Jobe. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. became presidential October 1, 1916. J. Lee Johnson to be postmaster at Flat River, Mo., in place J. S. Pearson· to be postmaster at Belt. Mont., in place of J. S. of J. L. Johnson. Incumbent's commission expired 1\Iay 6, Pearson. Incumbent's commission t>..xpired June 23, 1917. 1017. Eugene L. Poindexter to be po tmaster at Dillon, ·Mont., in Erlgar .Jones to be postmaster at Frankford, Mo., in place of place of E. L. Poindexter. Incumbent's commission expired E. Jones. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. May 20, 1917. Meredith B. Lane to be postmaster at Sullivan, Mo., in place T. A. Rjgney to be postmaster at Laurel, Mont; in place of of 1\I. B. Lane. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, 1917. T. A. Rigney. Incumbent's commis ion expired May 20. 1917. Benjamin R.- Lingle to be postmaster at Warsaw, Mo.. in Margaret Roach to be postmaster at Outlook, Mont. Office place of B. R. Lingle. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, became presidential October 1, 1916. 1917. . . . Thomas H. Rush to be postmaster at Wibaux, 1\Iont., in place Alfred H. Long to be postmaster at Festus, Mo., in place of ofT. H. Rush. Inc\lmbent's commission expired l\fay 20, 1917. A. H. · Long._ Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. .John H. Suydam to be postmaster at 'Valkerville, Mont. · S. D. Mcl\Iillen to be postmast~r at Lockwood, Mo., in place Office became presidential April 1, 1917. _ ·or S. D. McMillen. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, Lloyd L. Stewart to be postmaster at Ingomar, 1\Iont. Office 1917. became presidential .Jan~Iary 1, 1917. · 1917. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .. 52~5

Marie R. Worth to be postmaster at Carter, Mont. Office be- NEW JERSEY. came presidential January l, 1917. • J. A. Wright to be postmaster at Chester, Mont., in place of Joseph ~tkinson to be postmaster at Freehold, N . .T., in place J. A. Wright. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. of .T. Atkmson. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917~ E. R. Barrett to be postmaster at West Fort Lee, N . .T. Office NEBRASKA. became presidential April 1, 1917. W. C. Bartlett to be postmaster at Elmwood, Nebr., in place of John V. L. Booraem to be postmaster at Milltown, N . .T., in W. C. Bartlett. Incumbent's commission expired June 21, 1917. place of .T. V. L. Booraem. Incumbent's commission expired Edward J. Brady to be postmaster at McCook, Nebr., in place May 29, 19J. 7. of E. J. Brady. Incumbent's commission expired June 26, 1917. Chester A. Burt to be postmaster at Helmetta, N . .T., in place Frank A. ~x to be postmaster at Sutherland, Nebr., in place of C. A. Burt. Incumbent's commission expired February 21 of Frank Cox:. J Incumbent's commission expired April 28, 1917. 1914. , Frederick C. Easley to be postmaster at Dunbar, Nebr. Office Samuel H. Chatten to be postmaster at Pennington, N . .T., in I ' became presidential April1, 1917. . place of S. H. Chatten. Incumbent's commission expired June A. J. Ferris to be postmaster at Palmer, Nebr., in place of A. J. 26, 1917. '· Ferris. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. R. M. Chorpenning to be postmaster at Atco, N . .T. Office be­ Mary J. Flynn to be postmaster at Jackson, Nebr. Office be­ came presidential October 1, 1916. came presidential January 1, 1917. Jeanette H. Claypoole to be postmaster at Cedarville, N. J. Vernon L. Green to be postmaster at 1\Ierriman, Nebr. Office Office became presidential October 1, 1916. became presidential April 1, 1917. . .TosepJ:t B. Cornish, j~., to.be postmaster at Washington, N . .T., Charles J. Huber to be postmaster at Rulo, Nebr. Office be­ m place of .T. B. Cormsh, Jr. Incumbent's commission expired came presidential April1, 1917. May 26, 1917. J. B. Lane to be postmaster at Blue Hill, Nebr., in place of William H. Cottrell to be postmaster at Priuceton, N . .T., in J. B. Lane. Incumbent's commission expired June 21, 1917. place of W: H. Cottrell. Incumbent's commission expired April R. V. McPherson to be postmaster at Craig, Nebr., in place of 24, 1917. R. V. McPherson. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. John .T. Foley to be postmaster at Bernardsville, N . .T .. in place Fred H. Os enkop to be postmaster at Louisville, Nebr., in of J . .T. Foley. Incumbent's commission expired .Tune 26, 1917. place of F. H. Ossenkop. Incumbent's commission expired June Katherine E. Fraleigh to be postmaster at Seagirt, N. J. Of- 6, 1917. fice became presidential October 1, 1916. _ Frank R. Parker to be postmaster at Wilsonville, Nebr. ,Office Frank Hampton to be postmaster at Sea Bright, N . .T., in place became presidential October 1, 1916. of F. Hampton. Incumbent's commission -expired May 29, 1917. Hannah Price to be postmaster at Bennet, Nebr. Office be­ Peter H. S. Hendricks to be postmaster at New Brunswick, came presidential October 1, 1916. N . .T., in place of P. H. S. Hendricks. Incumbent's commission Herbert C. Robbins to be postmaster at Wallace, Nebr. Office expired May 29, 1917. became presidential January 1, 1917. · Harry C. Rogers to be postmaster at Upland, Nebr. Office Frank Hill to be postmaster at Dumont, N . .T., in place of F. became presidential October 1, 1916. HilL Incumbent's commission expired April 9, 1913. MellA. Schmied to be postmaster at Dakota City, Nebr. Office Harrison C. Hurley to be postmaster at Asbury Park, N. J., became presidential Apri11, 1917. · in place of H. C. Hurley. Incumbent's commission expired June Charles J. Smersh to be postmaster at Brainard, Nebr. Office ~m~ - became presidential April 1, 1917. Edward Iredell to be postmaster at Mullica Hill, N. J. Office Frank D. Strope to be postmaster at Orchard, Nebr., in place became presidential October 1, 1916. of F. D. Strope. Incumbent's commission expired .Tune 21, 1917. Adrian P. King to be postmaster at Beachhaven, N . .T. Office Elsie B. Thompson to be postmaster at Wynot, Nebr. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. became presidential April 1, 1917. Harry M. Knight to be postmaster at Camden, N . .T., in plac·e Margaret A. Waggoner to be postmaster at Wood Lake, Nebr. of H. M. Knight. Incumbent's commission expired .Tune 5, 1917. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. E. Tracy Lanterman to be postmaster at East Orange, N . .T., Harry· N. 'Vallace to be postmaster at Coleridge, Nebr., in in place of E. T. Lanterman. Incumbent's commission expired place of H. N. Wallace. Incumb~nt's commission expired June April28, 1917. ' 6, 1917; Charles McCue to be postmaster at Lakewood, N . .T., in place NEVADA. of C. McCue. Incumbent's commission expired .Tune 5, 1917. Jennie R. Backus to be postmaster at Golconda, Nev., in place Clarence 0. McCullough to be postmaster at Carneys Point, of J. R. Backus. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. . N.J. Office became presidential April!, 1917. James L. Denton to be postmaster at Caliente, Nev. Office .Tames P. McNair to be postmaster at Paterson, N . .T., in place became presidential October 1, 1916. of .T. P. McNair. Incumbents' commission expired April 28, 1917. Wilson .T. Forbes to be postmaster at Deeth, Nev. Office be­ Joseph Mark to be postmaster at South River, N . .T., in place came presidential January l, 1917. of .T. Mark. Incumbent's commission expired .Tune 26, 1917. Mason E. McLeod to be postmaster at Yerington, Nev., in place Walter M. Miller to be postmaster at Netcong, N. J., in place of M. E. McLeod. Incumbent'.s commission expired .Tune 2, 1917. of W. M. Miller. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. William .T. Neeley to be postmaster at Wadsworth, Nev. Office Charles Rittenhouse to be postmaster at Hackettstown, N. J., became presidential January 1, 1917. . · in place of C. Rittenhouse. Incumbent's commission expired Franklin S. Smith to be postmaster at Der~, Nev. Office May 26, 1917. became presidential April 1, 1917. John F. Ryan to be postmaster at Woodbridge, N. J., in place Philip S. Triplett to be po.stmaster at Wells, Nev., in place of of .T."F. Ryan. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917 ~ P. S. Triplett. Incumbent's commission expired .Tune 2, 1917. Patrick _H. _Ryan to be postmaster at Elizabeth, N. J., in place NEW H.A.MPSHmE. of P. J. Ryan. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, 1917. Adelia M. Barrows to be postmaster at Hinsdale, N. H., in John .T. Schilcox to be postmaster at Keasbey, N . .T. Office be­ place of A.M. Barrows. Incumbent's commission expired June came presidential January 1, 1913. 27, 1917. Edwin T. Van Horn to be postmaster at Newfoun land, N.J• . David V. Cahalane to be postmaster at Charlestown, N.H., in Office became presidential October 1, 1916. . ' place of D. V. Cahalane. Incumbent's commission expired May Albert L. Williams to be postmaster at Vineland, N. .T., in 1, 1917. . place of A. L. Williams. Incumbent's commission expired May Fred W. Dinsmore to be postmaster at Intervale, N.H. Office 1, 1917. became presidential October 1, 1916. Adam Worth to be postmaster at Elberon, N. J. Office be­ Herbert F. Elkins to be postmaster at The Weirs, N.H. Office came presidential October 1, 1916. became presidential October 1, 1916. NEW MEXICO. Grace E. Emerson to be postmaster at East Rochester, N. H., in place of G. E. Emerson. Incumbent's commission expired HowardS. Boise to be postmaster at Hurley, N.Mex., in plac~ .Tune 6, 1917. of H. S. Boise. Incumbent's commission expired .Tune 5, 1917• Clarence H. George to be p()$tmaster at Bartlet4 N.H. Office A. G. Daggett to be postm8$ter at Chama, N. Mex. Office be­ became presidential April 1, 1917. · came presidential April 1, 1917. H. Warren K. Hale to be postmaster at Dixville Notch, N.H. W. E. Foulks to be postmaster at Deming, N.Mex., in place of Office became presidential October 1, 1916. W. E. ·Foulks. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. . . Irving H. Hicks to be postmaster at Contoo~ook, N. H., in place A. B. Wagner to be postmaster at Clovis, N. Mex., in place of of I. H. Ilicks. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. A. B. Wagiler. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. 5286 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--SEN ATE.

NEW YORK. 'Villiam E. 1\fcDonell to be postmaster nt Alexandria. Bay, N. Y., in place of W. E. ~IcDoneil. Incumbent's comm.ission ex­ E. F. Abbott to be postmaster at Old Foi·ge, N. Y. Office be- pired June 1917. came presidential July 1, 1914. . 5; Clare B. Allen to be postmaster at Springwater, N. Y. Office Herbert l\l~ullen to be postmaster at l\Iarlboro, N. Y., in place of H. l\Icl\Iullen. Incumbent's commi sion expired June 5, became presidential OrtobP.r 1, 1916. 1917. Charles H. Akerley to be postmaster at Round Lake, N. Y. Office became- presidential October 1, 1916. Frederick J. Manchester to be postmaster at Clark Mills, Samuel F. Aner 1, 1916. cammission expired June 5, 1917. Frank Cronk to be postmaster at Grand Gorge, N. Y. Office F. N. Parquet to be postmaster at Inlet, N. Y. Office became because presidential October 1, 1916. Charle A. Daniels to be postmaster at Gilbertsville, N. Y. presidential October 1, 1916. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. Frederick W. Piotrow to be postmaster at Hamilton, N. Y., in Arthur B. Dewey to be po tmaster at Tully, N. Y., in place place of F. W. Piotrow. Incumbent's commission expired June of A. B. Dewey. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. 5~ 1917. I!':abel G. Duvall to be po tmaster at Shelter Island Heights, - Adda B. Pomeroy to be postmaster at Eastwood, N.Y. Office N. Y. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. became presidential October 1, 1916. Charles Ray ,to be postma~ter at Bal'ker, N. Y., in place of G. R. Paul Engert to be postmaster at Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., in place of G. R. P. Engert. Incumbent's commission expired C. Ray. Incumbent's commis ion expired June 5, 1917. June 5, 1917. _ Eva C. Sager to be postmaster at Frewsburg, N. Y. Office be­ came presidential April 1, 1917. Harry :M. Fi her to be postmaster at Nanuet, N. Y., in place of H. M. Fi her. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. Fred A. Shoemaker to be postmaster at Averill .Park, N. Y. Alphonzo E. Fitch to be postmaster at Cazenovia, N. Y., in Office became presidential January 1, 1917. place of A. E. Fitch. Incumbent's commission expired Jnne 5, Howard M. Smith to be postmaster at North White Lake, N.Y. 1917. . Office became presidential January 1, 1917. John Soemann to be postmaster at Lancaster, N. Y., in place Oswald F. Freeman to be postmaster at Edwards, N. Y. of J. Soemann. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. Clarence A. Talbot to be postmaster at Edmeston, N. Y., in Peter M. Giles to be postmaster at LeRoy, N. Y., in place of place of C. A. Talbot. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, P. l\.L Giles. Incumbent's commission expired l\1ay l, 1917. 1917. . John J. Glynn to be postmaster at Valatie, N. Y:, in place of Albert B.. Taylor to be postmaster at Hunter, N. Y., in place J. J. Glynn. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. of A. B. Taylor. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. Hanna Hallock to be postmaster at Highland Mills, N. Y. Jerome Terpening to be postmaster at Jefferson, N. Y. Office Office became presidential October 1, 1916. became presidential October 1, 1916. Catherine A. Hamilton to be postmaster at Manhasset, N. Y. James M. Tuohey to be po tmaster at :Medina, N. Y., in place Office became president:al October 1; 1914. of J. M. Tuohey. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, ~917. William H. Harding to be postmaster at Roscoe, N. Y., in Franklin D. Wade to be postmnster at Addison, N.Y., in place place of W. H. Harding. Incumbent's commission expired of F. D. Wade. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, 1917. _ June 5, 1917. Albert W. Wells to be postmaster at Newman, N. Y. Office •T. A. Harrington to be postmaster at Arkville, N. Y. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. became presidential October 1, 1916. J Miles G. Wellman to be postmaster at Youngstown, N. Y., Willis H. Hawkins to be postmaster at Bellport, N. Y., in in place of M. G. Wellman. Incumbent's commission expired place of W. H. Hawkins. Incumbent's commission expired _ June 5, 1917. June 5, 1917. William F. Wild to be postmaster at Lindenhurst, N. Y., in Charles N. Hickey to be po tmaster at Gainesville, N. Y. place of Wm. F. Wild. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, Office became pre idential October 1, 1916. 1917. James flognn to be postmaster at l\1arcellus, N. Y., in place NORTH CAROLINA. of J. Hogan. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. E. H. Avent to be postmaster at East Durham, N. C., in place H or ace J. Howl- to l>e postmaster at Mount McGregor, N. Y. of E. H. Avent. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, 1!>17. Office became presi<.1€ntial April1, 1917. J. D. Bivins to be postmaster at Albemarle, N. C., in place of Harry A. Inglee to be postmaster at Amityville, N. Y., in J. D. Bivins. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. place of H. A. In "lee. Incumbent commission expired May 6, J. H. Bowen to be postmaster at West 'Durham, N.C., in place 1917. of J. ·H. Bowen. · Incumbent's commission expired June 21, 1917. Robert B. Irwin to b~ postmaster at Nichols, N. Y., in place Richard A. Bruton to be postmaster ·at l\lount Gilead, N. C., of R B. Irwin. Incumbent' commis ion expired June 5, 1917. in place of R. A. Bruton. Incumbent's commi ion expired l\1ay Edward C . .Johnson to be po tmaster at East Chatham, N. Y. 20,.1917. Office beeame presillentiui Juuuary 1, 1917. ' A . N. Bulla to be postmaster at Randleman, N. C., in place J. H arold .Tunes to be postmaster at Yorkville, N. Y. Office of A. N. Bulla. · Office became presidential June 18, 1917. became pre ideutiu1 April 1, 1917. P. J. Caudell to be postma ter at St. Paul , N. C., in place of - Alfred J". Kennedy to be postmaster nt Flushing, N. Y., in P. J. Caudell. Incumbent's commission expired June 23, 1917. place of A. J. Kennedy. Incumben_t's commission expired 1\Iay 6, J. H; Carter to be postmaster at Mount Airy, N. C., in place 1917. of J. H. Carter. Incumbent's commission expire(] June 23, 1917. J. l\farvin Lotridge to be postmaster at Cincinnatus, N. Y., in ·w. T. Chambers to be postmaster at Madison, N. C., in place place of J. l\1. Lotridge. Incumbent's commission expired June of W. T. Chambers. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 5, 1917. ~ 1917. . / Mary A. Lynch to be postmaster at Buchanan, N. Y. Office G. H. Currie to be postmaster at Clarkton, N. C., in place of became presidential April 1, 1917, G. H. CurriQ. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. • 19-17. CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD-SENATE. 5287 ·

Willin ~ H. Etheredge to be postmaster at Selma, N. C., 'in John P. Galyen to be postmaster at Belfield, N. Dak., in place place of W. H. Etheredge. Incumbent's commission.. expired of J. Galyen, Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. May 26, 1917. . Robert Hunke to be postmaster at Richardton, N. Dak., in 1\[. l\1. Faison to be postmaster at Roanoke Rapids, N. C., in place of R. Hunke. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, place of 1\.I. M. Faison. Incumbent's eommission expired-May 29, 1917. 1917. John Robertson to be postmaster at illow City, N. Dak., in Arthur Ford to be postmaster at Crestmont, N. C. Office place of J. Robertson. Incumbent's commission expired June became presidential October 1, 1916. 5, 1917. Hector MeL. Green to be postmaster at Wilmington, N. C_, in OHIO. place of H. 1\IcT.... Green. Incumbent's commission expired May John Q. Baker to be. postmaster at Middletown, Ohio, in place 26, 1917. • . . of J. Q. Baker. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 191T. G. L. Griffin to be postmaster at Oriental, N. 0. Office be­ John P. Bakle to be postmaster at Antwerp, Ohio, in place of came presidential April 1, 1917. J.P. Bakle. •Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. Virgil D. Guire to be postmaster at Lenoir, N. C., in place of Charles G. Bartlett to be postmaster at State Soldiers Home, V. D. Guire. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. Ohio. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. James G. Hackett to be postmaster at Northwilkesboro, N.C., On'ell M. Brobst to be postmaster at Linden Heights, Ohio. in place of J. G. Hackett. Incumbent's commission ex:{!ired May Office became presidential Apri11, 1917. 20, 1917. John W. Campbell to be postmaster at Sardinia, Ohio. Office W. C. Hall to be postmaster at Black Mountain, N.C.• in place became presidential April 1, 1917. of \V. C. Hall. Incumbent's commission expired May 26, 1917. Joseph 0. Carpenter to be postmaster at Spencer, Ohio. Office E. EJ. Hunt, sr., to be postmaster at Mocksville, N. C., in place became presidential Aprij... a, 1917. of E. EJ. Hunt, sr. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 191,.7. John M. Cockrell to be postmaster at Lucasville, Ohio. Office A. H~ Russ to be postmaster at Cherryville, N. C., in place of became presidential Octobei' 1, 1916. . A. H. Russ. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, 1917~ B. E. Custer to be postmaster at Montpelier, Ohio, in place of H. D. Lambeth to be postmaster at Elon College, N. C., in place B. E. Ouster. Incumbent's com1pission expired June 18, 1917. of H. D. Lambeth. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, Hartley D. Devore to be postmaster at Vinton, Ohio. Office 1917. became presidential January 1, 1917. Albert B. Laughter to be postmaster ~t Norlina, N. C. OfV.ce Daniel D. Duty to be postmaster at Wellsville, Ohio, in place became presidential Aprill, 1917. .. of D. D. Duty. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. E. T. Lee to be postmaster at Dunn, N. C.l in place of E. T. 0. S. Earnest to be postmaster at Plymouth, Ohio, in place ot Lee. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. 0. S. Earnest. Incumbent's commission e~ired May 20, 1917. S. S. Lockhart to be postmaster at Wadesboro, N.C., in place Ida L. Flenniken to be postmaster at Smithfield, Ohio. Office of S. S. Lockhart. Incumbent's commiSsion expired June 18, became presidential January l, 1917. 1917. Rolla N. Frysinger to be postmaster at Rockford, Ohio, in E. T. McKeithen to be postmaster at Aberdeen, N. C., in place place of R.N. Frysinger. Incumbent's commission expired .Tune of E. T. McKeithen. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, 6,1917. . . 1917. John· C. Gorman to be postmaster at Ironton, Ohio, in place .· Leonidas M. Michaux to be postmaster at Goldsboro. N. C., of J. c.• Gorman. Incumbent's commission expired April 21, in place of L. M. l\1icl1aux. Incumbent's oollllllission. expired "1917. June 5, 1917. Emile F. Juillard to- be postmaster at Stryker, Ohio, in place J. ,V. Noell to be postmaster at Roxboro. N.C., in place of J. W. of E. F. Juillard. Incumbent's commission expired J'une 1&, Noell. Incumbent's commission expired .June 18,1917. 1917. W. L. Ormand to be postmaster at Bessemer City, N. 0., in H. E. Kinzly to be postmaster at Nevada, Ohio, in place of place of ,V. L. Ormand. Incumbent's commission e:KPired June H. EJ. Kinzly. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. 18, 1917. . J. W. Kis.s~U to be postmaster at West Unity, Ohio, in place Elijah B. Perry to be postmaster at Littleton, N. p., in place of J. W. Kissell. Incui:nbent's commissiQn expired June 6, 1917. of EJ. B. Perry. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. Frank V. Lantz to be postmaster at McArthur, Ohio, in place W. D. Pethel to be postmaster at Spencer, N. C., in place of of F. V. Limt~. Incumbent's commission expired .June 17, 1917. • W. D. Pethel. Incumbent's commission expired May 26, 1917. Clement V. Lash to be postmaster at Edon, Ohio, in place of John B. Petteway to be postmaster at Jacksonville, N. c.. in C. V. Lash. Incumbent's commission expired June 23, 1917. place of J. B. Petteway. Incumbent's commission expired June .Arthur L. McCarthy to be postmaster at li'rankJin, Ohio, in 5, 1917. place. of A. L. McCarthy. Incumbent's commission expired June Kate Reagan to be postmaster at Weaverville, N. C. Office 23,1917. _ became presidential April1, 1917. William T. Mann to be postmaster at Clyde, Ohio, in place of Plato C. Rollins to be postmaster at Rutherfordton, N. C., in W. T. Mann. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. place of P. · C. Rollins. Incumbent's commission expired May Forrest L. May to be postmaster at Dayton, Ohio, in place of 26, 1917. F. L. May. Incumbent's commission expired May 6, 1917. L. M. Sheffield to be postmaster at Spray, N. C., in place of "Edward J. Meagher to be postmaster at Glendale, Ohio, in L. l\1. Sheffield. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, 1917. place of E. J. Meagher. Incumbent's commission expired June Julia M. Smith to be postmaster at Liberty, N. 0. Office be­ 6,1917. came presidential July 1, 1917. Neal M. Osborn to be postmaster at Burton, Ohio, in place of W. H. Stearns to be postmaster at Tryon, N. C., in place Of N. M, Osborn. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, 1917. W. H. Stearns. Incumbent's commission expired May 26, 1917. H. M. Pomeroy to be postmaster at Maumee, Ohio, in place Russell A. Strickland to be postmaste1· at Elm City, N. C., in of H. M. Pomeroy. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, place of R. A. Strickland. Incumbent's commission expired 1917. May 6, 1917. Byron C. Porter to be postmaster at Kinsman, Ohio, in place R. B. Terry to be postmaster at Hamlet, N. C., in place of of-B. C. Porter. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. R. B. Terry. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. F. L. Priday to be postmaster at Euclid, Ohio. Office became J. H. Weddington to be postmaster at Charlotte, N. 0., in presidential April 1, 1917. place of J. H. Wedd,ington. Incumbent's commission expired Harley W. Purdy to be postmaster at Bradford, Ohio, in place May 29, 1917. of H. ·w. Purdy. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. George L. Whitfield to be postmaster at Franklinton,~. C., in J. E. Rubin to be postmaster at Payne, Ohio, in place of J. E. place of G. L. Whitfield. Incumbent's commission expired May Rubin. Incumbent's commlssion expired June 23, 1917. 29, 1917. • Albert Scbnell to be postmaster at Morrow, Qhio, in place of David J. Whichard to be postmaster at Greenville, N. C., in Albert Schnell. Incumbent's commission expired Apri128, 1917. place of D. J. Whichard. Incumbent's commission expired May .Armand L. Van Sciever w be postmaster at Grove City, Ohio. 20, 1917. Office became presidential April 1, 1917. . F. M. Williams to be postmaster at Newton, N. 0., in place of H. B~ Sibila to be postmaster at Massillon, Ohio, in place of F. 1\1. \Villiams. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. H. B. Sibila. Incumbent's commission expired June 10, 1917. George A. 'Voods to be postmaster at Nazareth, N. C. Office Jacob W. Simon to be postmaster at Bloomdale, Ohio. Office became presidential January 1, 1917. · became presidential Octol'et 1, 1916. W. F. Uhle to be postmaster at Attica, Ohio, in place of W. F. NORTH DAKOTA. Uhle. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. Weiner B. Andrus to be postmaster at Hazlet~ N. Dak. C.harles Warnke to be postmaster at Huron, Ohio, in place of Office became presidential October 1, 1916! ~s Warnke. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. 5288 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY '19,

' Ii;lins D. Warren· to be postmaster at Faitport Harbor, Ohio, Grant L. Grant to be postmaster at Riddle, Oreg. Office be- in place of E. D. Warren. Incumbent's cominission expired came presidential April 1, 1917. May 6, 1917. R. L. ~uiss to be postmaster at Woodburn, Oreg., in place of Harmon Wensinger to be postmaster at Fremont, Ohio, in R. L. GuiSs. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1911'. place of H. Wensinger. • Incumbent's commission expired May August Huckestein to be postmaster at Salem, Oreg., in place 29, 1917. of A. Huckestein. Incumbent's commission expired May 20 OKLAHOMA. 1917: , Wharton H. Breedlove to be postmaster at Muldrow, Okla. Lucius L. Hurd to be postmaster at Glendale, Oreg. Office Office became presidetttial April1, 1917. became presidential April 1, 1917. 0. H. r. Brewer to be postmaster at Muskogee, Okla., in place H. Y. Kirkpatrick to be po~tmaster at Lebanon, Oreg., in . of 0. H. P. Brewer. Incumbent's commission expired April 24, place of H. Y. Kirkpatrick. Incumbent's commission expired 1917. • May 20, 1917. Cassius L. Byrne to be postmaster at Ardmore, Okla., in place John Larkin to be postlnaster at Newberg, Oreg., in place of ·of C. L. Byrne. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. John Larkin. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. J. R. · Capshaw to be postmaster at Chattanooga, Okla., in George H. Lettellier to be postmaster at Mill City, Oreg. ·place of J. R. Capshaw. Incumbent's commission expired June Office became presidential April 1, 1917. 6, 1917. Arunah Longwell to be postmaster at Echo, Oreg., in place of J. ,V. Chism to be postmaster at Medford, Okla., in place of A. Longwell. Incumbent's commission expired April 28, 1917. J. W. Chism. Incumbent's commission expired June- 23, 1917. J. A. McMorris to be postmaster at Condon, Oreg., in place of Bonnie A. Coley to be postmaster at Davidson, Okla. Office J. A. McMorris. Incumbent's commission expired April 28, became presidential April1, 1917. 1917. · · Milton B. Cope to be postmaster at El Reno, Okla., in place of H. E. Mahoney to be postmaster at Oakland, Oreg., in place of M. B. Cope. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. H. E. Mahoney. Inc_umbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. K. C. Cox to be postmaster at Granite, Okla., in place of Ira C. Mehrling to be postmaster at Falls City, Oreg., in place K. C. Cox. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. of Ira C. Mehrling. Incumbent's commission ' expired May 20, Sydney A. Doyle to be postmaster at Maud, Okla., in place 1917. of S. A. Doyle. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. Frank S. Myers to be postmaster at Portland, Oreg., in place Joseph H. English to be postmaster at Walters (late Walter), o~F. S. Myers. Incumbent's commission expired April 24. 1nl7. Okla .. in place of J. H. English. Change of name of office. 0. J. Skiff to be postmaster at Union, Oreg., in place of 0. J. J. M. Ennis to be postmaster at Antlers, Okla., in place of Skiff. Incumbent's commission expired ~nne 5, 1917. J. l\1. Ennis. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. Harry M. Stewart to be postmaster at Springfield, Oreg., in Hattie Gore to be postmaster at Nowata, Okla., in place of place of H. l\I. Stewart. Incumbent's commission expired May Hattie Gore. Incumbent's ..commission expired May 22, 1917. 20, 1917. ' Andrew J. Grayson to be postmaster at Blanchard, Okla., in William E. Tate to be postmaster at Wasco, ·Oreg., in place of place. of A. J. Grayson. Incumbent's commission expired June w·. E. Tate. Incumbent's commission expired May 17, 1916. 6, 1917. · Guy E. Tex to be postmaster at Central Point, Oreg., in place D. l\I. Hamlin to be postmaster at Newkirk, Okla., . in place of G. E. Tex. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. of D. M:. Hamlin. Incumbent's commission expired l\fay 1, 1917. James_ W. Thompson to be _postmaster at Westport, Oreg. George H. Hancock to be postmaster at 'Velch, Okla., in place Office became presidential January 1, 1917. · of G. H. Hancock. IncumbenCs commission expired June 6, Lewis Ulrich to be postmaster at JacksonviiJe, Oreg., in place 1917. of Lewis Ulrich. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. Della Hickman to be postmaster at Spiro, Okla., in place of Ben Weathers to be postmaster at Enterprise, Oreg., in place Della Hickman. Incumbent's commission expired June 6, 1917. of Ben Weathers. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. J T. Holley to _be postmaster -at Stigler, Okla.; in place of h R. Van ·winkle to be postmaster at Weston, Oreg., in place J. T. Rolley. Incumbent's commission expired l\Iay 29, 1917. of L. R. Van Winkle. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, Frank E. King to be-postmaster at Braman, Okla. Office be· 1917. · • c.ame presidential April 1, 1917. Mamie E. Winters to be postmaster at Burns, Oreg., in place I. J. Ji'. Larecy to be postmaster at Hugo, Okla., in place of J. F. of Mamie Winters. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, Larecy. Incumbent's c.ommiss·ion expired May 29, 1917. 1917. Ira B. 1\IcOrary to be postmaster at Dewey, Okla., in plaee Herman Wise to be postmaster at Astoria, Oreg., in place of of I. B. McCrary. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, H. 'Vise. Incu:i:nbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. . 1917. - PENN~YLVANIA. Robert Burton Mayfield to be postmaster at Blair, Okla., in Eugene L. Aldrich to be postmaster at N.ew Milford, Pa., in place of R. B. Mayfield. Incumbent's commission expire..--pired June 6, 1917. Timothy F. Berney to be postmaster at Tower City, Pa., in Charles J. Townsend to be postmaster at Idabel, Okla., in place of T. F. Berney. Incumbent's commission expired Jnne place of C. J. Townsend. Incumbent's commission expired June 27, 1917. 17. 1917. Edward J. Bernhardt to be postmaster at Northampton, Pa.., Galen B. Townsend to be postmaster at 1\Ia.ngum, Okla., in in place of E. J. Bernhardt. Incumbent's commission expired place of G. B. Townsend. Incumbent's commission expired June June 2, 1917. 6, 1917. B. Frank Bautcher to be postmaster at Abington, Pa. Office Simon Peter Treadwell to be postmaster at Ryan, Okla., in became presidential April 1, 1917. place of -s. P. Treadwell. Incumbent's commission expired Arthur E. Brown to be postmaster at Osceola Mills, Pa., in June 21, 1917. place of A. E. Brown. Incumbent's commission expired June T. I. Truscott to be postmaster at Olustee, Okla., in place of 5, 1917. T. I. Truscott. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. Patrick F. Campbell to be postmaster at Portage, Pa., in place David M. Watson to be postmaster at Francis, Okla. Office of P. F. Campbell. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, became presidential Octobe~· 1, 1916. 1917. OREGON. Joshua W. Coolidge to be postmaster at Pen 1\Iar, Pa. Office became presidential Jan.uary 1, 1917. C. W. Brown to be postmaster at Canyon City, Oreg., in place 1\fax.A. Crain to-be postmaste~· at Wjnburne, Pa. Office be· of C. W. Brown. Incumbent's commission expired June 26,1917. • ·came presidential October 1, 1916. · 1917. I CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 5289

Matthew 1\I. Cusack to be postmaster at Steelton, Pa., in place Roy R. Rowles to ne postmaster at Philipsburg, Pa., in place of M. M. Cusack. Incumbent's commission expired June 23, of R. R. Rowles. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. 1917. Eli D. Ruth to be postmaster at High · Spire, Pa. Office be­ .Tames G. Downward,' jr., to be postmaster at Coatesville, Pa.p came presidential April 1, 1917. in place ot J. G. Downward, jr~ Incumbent's commissioll' ex­ Marion S. Schoch to be postmaster at Selinsgrove, Pa. ~ in pired June 17, 1917. place of M. S. Schoch. Incumbent's commission expired May · Benjamin F. Evans to be postmaster at Hopewell, Pa. Office 22, 1917. became presidential October 1, 1916. T. Cheyney Scott to e postmaster at Malvern, Pa., in place of Frank C. Fisher to be postmaster at Cheltenham, Pa., ·in place T. C. Scott. Incumbent's commission expired -June 17, 1917. of F. C. Fisher. Incumbent's commissiqn expired June 23, 1917. Frank H. Shenck to be postmaster at Landisville,- Pn. Offiee . E. Howell Fisk to be postmaster at Dalton, Pa., in place of became presidential October 1, 1916. E. H. Fisk. Incumbent's commission expired Jnne 17, 1917. Frank C. Sites to be postmaster at Harrisburg, Pa., in place of Charles S. Gardner to be postmaster at Blue Ridge Summit, F. C. Sites. Incumbent's commission expired June 2, 1917. Pa. Office became presidential October 1, 1.916. · · John T. Slattery to be postmaster at Port Carbon, Pa.. in Fletcher C. George to be postmaster at Lilly, :Pa., in place of place of J. T. Slattery. - Incumbent's commission expired May F. C. Geocge. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. 22, 1917. Ellsworth F. Giles to be postmaster at Altoona, Pa., in p~ace Jesse H. Smith to be postmaster at Yardley, Pa., in place of of E. F. Giles. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. J. H. Smith. Incumbent's commission expired June 6. 1917. Julia C. Gleason to be postmaster at Vlllanova, Pa., in place W. H. Strauss to be postmaster at Johnstown, Pa., in place of of J. C. Gleason. Incumbent's commission expired June 27, W. H. Strauss. Incumbent's commission expired .June 5, 1917. 1917. . A. J. Swee~ to be postmaster at Gallitzen, Pa., in place of Harry Hagan to be postmaster at Uniontown, Pa., in place of A. J. Sweeny. Incumbent's commission expired June 13:.1917. H. Hagan. ·Incumbent's commission expired June 13, 1917. Charles N. Thompson to be postmaster at Buck Falls, Pa. .Stephen L. Hennigan to be postmaster at Old Forge, Pa., in Office became presidential October 1, 1916. place of S. L. Hennigan. Incumbent's commission expired June A. R. Traugh to be postmaster at Hollisdaysburg, Pa., jn 17, 1917. 'place of A. R. Traugh. Incumbent's commission e:\'"J)ired 1\fay William .F. Johnston to be postmaster at Westgrove, Pa.., in 20, i917. place of W. F. Johnston. Incumbent's commission expired June John M. Wallace to be postmaster at Delaware \Vater Gap, 17, 1917. Pa. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. Ira J. Keller to be postmaster at Yeagertown, Pa. '· Office be- George~ A. Woodside to be postmaster at Sugargrove, Pa. came presidential April 1, 1917. . . _ Office became preSidential October 1, 1916. James Kingsbury to be postmaster at Pottsville, Pa., in place Oscar Wolfensberger to be postmaster at Lemoyne, Pn., in of J. Kingsbury. Incumbent's commission expired June 27, place of 0. \Volfensbergcr. Incumbent's commission · expired 1917. June 17, 1917. John A. Kramer to be postmaster at Middletown. Pa., in place PORTO RICO. of J. A. Kramer. Incumbent's commission expired June 13~ 1917. America Rossy to be postmaster at Ensenada, P. R. Offi_ce be­ William C. Kreider to be postmaster at Mauch Chunk, Pa., came presidential October L 1916. - in place of W. C. Kreider. Incumbent's commission expired RHODE ISLAND. April 21, 1917. James Brennan to be postmaster at River Point, R. I., in · D. J. Kyle to be postmast~r at Harrisville, Pa., in place of place of J. Brennan. Incumbent's commission expired May ?2, D. 1. Kyle. . Incumbent's commission expired June 17,1917. 19n · Joshua P. L:u;nborn to be postmaster at Berwyn, Pa., in place Charles F. Holroyd to be postmaster at Thornton, R. L Office of J. P. Lamborn. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, became presidential October 1, 1916. 1917. Samuel Seabury, 2d, to be postmaster at Tiverton, n.. I. Office Robert U. Lange to be postmaster at Belle Vernon, Pa., in became presidential January 1, 1917. place of R. U. Lange. Incumbent's commission expil:ed June 13; 1917. SOUTH CAROLINA. Christian S. Lichliter to be ~ostmaster at Elk Lick, Pa., in E. C. Bethea to be postmaster at Latta, S.C., in place of E. C. place of C. S. Lichliter. Incumbent's commission expired April Bethea. Incmnbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. 28, 1917. James A. Cannon to be postmaster at Fuuntain Inn., S. C., in G. B. Litingston to be postmaster at Qmneaut Lake, Pa., tn place of J. A. Cannon. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, place of G. B. Livingston. Incumbent's commission expired 1917. June 17, 1917. W. Clarence Clinkscales to be postmaster at Belton, S. C., in William M. Lynch to be postmaster at Tobyhanna, Pa. Office place of W. C. Olinkscales. Incumbent's commission expired became presidential October 1, 1916. May 20, 1917. Junius W. U. McBride to be postmaster at Beaver, Pa., in George 1\I. Collins to be postmaster at Due West, S. C., in place of J. W. U. McBride. Incumbent's commission expired place of G. M. Collins. Incumbent's commission expired April June 17, 1917. 23, 1917. R. J. McGee to be postmaster at Dunbar, Pa., in place of R. J. ·Pierre H. Fike to be postmaster at Spartanburg, S. C., in ¥cGee. Incumbent's commission eJrpired .June 13, 1917. place of P. H. Fike. Incumbent's commission expired May 26, T. H. McKenzie to be postmaster at Barnesboro, Pa., in place 1917. of T. H. McKenzie. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, Francis B. Gaffney to be postmaster at Gaffney, S. C., in 1917. place of F. B. Gaffney. Incumbent's commission expired May_ John H. Mitchell to be postmaster at Newtown. Pa... in place 20, 1917. of J. H. l\Iitchell. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. James F. Hunter to be postmaster at Lancaster, S. C., in John D. Moore to be postmaster at Oxford, Pa., in place of place of J. F. Hunter. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, J'. D. Moore. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. 1917. Frederick E. Obley to be postmaster at West Newton, Pa., in Leila J. Huntley to be postmaster at Cheraw, S.C., tn place of place of F. E. Obley. Incumbent's commission e:qlired June 27, L. J. Huntley. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. 1917. Arthur G. King to be postmaster at Easley, S. C., in place of Allen A. Orr to be postmaster at Lewiston, Pa., in place of A. G. King. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. A. A. Orr. Incumbe~s commission e~'J)ired May 20, 1917. John T. Lawrence to be postmaster at Seneca, S. C., in place J'. Frank Patterson to be postmaster at ~intqwn, Pa., in of J. T. Lawrence. Incumbent's commission expired l\fay 20, place of J. F. Patterson. Incumbent's commission expired May 1917. 20, 1917. William M. McMillan to be postmaster at Clinton, S. C .. iu Christopher T. Peale to be postmaster at Eagles Mere, Pa. place of W. M. McMillan. Incumbent's commission-expired June Office became presidential October 1, ..1916. · _ 18, 1917. H. E. Petrie to be postmaster at Greencastle, Pa., in place of T. 1\I. Mallon to be postmaster at Williamston, S. C., in place H. E. Petrie. Incumbent's commission expired June 2, 1917. ofT. M. Mahon. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, 1917. W. H. Po~-tser to be postmaster at Saltsburg, Pa., in place of Florence K. Metcalf to be 'postmaster at Campobello, S. C. W. H. Portser. Incumbent's commission expired June 11; 1917. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. G:eorge B. Richardson to be postmaster at Knox, Pa., in place Rachel H. 1\finshall to be postmaster at Abbeville, S. C., in of G. B. Richardson. Incumbent's commission expfred May 20, place of R. H. Minshall. Incumbent's commission expired. May 1917. 20, 1917•

• 5290 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-SENATE~ JULY 19,-

John 1\I. Pagan to be postmaster at Great Falls, S. C. Office Margaret G. Elliott to be postmaster at Murfreesboro, Tenn., in became presidential April 1, 1917. place of l\f. G,. Elliott. Incumbent's commission expired June 10, Joseph l\f. Poulnot to be postmaster at Charleston, S. C., in 1917. . place of J. 1\1. Poulnot. Incumbent's commission expired May Hugh- G. Haworth to be postmaster at New Market, Tenn. 26, 1917. Office became presidential April1, 1917. E. b. Raney to be postmaster at Beaufort, S. C., in place of Richard D. Hunt to be postmaster at Sharon, Tenn., in place E. D. Raney. Incumbent's commission expired May 20; 1917. of R. D. Hunt. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, 1917. Lemuel Reid to be postmaster at Iva, S.C. Office became presi- John F. Johnson to be postmaster at Watertown, Tenn., in dential January 1, 1917. ' place of J. F. Johnson. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, · Ernest L. Richardson to be postmaster at Wagener, S. C. 1917. Office became presidential April 1, 1917. · · Robert M. Lindsay to be postmaster at .Alcon, Tenn. Office John H. Rothrock to be postmaster at Inman, S.C., in place of became presidential April 1, 1917. · r.H. Rothrock. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, 1917. .Adam S. Nichols to be postmaster at Dandridge, Tenn., in Edward W. Shull to be postmaster at New- Brookland, S. C. place of A. S. Nichols. Incumbent's commission expired June 10, Office became presidential April 1, 1917. 1917. . • Louis Stackley to be postmaster at Kingstree, S. C., in place of Gaston H. Rhodes to be postmaster at Whiteville, Tenn., in L. Stackley. Incumbent's commission expired May 26, 1917. place of G. H. Rhodes. Incumbent's commission explred June Julius F. Way to be postmaster at Holly Hill, S.C., in place of 10, 1917. , , J. F. Way. Incumbent's commission expired May 26, 1917. Isaac R. Roberts to be postmaster at Erwin, Tenn., in place SOUTH DAKOTA.. of I. R. Roberts. Incumbent's commission expired June 10, 1917. Henry B. Baer to be postmaster at Bowdle, S.Dak., in place of Charles E. Rodes to be postmaster at ~ancbester, '.fenn., in H. B. Baer. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. place of C. E. Rodes.· Incumbent's commission exph·ed May 9, William Brady to be postmaster at Beresford, S.Dak., in place 1917. . of W. Brady. Incumbent's commission expired May ·20, 1917. Robert L. Strong to be postmaster at Collierville, Tenn., in Mary E. Brennan to be postmaster at Lake Preston, S. Dak., place of R. L. Sb·ong. Incumbent's commission expired June in place of :M. Brennan. Incumbent's commission expired May 10, 1917. 26, 1917. Lawrence E. Stroup to be postmaster at Grand Junction, Tenn. D. J. Delaney to be postmaster at Custer, S. Dak., in place of Office became presidential October 1, 1916. D. J. Delaney. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. Rush 0. Fellows to be postmaster at Bellefourcbe; S. Dak., in TEXAS. place of R. 0. Fellows. Incumbent's commission expired June A. H. Ables to be postmaster at Terrell, Tex., in place of 17, 1917. A. H. Ables. Incumbent's commission expired June 23, 1917. Dennis Foley to be postmaster at Menno, S.Dak., in place of Pope Allen to be postmaster at Valley Mills, Tex., in place of D. Foley. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. Pope Allen. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. Freel W. Hink to be postmaster at Raymond, S. Dak. Office John J. Ball to be postri:J.aster at Orange, Tex:., in place of J. J. became presidential October 1, 1916. Ball. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. William A. Hodson to be postmaster at Cresbard, S. Dak. Robert W. Bennett to be postmaster at Kenedy, Tex., in place Office became presidential January 1, 1917. of R. W. Bennett. Incumbent's commission expired June 23, 0. M. Iverson to be postmaster at Hudson, S.Dak., in place of 1917. . . 0. M. Iverson. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. William C. Boyett to be postmaster at College Station, Tex., ' Charles F. Jenks to be postmaster ·at Egan, S. Dak. Office in place of W. C. Boyett. Incumbent's commiss!on expired became presidential October 1, 1916. June 5, 1917. Stephen Jo'nes to be postmaster at Canton, S.Dak., in place of Myrtle C. Bradshaw to be postmaster at Roxton, Tex., in S. Jones. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. place of M. C. Bradshaw. Incumbent's commission expired J. B. Lundy to be postmaster at Mellette, S. Dak., in place of June 17, 1917. J. B. Lundy. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. H. L. Brooks to -be postmaster at Pearsall, Tex., in place of J. I. McNeil to be postmaster at Wessington, S. Dak., in placP. H. L. Brooks. Incumbent's commission e~ired May 20, 1917. of J. E. 1\fcNeil. Incumbent's commission expired June 13, 1917. R. L. Bronaugh to be postmaster at Edna, Tex., in place of Curtis J. Padmore to be postmaster at Rockham, S. Dak. R. L. Bronaugh. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. Office became presidential January 1, 1917. Kate G. Burke to be postmaster at Crosbyton, Tex., in place Harriet Pope to be postmaster at Delmont, S.Dak. Office be­ of K. G. Burke. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. came presidential October 1, 1916. · Minnie S. Burke to be postmaster at Blossom, Tex., in place Edith A. Sproat to be postmaster at Bradley, S. Dak, Office of Minnie Burke. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, ~917. became presidential October 1, 1916. B. M. Burghet to be postmaster at Dallas, Tex., in place of W. l\1. Walters to be postmaster at Fairfax, S. Dak., in place B. M. Burgher. Incumbent's commission expired April 28, 1917. of W. M. Walters. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, N. A. Burton to be postmaster at McKinney, Tex., in place of 1917. . N. A. Burton. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. Charles L. Wohlheter to be .postmaster at White, S. Dak., in George H. Candlin to be postmaster at Presidio, Tex. Office place of · C. L. Wohlheter. Incumbent's commission expired became presidential April 1, 1917. .:rune .5, 1917. _, W. G. Carpenter to be postmaster at Kerrville, Tex., in place TENNESSEE. of W. G. Carpenter. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, William J. Allen to be postmaster at Wartrace, Tenn., in place 1917. . of W. J. Allen. Incumbent's commission expired June 27, 1917. Alice C. Cheney to be postmaster at Mount Pleasant, Tex., in Alvin L. Bilbrey to be postmaster at Cumberland City, Tenn. place of A. C. Cheney. Incumbent's commission expired .June Office became presidential April 1, 1917. 23,1917. • Eugene Blakemore to be postmaster at Shelbyville, Tenn., in M. A. Chancey to be postmaster at Hondo, Tex., in place of place of E. Blakemore. Incumbent's commission expired May M. A. Chancey. In'cumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. 20, 1917. W. H .. Clement to be postmaster at Palacios, Tex., in place of Kate S. Book~r to be postmaster at Mason, Tenn. Office be- W. H. Clement. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. came presidential October 1, 1916. · · William H. Cook to be postmaster at Henrietta, Tex., in place Carl B. Bowden to be postmaster at Martin, Tenn., in place of of W. H. Cook. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. C. B. Bowden. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, 1917. W. D. Daniel to be postmaster at Hughes Springs, Tex., in Robert E. L. Brasfield to be postmaster at· Dresden, Tenn., in place of W. D. DJ!.niel. Incumbent's commission expired l\Iay place of. R. E. L. Brasfield. . Incumbent's commission expired 22,1917. June 18, 1917. ?.fina Daughtry to be postmaster at Chillicothe, Tex., in place J. R. Brown to be postmastR.1· at Cleveland, Tenn., in place of of M. Daughtry. Incumbent's commission expired May 20J917. J. R. Brown. Incumbent's commission expired May 9, 1917. Calvin C. Davis to be postmaster at Iowa Park, Tex., in place George P. Brummitt to be postmaster at Gleason, Tenn. Office of C. C. Davis. . Incumbent's commissi9n expired May 20, 1917. became presidential April 1, 1917. C. S. Davis to be postmaster at Ranger, Tex., in place of C. S. Andrew B. Cook to be postmaster at Woodbury, Tenn., ln Davis. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. place of A. B. Cook. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, James W. Davis to be postmaster at Alvord, Tex., in place of 1917. J. W. Davis. Incumbent's commission expired l\1ay 20, 1917.

• ....

191 . OONGRESSION AL RECORD-SENATE. 5291

· S. 1\I. Davis to be postmaster at Nocona, Tex., in. place of P. B. McNatt to be postmaster at Arlington, Tex.. in place of S. l'.I. Davis. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. · P. B. :McNatt. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1Dl7. Joseph R. De Witt to be postmaster at Brackett~lle, Tex., in C. E. Maxwell to be postmaster at Strawn, Tex., in place of place of J. R. De Witt. Incumbent's commiSsion expired l\Iay .1, C. E. Maxwell. Incumbent's commission e:-..--pired June 5, 1917. 1917. John \V. Miller to be postmaster at Dilley. Tex., in place of A. Y. Donegan to be postmaster nt Nacogdoches, Tex., in place J. W. Mill~r. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. of A. Y. Donegan. Incumbent's commission expired l\Iay 29, Benjamin F. Mitchell to be postmaster at GainesviJle, Tex., in ]917. place of B. F. Mitchell. Incumllent's commission expired June 5, Amos E. Duffy to be postmaster at Matagorda, Tex. Office 1917. became pre idential April 1, 1917. , Charles B. l\Ioore to be postmaster at Lovelady, Tex., in place Ada F. Duffey to be postmaster at Emory. Tex., in place of of C. B. ~Io01·e. Incumbent's commission expired June 17. 1917. Ada Duffey. Incumbent's commis ion expired May 29, 1917. J. L. Noel to be postmaster at Pilot Point, Tex., iu place of Jonathan \V. Duncan to be postmaster at Malakoff, Tex. J". L. Noel. Incumbent's commission expired Juye 17, 1917. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. T. J. Oden to be postmaster at Lindale, 'l'ex., in place of T. J. George F. English to be postmaster at Glen Rose, Tex. Office Oden. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. became presidential October 1, 1916. E. T. Oliver to be postmaster at Caldwell, Tex., in place of· . J. J. Erwin to be postma-ster at Ballinger, Tex., in place of E. T. Oliver. Incumbent's commi~sion expired l\Iay 20, 1917. J . .T. Erwin. Incumbent commission expired June 5, 1917. Charles E. Parkham to be postmaster at Pott ·boro, Tex. Kewton S. Farmer to be postmaster at Graham, Tex., in place Office became presidential January 1, 1917. · of N. S. Farmer. Incumbent's commission expired June 23, D. A. Paulus to be postmaster at Hallettsville, Tex., in place 1917. of D. A. Paulus. Incumbent's commission expired April 28, l\1. C. Fields to be postmaster at Lott, Tex., in place of 1\I. C. 1917. Fields. Incumbent's commission expii·ed June 17, 1917. Jolln W. Person to be postmaster at Colo~·ado, Tex., in place W. D. Foster to be postmaster at Miles, Tex., in place of of J. W. Person. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. W. D. Foster. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. J. B. Phillips to be postmaster at Howe, Tex., in place of Minnie B. Francis to be postmaster at Farwell, Tex. Office J. B. Phillips. Incumbent's commission expired l\Iay 1, 1917. }Jecame presidential April 1, 1917. Charles C. Porter to be postmaster at Meridian, Tex., in place J. T. Fulcher to be postmaster at Thorndale, Tex., in place of of C. C. Porter. Incumbent's commission expired May 20,"1917. "'J. T. Fulcher. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. D. P. Porter to be postmaster at DeKalb, Tex., in place of B. T. Gardner to be postmaster at Rogers, Tex., in place of D. P. Porter. Incumbent's commission expired June 23, 1917. B. T. Gardner. Incumbent's commission expired June 2, 1917. J. M. Price to be postmaster at San Augustine, Tex., in place Sallie M. Gardner to be postmaster at Frankst{)n, Tex., in of J. M. Price. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. place of S.M. .A.yres (name changed by marriage). · D. U. Ramsay to be postmaster at Gommles, Tex., in place J. W. Gaskin to be postmaster at Jacksboro, Tex., in place of of D. U. Ramsay. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, J. \V. Gaskin. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. 1917. Henry Van Geem to be postmaster at Eastland, Tex., in place' . Shaw D. Ray to be postmaster at \Vinnsboro, Tex., in place of of H. Van Geem. Iiicumbeut's commission expired June 17, S. D. Ray. Incumbent's commission expire

II' ..... - LV--336 .5292 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY 19,

Shadrac S. Tullos to be postmaster at Grand Prairie, 'rex., in William F. Kennedy to be· postmaster at Kenbridge, 'Va., in place of S. S. Tullos. Incumbent's cpmmission -expired June 5, place of W. F. Kennedy. Incumbent's commission e:A'J)ired 1917. June 5, 1917. · · · T. E. VanLandingham to be postmaster at Lone Oak, Tex., in J. S. Lauek to be postmaster at Shenandoah, Va., in place of place of T. E. VanLandingham. Incumbent's commission ex- J. S. Lauek. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. pired May 20. 1917. . R. H. Latane to be postmas~er .at Buchanan, Va., in place of C. Herbert Walker to be postmaster at Dalhart, Tex., in place R. H. Latane. Incumbent's commission eXpired June 2, 1917. of C. H. Walker. Incumbent's' commission expired May 22, J. F. Lowman to be postmaster at Hot _Springs, Va., in place 1917. of J. F. Lowman. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1911. J . .A. White to be postmaster at Goliad, Tex., in place of J . .A. E. M. Morrison to be postmaster at Smithfield, Va., in place White. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, 1917. of El M. Morrison. Incumbent's commis ion expired May 20, Young C. White to be postmaster at Hamlin, Tex., in place of 1917. Y. C. White. incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. Andrew T. Organ to be po tmaster at Che ter, Va. Office be­ James W. Winsett to be postmaster at Higgins, Tex., in place came presidential January 1, 1917. of J. W. Winsett. Incumbent's commission expired June 17, 1917. Lula M. Ray to be postmaster at Mount Jackson, Va., in place Sterling P. Wilcoxson to be postmaster at Edgewood, Tex. of Lula M. Ray. Incumbent's commission expired June 23, 1917. Office became pre idential April 1, 1917. John E. Rogers to be po tmaster at Strasburg, Va., in place Ira J. Wright to be postmaster at Mission, Tex., in place of of .J. E. Rogers. Incumbent's commission expired May 1, 1917. I. J. Wright. Incumbent's commission expired April 28, 1917. Charles F. Russell to be postmaster at Herndon, Va., in place Joseph E. Woods to be postmaster at Teague, Tex., in place of C. F. Russell. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. of J. E. Woods. Incumbent's commission expired May 22, 1917. Charles F. Shumaker to be postmaster at Lovettsville, _Va. Thomas P. Woodward to be postmaster at Yoakum, Tex., in Office became presidential .April- 1, 1917. place of T. P. Woodward. Incumbent's commission expired Sadie -A. Southall to be postmaster at Amelia Court House. June 17, 1917. Va., in place .of S. A. Southall. Incumbent's commission expired J. C. Woodworth to be postmaster at Cuero, Tex., in place June 5, 1917. of J. C. Woodworth. Incumbent's commission expired May 29, E. L. Toone to be postmaster at Boydton. Va., in place of E. L. 1917. Toone. Incumbent's commis ion expired June 5, 1917. UTAH. W. W4 Tuck to be postmaster at Virgilina, Va., in place of W. W. Tuck. Incumbent's commis ion expired June 5, 1917. Ewell C. Bowen to be postmaster at Hiawatha, Utah. Office H. L Tuggle to be postmaster at Martinsville, Va., in -place of became presidential January 1, 1917. H. I. Tuggle. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, 1917. R . .1\L Wnolley to be postmaster at 1\Iagna, Utah. Office be­ J. R. Williams to be postmaster at B~ookneal, Va., in pla.ce of came pr-esi.dential January 1, 1917. J. R. Williams. Incumbent's commission expired June 23, 1917. VERMONT. Lucy E. Y'Ullcey to be postmaster at Forest Depot, Va. Office Allan T. Calhoun to be postmaster at Middlebury, Vt., in place 'became presidential AJ>ril1, 1917. of A. T. Calhoun. Incumbent's commission expired June 2, WASHINGTON. 1917. 'bfarion "'T: Flynn to bP postmaster at Alburg, Vt. Office be- Otto Holmberg to be po tmaster at Molson, Wa h. Office be­ came presidential January 1, 1917. . came presidential January 1, 1917. Robert J. Orvis to be J)ostmaster at Manchester, Vt, in place Henry R. James to be po t:nutster at Rochester, Wash. Office of R. J. Orvis. I.ncmnbent's commissi

1\f. Vivian Brown to be postmaster at Minong, Wis. Office be­ CONFIRMATIONS. came presidential April 1, 1917. E$ecutit·e 11-ominations confirmed by the Senate J1tly 19 (legis .. William E. Cavanaugh to be postmaster at Berlin. Wis., in lative day of July 18), 1911. place of W. E. Cavanaugh. IncUmbent's commission expired SURVEYOR GENERAL OF OREGON. June- z; 1917. Wardlaw A. Clapp to be postmaster at Wanwatosa, Wis., in Edward"G. Worth to be surveyor general of Ore-gon. place of W. A. Clapp. Incumbent's commission expired July UNITED STATES MATISHAL. 23, 1916. Lewis T. Erwin to be United States marshal, District of Emma V. Clark to be postmaster at Black Earth, Wis. Office .Alaska, division No. 4. became presidential October 1, 1916. Dennis Deneen to be postmaster at Hammond, Wis. Office PUBLIC HEALTH SEBVICE. became presidential April 1, 1917. Af'st. Stu·g. Francis .Albion Carmelia to be passe-d assistant Elizabeth A. Forsyth to be postmaster at Westboro, Wis. surgeon. Office became presidential October 1, 1916. Asst. Surg. ·Lionel Eleau Hooper to be passed assistant sur­ Nina M. Frankland to be postmaster at Montfort, Wis. Office geon . . became presidential October 1, 1916. Asst. Surg. Liston Paine to be passed assistant surgeon. Julia L. Groot to be postma&te-r at Elmwood, Wis. Office be­ A.c;s~. Sw·g. Mose-s Victor Safford to be assed assistant came presidential April 1, 1917. surgeon. Albert J. Hemmy to be postmaster at Hartford, Wis., in Asst. Surg. F..rnest Winfield Scott to be passed assistant place of Albert J. Hemmy. Incumbent's commission expired surgeon. June 2, 1917. Dr. James Edge Faris to be assistant surgeon. John Henninger to be postmaster at Markesan, Wis., in place Dr. Anthony A. S. Giordano to be assistant surgeon. of J. Henninge-r. Incumbent's co~mi . ion expired June 2, 1917. Dr. Mark Victor Ziegler to be assistant surgeon. Jerry Holland to be postmaster at Phelps, Wis. Office became APPOINTMENTS IN THE NAVY. presidential October 1, 1916. ! Lucian W. Bw·nham to be a second lieutenant in tile Marine Joseph V. Janda to be postmaster at Boyd, Wis. Office became Corps. pre idential April 1, 1917. Dan E. Root to be a s~ond lieutenant in the Marine Corps. Jessie A. Little to be ppstmaster at Pepin, Wis. o·ffic~ be­ came presidential October 1, 1916. Robert L. Nash ·to be postmaster at Grand Rapids, Wis., in SENATE. place of Robert Nash. Incumbent's commission expired June 2, 1917. FRIDAY, July 20, 1917. E. R. Pe-ck to be po tmaster at-Bangor, Wis., in place of E. R. · Pack. Incumbent's commission expired June 2·, 1917. (Legislative day ot Wednesday, J1tly 18, 1917.) Richard B. Runke to be postmaster at Merrill, Wis., in place The Senate reassembled at 11 o'clock a. m., on the expiration of R. B. Runke. Incumbent's commission expired June 2, 1917. of the recess. Frede-rick A. Russell to be postmaster at Superior, 'Vis., in CONSERVATION OF FOOD AND FUEL. place of F. A: Russell. Incumbent's commission expired June The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumed the con­ 2, 1917. sideration of the bill (H. R. 4961) to provide further for the Harvey G. Smith to be postmaster at Maiden Rock, eWis., in national security and defense by encouraging the production, con­ place of H. G. Smith. Incumbent's commission expired June 2, serving the supply, and controlling the distribution of food prod­ 1917. ucts and fuel. William R. Stephan to be postmaster at Sawyer, Wis., in place 1\lr. CHAMBERLAIN. I desire to offer four amendments so of W. R. Stephan. Incumbent's commission expired June 2, tlmt they may be pending. 1917. 1\lr. KELLOGG. I wish to offer some amendments to be pend­ Dwight S. York to be postmaster at Hazel Green, Wis. Office ing, two of which I send to the desk. I also desire to move to became presidential October 1, 1916. strike out "$1.75," where it appears in the amendment offered. 12 CHaMBERLAIN], WYOMING. to se-ction by the Senator from Ore-gon [Mr. and to insert " $2." Arthur R. Bastian to be postmaster at Chugwater,' Wyo. 1\fr. SMOOT. I send to the desk a statement giving the ad­ Office became presidential October 1, 1916. vertising pages of Bonfort's Wine and Spirit Circular show­ Lilian S. Pascoe to be postmaster at Sumise, Wyo. Office ing the cost of tax-paying whisky and the cost of carry­ became presidential October 1, 1916, ing whiskies in bond. I ask that it may be printed in the George Whittaker to be postmaste-r at Yellowstone Park, Wyo., RECORD. in place of George Whittaker. Ineumbent's commission expire-d The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. May 20, 1917. The table refe-rred to is as follows :

COST OF TAX-PAYI::-.G WHISKY.

~l'abl e showing 'Various p1·ices for tclliski-es, original gauge, i1l bond and cost tlzereof tohen tax-paid during any 4 1nonths included ill> 8-year bonded period. [Based on 47-gallon barrel, regular Government allowance for each period, distillers' excess allowance guaranty of 1 gallon in Kentucky also , allowing loss of 1 gullon for each ~our-month period in eighth year.]

.a ~ :S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "' ~s;::l s::l ~ s::l s::l ~ ~ i:J ~ . s::l s::l ~ s::l s::l Q Q "6D :5 0 0 ~0 g ~ § ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Price s::l ~ 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ·~ iP original 0 0 a a a a a a a ·a a . a a a a a a a a a a a a a 0 ::sbtl 0 <0 0 00 N <0 ~ gauge. a a C"' ~ ~ ~ M ...,. ~ ..... S} :g ;g ~ ~ ~ ~ 0> 0> - $ $ $ +> $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ .s- +> N co 00 C"' ..... 00 N <0 N ~ ..... 00 ~ ::: ~ ~ ~ M M ~ ~ ..... lO :g g <0 <0 .,... .,... ~ OS ~ 0> P-t ------Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. cu. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. cu. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 15 cents. 128 128! 129 1291 129! 130 130! 13~ 131 13u 131~ 132 1321 132~ 133 133i 133! 1331 134 134i 135 137 139 141 15 17!cents 130, 131 131~ 132 132! 133 1331 133 134 13 134-f 135 135f 136 1361 137 1371 138 1~t 140 142 145 17l 20 cents. 133 134 134! 135 135 13~ 136 136~ 137 137~ 138 1381 138 . ~~ 1391 140 1401 n~t 141 141! 142 144 146 149 20 22lccnts 136 136l 137 1371 138 138. 139 139! 140 140l " 141 141 142 142; 142! 143 1431 144 144! 145 146 148 150 153 221 25 cents. 138 139 140 140 141 1411 142 1421 143 143~ 144 144! 145 145 146 1461 147 1471 148 149 150 152 154 157 25 27~conts 141 142 143 143~ 144 144! 145 1451 146 14~ 147 147~ 148 148! 149 150 150! 151 152 153 154 155 158 161 27~ W cents. 143 144 145 146 147 1471 148 149 149! 150 150~ 151 151! 152 15~~ 153 154 154! 155 156 157 159 161 165 30 32!cents 145 146 147 148 149 150 150~ 151 152 153 153! 154 154! 155 156 156! 157 158 159 160 161 162 165 168 32l 35 cents. 149 150 151 152 152! 153 154 155 155! 156 156~ 157 158 158! 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 169 171 35 37~cents 152 153 154 155 155! 156 156! 157 158 159 159! 160 160! 161 162 163 15! 165 166 167 168 170 172 175 37! 40 cents. 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 1621 163 163! 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 179 40 ~2~ cents 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 16'1 164! 165 166 loot 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 177 l&l 183 42l 45 cents. 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 1711 172 173 174 175 176 rn 178 181 184 187 45 47~ cents 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 172 1i3 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 184 187 191 47i 50 cents. 165 166 167 178 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 187 191 194 50 52! cents 167 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 188 189 192 195 199 52i 55 cents. 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 187 188 189 190 191 192 195 198 202 55 571cents 173 174 176 177 178 179 18{1 181 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 195 1~ 5 199 202 205 57i