Zabzugu Tatale District i
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Acknowledgements
Initiation, Sponsorship and Report Writing: Country Office), Prof. Amoah Baah-Nuakoh This is the third set of the District Human (former Senior Policy Advisor, Policy and Development Reports but a maiden one for Strategy Unit); Paul Derigubaa (former Zabzugu Tatale District initiated and funded Programme Specialist — Strategy and Policy by the United Nations Development Unit). The preparation of the reports received Programme (UNDP). Many people continued leadership and technical support of contributed to the realization of this report. Ruby Sandhu-Rojon (the Resident Coordi- We acknowledge the efforts of Ms. Ama nator of the UN System and Resident Pokuwaa, the consultant for the field work Representative of UNDP of Ghana Country and the writing of this report. Office); K. K. Kamaluddeen (Country Secondary and Field Research: We appre- Director, UNDP), Pa Lamin Beyai (Economic Advisor, UNDP); Shigeki ciate the enormous contribution (information and validation) from the leadership of the Komatsubara (Deputy Country Director — Programmes, UNDP); Coretta Jonah Zabzugu Tatale District Assembly especially officers-in-charge of the following (Economic Analyst — Policy and Strategy Unit, UNDP); Kordzo Sedegah (Economic departments and services: Coordinating Directorate, Planning, Agriculture, Coopera- Specialist and the Report Coordinator — Policy and Strategy Unit, UNDP); and tives, Works, National Disaster Management Organization (NADMO), Ghana Education Magnus Ebo Duncan (Head, Economic and Industry Statistics Division, Ghana Statistical Service and Ghana Health Service. We also appreciate the contributions of the following Service). personnel of the Northern Regional Editing, Review and Advisory: The editorial Administration: Mr. Gregory A. Addah — work comprised of structural and substantive Regional Economic Planning Officer, Mr. editing, technical and copy editing, Habib Shahadu — Assistant Development proofreading and review, and bibliographical Planning Officer, and Mr. Selasi Asemsro editing as well as further study and re- — Regional Statistician. analysis of selected sections and the We sincerely thank Centre for Remote numerous gaps identified in the report at the Sensing and Geographic Information System editorial stage. These were undertaken by for the production of resource endowment Prof. Cletus K. Dordunoo (team leader and maps and analysis. These are insight and Chief Executive Officer, ClayDord Consult, useful maps which enrich the quality of the Accra, Ghana) and the principal associates of discussion. the ClayDord Consult, namely, Dr. Kwaku Mensah Ganu, Mr Woeli Atsu Dekutsey and To all the respondents we say thank you. Mrs. Gertrude Missodey, among others. The We thank the Technical Committee members advisory support, comments and suggestions for their inputs and validation of the report. for improvement from ClayDord The report was finalized with active Consultancy Services and Associates were participation and in consultation with responded to and provided by Pa Lamin members of the Economic Policy Unit of the Beyai (Economic Advisor) and Kordzo UNDP, particularly Daouda Toure (former Sedegah (Economic Specialist and the Resident Coordinator of the UN System and Report Coordinator — Policy and Strategy Resident Representative of UNDP of Ghana Unit) of the UNDP Ghana.
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Abbreviations
AIDS Acquired Imune Deficiency Syndrome APR African Peer Review BDA Bole District Assembly BECE Basic Education Certificate Education CBO Community Based Organizations CBRDP Community Based Rural Development Programme CERSGIS Centre for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Services CHPS Community-Based Health Planning and Services CIFS Community-Driven Initiatives on Food Security CWIQ Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire DA District Assembly DACF District Assembly Common Fund DHDR District Human Development Report EA Enumeration Area FBO Farmer Based Organisations GDHS Ghana Demographic Health Survey GDP Gross Domestic Product GER Gross Enrolment Ratio GIS Geographic Information System GLSS Ghana Living Standards Survey GMH Ghana Macroeconomics Health GPI Gender Parity Index GSGDA Ghana’s Shared Growth Development Agenda GPRS Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy GPS Global Positioning System GSS Ghana Statistical Service HDI Human Development Index HIV Human Immune Virus HPI-G Human Poverty Index ISSER Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research ITN Insecticide Treated Nets JHS Junior High School KVIP Kumasi Ventilated Improved Project LUT Land Utilization Types MDA Ministries, Departments and Agencies MDGs Millennium Development Goals MOFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture MTDP Medium Term Development Plan NA Not Applicable NNDA Nanumba North District Assembly NDPC National Development Planning Commission NEPAD New Partnership for African Development NER Net Enrolment Ratio NGO Non-Governmental Organization NHIS National Health Insurance Scheme NORPREP Northern Region Poverty Reduction Programme ORS Oral Rehydration Salt PPP Purchasing Power Parity SHEP Self Help Electrification Project SHS Senior High School STME Science Technology Mathematics Education TBA Traditional Birth Attendants UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund ZTDA Zabzugu Tatale District Assembly
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Contents
Foreword ...... iii Preface ...... iv Acknowledgements ...... v Abbreviations ...... vi List of Tables ...... xi List of Illustrations ...... xiii Executive Summary ...... xv
1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Human Development …………………………………………………………………… 1 Objectives and Scope …………………………………………………………………… 4 Data and Methodology ...... 5
2 PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT ………………………………………………………. 8 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….. 8 Physical Features ………………………………………………………………………... 9 Vegetation and Climate …………………………………………………………………. 9 Demographic Characteristics ……………………………………………………………. 11 Housing Conditions and Socio-Economic Infrastructure ……………………………….. 12 Local Governance ………………………………………………………………………. 18
3 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND EMPLOYMENT ………………………………….. 24 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….. 24 Employment ……………………………………………………………………………. 24
4 EDUCATION AND LITERACY ……………………………………………..……… 28 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….. 28 Access to Basic Education ……………………………………………………………… 30 Enrolment in Schools …………………………………………………………………… 31 Narrowing the Gender Gap ……………………………………………………………... 31 Educational Attainment and Literacy …………………………………………………… 32 Summary ………………………………………………………………………………… 32
5 HEALTH, WATER AND SANITATION ……………………………………………. 34 Background ……………………………………………………………………………… 34 Health Care Infrastructure ………………………………………………………………. 35 Health Status of Mothers and Children …………………………………………………. 36 Incidence of Diseases ……………………………………………………………………. 38 Access to Safe Water and Sanitation ……………………………………………………. 39 Use of the National Health Insurance Scheme ………………………………………….. 39
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6 RESOURCE ENDOWMENT AND THE MDGs ……………………………………. 43 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… 43 District Level Resources ……………………………………………………………….. 44 Institutions/Governance ………………………………………………………………… 52
7 UTILIZATION AND INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINT …. 56 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….. 56 Usage of Resource ……………………………………………………………………… 56 Investment Opportunities ………………………………………………………………. 57
8 RISK FACTORS AND CONSTRAINTS TO USAGE OF RESOURCES …………. 58 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….. 58 Risk Factors and Constraints to Use of Resources ……………………………………. 58 Efforts to Minimize Risk ……………………………………………………………… 59
9 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………………………… 61 Fundamental Challenges ………………………………………………………………... 61 Summary ………………………………………………………………………………… 61 Recommendations ………………………………………………………………………. 62
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………………… 64 Appendix 1A: Human Poverty Index (HPI-G) ………………………………………………… 64 Appendix 1B: Results: HPI-G Calculations for Zabzugu Tatale District ……………………… 65 Appendix 2: Asset Profile of Households ……………………………………………………… 66
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………... 67
List of Tables
1.1 Resource Classification ………………………………………………………………….. 3 2.1 Basic demographic indicators in 2000 ………………………………………………….. 11 2.2 Youth Migration 2003–2005 …………………………………………………………… 12 2.3 Ethnic Composition of the District Population ………………………………………… 12 2.4 Household Housing Characteristics in Zabzugu Tatale District (%) .…………………. 13 2.5 Water Sources for Zabzugu Tatale District ……………………………………………. 14 2.6 Access to public services in Zabzugu Tatale District, 2008 …………………………… 17 2.7 Priorities and Specific Objectives of Zabzugu Tatale Medium-Term Development Plan, 2006–2009………………………………………………………………………… 21 3.1 Major Crops Cultivated by Output, 2007–2008 ……………………………………….. 25 3.2 Problems Faced by Agricultural Workers ……………………………………………… 25 3.3 Distribution of Employment by Sex (%) ………………………………………………. 26 4.1 Private and Public Schools, 2008 ………………………………………………………. 30 4.2 Travel Time to the Nearest Schools in Zabzugu Tatale District ……………………….. 30 4.3 GER, NER for Zabzugu Tatale (2003–2008) …………………………………………... 31 4.4 Trend Analysis of Indicators (Education) ……………………………………………… 31 4.5 2005 District Achievements on Gender Parity Zabzugu Tatale ……………………….. 32 5.1 Number of Health Care Facilities in Zabzugu Tatale District ………………………… 35 5.2 Travel Time and Means of Travel to Hospital or Clinic (%) ………………………….. 35 5.3 Trend Analysis of Indicators (Health) …………………………………………………. 36 5.4 Health Status in Zabzugu Tatale District (2003–2005) ………………………………… 36 5.5 Maternal and Child Health Indicators ………………………………………………….. 38 5.6 Top Five Diseases Suffered by Respondents in the Last 3 Months in Zabzugu Tatale District ………………………………………………………………………………… 38 5.7 Household Measures to Prevent Malaria in Zabzugu Tatale by Residents …………... 39 5.8 Health Insurance Status of Head of Households in Zabzugu Tatale, 2008 …………… 39 5.9 Health Insurance Status of Households by Education/Literacy Status in Zabzugu Tatale, 2008 ………………………………………………………………….. 42 6.1 Matrix of Land cover/Land use distribution in the Zabzugu Tatale District …………… 44 6.2 Attributes of Land Utilization Types …………………………………………………… 52 6.3 Strategies to Address District Level Challenges in Governance, Zabzugu Tatale ……… 53 6.4 Assessment of ZTD Assembly …………………………….…………………………… 54 6.5 Suggestions to Improve DA Services in ZTD …………………..………………………. 54 6.6 Assessment of Security Services in ZTD ………….……………………………………. 55 6.7 Assessment of Legal Services in ZTD ………….………………………………………. 55 7.1 Available Resources to Citizens in the Zabzugu Tatale District ………………………... 56 7.2 Usage of Resources in Zabzugu Tatale …………………………………………………. 57 7.3 Proportion of households involved in community projects in the Zabzugu Tatale District …………………………………………………………………………………. 57 8.1 Proportion of Households affected by Environmental Hazards by Type in Zabzugu Tatale District, 2008 ………………………………………………………….. 59
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8.2 Land Preparation Techniques ……………………………………………………….. 59 8.3 Proportion of Households Involved in Land and Water Management Techniques in Zabzugu Tatale District …………………………………………………………… 60
List of Illustrations
BOXES 1.1 Calculating the Human Development Index ……………………………………………. 2 4.1 Education Related MDGs and GPRS Indicators ………………………………………... 28
FIGURES 1.1 Relationship between Endowed Resources, Investment Opportunities and the Attainment of MDGs ……………………………………………………………………. 4 3.1 Industry of Employment ………………………………………………………………… 24 3.2 Production of Major Crops in Zabzugu Tatale District …………………………………. 26 3.3 Employment Status of Working Population in Zabzugu Tatale …………………………. 27 3.4 Formal Sector Employment in Zabzugu Tatale District ………………………………… 27 4.1 Numbers Enrolled in Pre-School, 2003–2005 ………………………………………….. 31 4.2 Per cent of Adults Literate in either English or a Local Language ……………………… 32 5.1 Potable Water Supply and Guinea Worm Situation in the District ……………………... 40 5.2 Use of Safe Water Sources in Zabzugu Tatale District by Residence ………………….. 40 5.3 Use of Safe Sanitation Facilities at Zabzugu Tatale District by Residence …………….. 41 5.4 Health Insurance Status of Household ………………………………………………….. 41
MAPS 2.1 Location of Zabzugu Tatale District …………………………………………………….. 8 2.2 Land Cover/Land Use ……………………………………………………………………. 10 2.3 Distribution of Educational Facilities ……………………………………………………. 15 2.4 Distribution of Health Facilities ………………………………………………………….. 16 2.5 Distribution of Market Facilities …………………………………………………………. 19 4.1 Distribution of Educational Facilities ……………………………………………………. 29 5.1 Distribution of Health Facilities …………………………………………………………. 37 6.1 Geological Resources …………………………………………………………………….. 45 6.2 Soil Distribution …………………………………………………………………………. 46 6.3 Land Cover/Land Use ……………………………………………………………………. 47 6.4 Land Suitability for cassava (180 Days at High Level Farm Input) ……………………… 48 6.5 Land Suitability for Cowpea (60 Days at Low Level Farm Input) ………………………. 49 6.6 Land Suitability for Cotton (120 Days at High Level Farm Input) ……………………… 50 6.7 Land Suitability for Maize (120 Days at Low Level Farm Input) ………………………. 51
PICTURES 2.1 River Oti …………………………………………………………………………………. 9 2.2 Huts in Tatale Township …………………………………………………………………. 13 2.3 Electricity Poles at the DA Office for Electrification Project ……………………………. 14 2.4 Main trunk Road in Zabzugu Tatale District ……………………………………………. 17
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6.1 Teak Forest in Zabzugu Tatale District …………………………………………………. 44 6.2 Zabzugu Tatale District Assembly Offices ……………………………………………… 54 6.3 Zabzugu Tatale District Police Station …………………………………………………... 54
Executive Summary
Introduction mainly geared towards capturing develop- mental issues at the grassroots level in order Human development has often been equated to provide a detailed diagnostic analysis on with improvements in people’s incomes. key human development issues to inform Although income constitutes a very important planning and resource allocation at the determinant of people’s access to food, district level; and strengthen the link between clothing and other basic necessities of life, national and district development planning the correlation between well-being and frameworks (UNDP 2007). income levels is not perfect since an increase The first round of DHDRs was prepared in incomes does not necessarily lead to in 2004 in the districts of Tema, Atwima and improvements in people’s well-being. It is in Builsa in the Greater Accra, Ashanti and line with this that the United Nations Upper East regions on the theme Development Programme (UNDP) has “Vulnerability”. The second set of DHDRs extended the definition of the concept of was prepared in 2007 in the districts of human development beyond the narrow view Ahanta West, Ofinso, and West Gonja in the of income to incorporate other dimensions of Western, Ashanti and Northern Regions on living or well-being. According to the UNDP, the theme “Vulnerability and the Attainment human development is a process of enlarging of the MDGs at the Local Level”. The 2011 people’s choices. The most critical of these DHDRs, which constitutes the third set of choices are: the option to live a long and DHDRs, has been prepared in the districts of healthy life, to be knowledgeable and to Bole, Nanumba North, Zabzugu Tatale, enjoy a decent standard of living. Tamale, Karaga and East Mamprusi all in the Over the years, UNDP has been working Northern region; Bolgatanga, Bawku West with government and other development and Kassena Nankana in the Upper East agencies and stakeholders in promoting region; and Wa, Lawra and Sissala East in the human development in Ghana. In line with Upper West region. The theme for these this initiative, UNDP since 1990 has been reports is Resource Endowment, Investment providing a quantitative measure of human Opportunities and the Attainment of the development through the production of the MDGs. National Human Development Reports. The main objective of these reports is to offer Objectives of the Human Development guidance and policies required at various Report levels by different actors to keep develop- ment interventions within the country The Zabzugu Tatale District Human focused, coordinated and effective. Development Report aims at achieving, In line with the overall government development policy framework and decentra- among others, the following: lization objectives, UNDP Ghana, since 2004 Provide reliable data and information on has been preparing the Human Development the status of human development by Report at the district level. The District investigating trends in the different Human Development Reports (DHDRs) are components of human development.
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Provide detailed situation analysis of departments of the DA provided information the resource endowment and investment on their activities over the last five years. opportunities of the district and how This gave the team insights into the economic they impinge upon the attainment of the and social conditions in the district and the MDGs at the local levels in Ghana. strategies that have been adopted and Identify the different types of resources implemented regarding issues of human available to individuals, communities development. and group of persons for investment and Data from the 2000 Population and human development. Housing Census was extensively used to obtain district level information on population Identify and analyze the different ways dynamics, housing characteristics, employ- that different entities use the resources to enhance their lots. ment and education. We also sought assistance from the Ghana Statistical Service Assess the impact of the resource to get summary tables from CWIQ 2003. endowment of the district on Interviews conducted in the district individuals, communities and the nation involved qualitative and quantitative at large for investment opportunities. techniques, principally to gather information Assist decision makers in identifying on various dimensions of the MDGs and also priority issues and formulating for the assessment of the resource endowment strategies for the attainment of the and investment opportunities component of MDGs, and the report. Two main questionnaires were Build the capacity of the district used for this purpose; community (a check assembly (DA) to prepare its own list of services and infrastructure available in subsequent MDG Reports. addition to detail discussion on development issues) and household questionnaires. The Methods of Research and Analysis community questionnaire was completed during group discussions with traditional The team applied both quantitative and leaders of the communities, members of the qualitative methods to gather data from three district assembly resident in a community and different sources for the preparation of this opinion leaders. The objective of the report. We obtained secondary data from questionnaire was to obtain information about various censuses conducted in Ghana, and the socio-economic development of the extracted data from the district-based Core communities we visited, land tenure arrange- Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) ments, resources and investments within survey that was conducted in 2003. The team communities. also conducted a socio-economic survey in The household questionnaire is the district in December 2008 and consulted separated into different modules that are various stakeholders to ensure that their answered by different members of the interests were addressed and technical household and was also done in such a way to omissions minimized. Some aspects of the address issues concerning different targets of district’s profile were obtained from the measurable MDGs at the district level. documents that had been prepared by the DA The questionnaire also covered information for its programmes and the District Medium on the different types of resources available Term Development Plan prepared for the within the district, investments opportunities implementation of the Medium-Term and how these variables are impacting on the Development Plan. In addition, various well-being of households. For comparability with the CWIQ 2003 Findings data, a two stage sampling procedure was employed with the objective of generating The following are the key findings of the results that are representative. The approach study: was multi-stage probability sampling, 1. The major challenge facing the Zabzugu clustered, and stratified with probability Tatale District is how to make the proportional to the size of the district’s district more productive in order to population. reduce the current levels of poverty. We randomly selected well-defined The district’s HPI of 80 per cent is enumeration areas (EAs) from the Ghana higher than the constructed HPI for the Statistical Service (GSS) database for district. country at 35 per cent (details in The enumeration areas were properly Appendix). The analysis has shown this described by the cartography section of GSS is so because of low access to health and had well-defined boundaries, identified services as a result of low incomes; high on maps, and were relatively of small sizes illiteracy rates and a high under-5 with a cluster of households. These clusters mortality index. are demarcated along the lines of the proven 2. Since agriculture is the mainstay of the process used by the GSS in its district, the poverty being experienced implementation of Ghana Living Standard is largely as a result of low productivity. Surveys (especially III, IV and V) and Core Alternate sources of income and other Welfare Indicators Questionnaire I and II. earning opportunities are missing. The The selected EAs or communities were listed district’s main focus on employment is to know the total number of households that to improve agricultural productivity, served as sampling frame from which an establish and sustain the youth in appropriate sample size was selected employment programme and promote systematically for each stratum in a district. competitive rural micro and macro We also employed the technique of enterprises. This drive is hampered by stratification in the sample design to enhance the high cost of agro-inputs and precision and reliability of the estimates. The chemicals; unreliable rainfall pattern; stratification of the frame for the survey was based on the size of the locality the high post harvest losses in crops and enumeration area was chosen from: i.e. declining soil fertility resulting in low whether the locality is urban, semi-urban or yields of crops and pastures. rural. Sampling within each stratum was done 3. In addition to these is the inadequacy of independent of others and the approach of credit for production, marketing and picking the number of enumeration areas in processing of agricultural products. each stratum was proportional to the About 76 per cent of agricultural population size in each stratum. This was workers surveyed complained about followed by systematic sample selection inadequate finance as a major problem within each stratum. In all, 224 households they faced. In order to sustain high were chosen from 10 EAs in the levels of productivity, there is the need Zabzugu/Tatale district. In addition to the for affordable financing schemes. administration of the household survey in ten Currently, there is no financial enumeration areas in the district, focus group institution in the district (rural banks, discussions were conducted in eight of the Savings and Loans Company etc.). communities. Previous investors have been deterred
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by the high default rate especially Malnutrition among children under 5 has among farmers who complain of high been on the increase as a result poor risk factors such as bushfires, droughts feeding practices and care. Sanitation is a and floods. problem in all the communities surveyed 4. The assessment carried out on land and there is the need for basic sanitation suitability for crops shows that with the to be improved in order to minimise the requisite inputs, farmers in the district risk of outbreak of diseases. Furthermore, could cultivate major traditional crops: the sustainability of the NHIS in the district maize, millet, wetland rice, sorghum, is questionable. The scheme is cowpea, groundnut, soybean, cassava, characterised by low enrolment rates as the majority of households complain of the sweet potato, cocoyam, yam, cotton, tobacco, avocado, cashew, banana, high cost of premiums. Some fraudulent acts by agents who collect premiums for citrus (sweet orange), cocoa, coconut, the scheme have further discouraged some robusta coffee, mango, oil palm, households from enrolling in the scheme. pineapple, plantain, rubber and shea butter according to general crop 8. Access to safe water has improved largely calendars. as a result of increase in the number of boreholes in the district. 5. Although, the district has six markets about a third of households are more 9. The district has reported achievements than an hour from the nearest food in enrolments and Gender Parity indices at all levels since 2005 and these can be market and many more are cut off attributed to the cumulative effects of during the rainy season when the entire years of community sensitization; the communities are often isolated. introduction of the capitation grants; 6. Although the main activity in the increased donor interventions and villages is agriculture, the group female role models visit to communities discussions revealed that residents were and schools. The main challenge, also involved in non-farming activities however, is the quality of education such as trading, shea butter extraction, which is being compromised as a result gari processing, groundnut oil of the critical shortage of teachers in the extraction, bread making and animal district. The district’s adult literacy rate rearing. These processing activities is low. This is expected, given the high offer huge potentials for adding value to proportion of the adult population in the farm produce and increasing incomes. district that have neither attended school Clearly these avenues have not been nor only completed education beyond explored as the study showed that very primary school level. Notably, rural few residents made any form of non- women are particularly disadvantaged farm investments. compared to men and urban women. 7. The study highlights major challenges facing households in accessing health care, The Way Forward and sanitary services. Some of the specific challenges in the health sector include Discussions from focus groups revealed a reduction in supervised delivery rate due number of constraints to the utilization of to inadequacy of and long distances to resources in the district. The main constraint health facilities and inaccessibility to some being the lack of finance, lack of machinery parts of the district during raining season. and technical know-how in increasing harvest yield and diversifying income portfolios. The 5. Encourage the growing of tree crops way forward requires that the DA and central such as mangoes and cashew. government take steps to: 6. Make available improved cultivars 1. Reverse the increasing decline of soil (viable seeds and seedlings) and provide fertility and erosion through the appropriate extension packages. provision of fertilizers and affordable 7. Addressing poverty in the district must chemical supplements and the provision also involve policies and programmes to of appropriate farming methods provide accessible markets. Improving 2. Clearly, increasing incomes by improving marketing opportunities can create agricultural productivity and creating other incentives for farmers to increase non-farm employment opportunities will production. help alleviate the high poverty levels that 8. Other recommendations would include confront the district. Farmers must be improvements in sanitary conditions and supported through credit facilities, accessibility to heath care services and extension services and readily available good quality education. Specifically, the markets. Households must be encouraged district should provide the following: to seek other alternate avenues of Clearly marked areas for refuse disposal, generating income so that they are not left advocacy on the need for households to at the mercy of natural and man-made use KVIPs in their various homes, weed disasters. control and clearing of pathways to ease 3. Make adequate and effective use of access, regular maintenance of boreholes extension services. and improvement in adult literacy. 4. Provide irrigation facilities, dams and wells for dry-season gardening and farming.
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Introduction
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Human Development human development through the production of the National Human Development Human development has often been equated Reports. The main objective of these reports with improvements in people’s incomes. is to offer guidance and policies required at Although income constitutes a very important various levels by different actors to keep determinant of people’s access to food, development interventions within the country clothing and other basic necessities of life, focused, coordinated and effective. This is the correlation between well-being and usually carried out by presenting a systematic income levels is not perfect. An increase in account and assessment of social and incomes does not necessarily lead to economic developments in Ghana from improvements in people’s well-being. This is sustainable human development point of because people, in accessing their living view (UNDP 2007). circumstances, do not focus only on the The quantitative measures of human purchasing power of their incomes. There are development focus on the three dimensions other factors (family, social capital, peaceful identified as critical to enlarging people’s atmosphere etc.), which contributes choices (Box 1.1). Longevity is measured by immensely in determining the well-being of life expectancy at birth. Knowledge is a people, especially among the poor and composite of adult literacy and gross vulnerable. It is in line with this that the enrolment at the primary, secondary and UNDP has extended the definition of the tertiary levels. Standard of living is measured concept of human development beyond the by income per capita in purchasing power narrow view of income to incorporate other parity dollars. The Human Development dimensions of living or being. The UNDP Index (HDI) is a composite of these three therefore defines human development as a variables. Ghana’s HDI is estimated to have process of enlarging people’s choices. The risen from 0.515 in 1990 to 0.537 in 1995. most critical of these choices are: the option The index rose again to 0.560 in 2000 to to lead a long and healthy life, to be 0.568 in 2002 before declining to 0.532 in knowledgeable and to enjoy a decent 2004. In 2006, the index rose to 0.540. standard of living. These national aggregate figures do not Over the years, UNDP has been give a clear picture of critical information at working with government and other the regional and district levels and the development agencies and stakeholders in variations. There is also lack of information promoting human development in Ghana. In on progress made, or the lack of it, by line with this initiative, UNDP since 1990 different groups in the country. To address has been providing a quantitative measure of these lapses, regional and district level
Zabzugu Tatale District 1 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011 indicators of human development are needed resource allocation at the district level; and to provide information critical for making strengthen the link between national and decisions on resources allocation. district development planning frameworks In line with the overall government (UNDP 2007). The first round of DHDRs development policy framework and was prepared in 2004 in the districts of Tema, decentralization objectives, UNDP Ghana, Atwima and Builsa in the Greater Accra, since 2004 has been preparing the Human Ashanti and Upper East regions on the theme Development Report at the district level. The “Vulnerability”. The second set of DHDRs District Human Development Reports was prepared in 2007 in the districts of (DHDRS) are mainly geared towards Ahanta West, Ofinso, and West Gonja in the capturing developmental issues at the Western, Ashanti and Northern Regions on grassroots level in order to provide a detailed the theme “Vulnerability and the Attainment diagnostic analysis on key human of the MDGs at the Local Level”. These development issues; inform planning and MMDAs are not repeated in this round.
Box 1.1: Calculating the Human Development Index The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development:
• A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth. • Knowledge as measured by the adult literacy rate (two-thirds weight) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (one-third weight). • A decent standard of living as measured by GDP per capita (PPP US$).
Before the HDI is calculated, an index needs to be created for each of the dimensions. To calculate these dimension indices, minimum and maximum values (goalposts) are chosen for each underlying indicator. Performance in each dimension is expressed as a value between 0 and 1, applying the following general formula: Dimension = actual value - minimum value maximum value - minimum value
The HDI is calculated as a simple average of the dimension indices
Goal Posts for calculating the HDI Indicator Maximum Value Minimum Value Life Expectancy at Birth 85 25 Adult Literacy Rate (%) 100 0 Combined Gross Enrolment Ratio (%) 100 0 Gross Domestic Product per capita (PPP US$) 40,000 100 Source: UNDP Human Development Report, 2004, New York.
The 2009 DHDRs, which constitutes Lawra and Sissala East in the Upper West the third set of DHDRs has been prepared in region. The theme for these reports is the districts of Bole, Nanumba North, Resource Endowment, Investment Zabzugu Tatale, Tamale, Karaga and East Opportunities and the Attainment of the Mamprusi all in the Northern region; MDGs. Bolgatanga, Bawku West and Kassena Nankana in the Upper East region; and Wa,
2 Zabzugu Tatale District Introduction
What is a Resource? involves natural/environmental resources and examples include minerals (gold, diamond, The definition of resource has often been manganese, bauxite, iron ore, salt etc.); forest linked with “stock”. Stock refers to the sum resources (quality of soil and vegetative total of the living and non-living endowment cover, wildlife among others); water of the Earth. A stock does not become a resources (sea, rivers/streams, lakes and resource until value has been placed on it and ponds); and climatic conditions (adequacy it can be exploited with the available and patterns of rainfall, wind, temperature technological and managerial skills in the and humidity). Aside the natural/environ- satisfaction of human need (Jone, G. and mental resource, there are also physical Hollier, G. 1997). This definition, however, resources. Examples of this group include and most other definitions places too much transportation and communication infra- emphasis on economic resources at the structure, irrigation facilities, energy expense of the other dimensions of resource. infrastructure, among others. The third group The word resource is a dynamic term, which includes socio-economic resources and often cuts across aspects of economics, socio- examples of these include financial capital, cultural and political, which impact directly health infrastructure, social capital, state of or indirectly in the well-being of people. technological advancement, peace and Bringing all these facets into consideration, security, educational infrastructure, settle- the term resource can be defined as “anything ments, regulatory framework among others. or substance located within a particular Political resources represent the fourth group locality, community or region that can be of resources and examples of this group used to enhance or improve upon the living include governance at various levels, standards or well-being of people”. chieftaincy institution and political stability. Finally, there are human resources. Examples Classification of Resources include the quality of labour supply and population. Five broad categories of resources can be distinguished (Table 1.1): The first group
Zabzugu Tatale District 3 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
Table 1.1: Resource Classification Resource Category Examples 1. Natural/Environmental Resources Minerals (gold, diamond, manganese, bauxite, iron ore, salt etc.) Forest (quality of soil and vegetative cover, wildlife) Water (sea, rivers/streams, lakes and ponds Climatic conditions (adequacy and patterns of rainfall, wind, temperature and humidity) 2. Physical Resources Transportation & communication infrastructure Irrigation facilites 3. Socio-economic Resources Finance Health infrastructure (hospitals, clinics, health posts, etc.) Social capital Technology Peace & security Educational infrastructure Regulatory & institutional framework Settlements Religious organizations 4. Political Resources Governance at various levels Chieftaincy institutions Political stability 5. Human Resources Adequate supply of quality labour Population Resources, Investment Opportunities and increase in investments in a locality is likely MDGs to impact on local resources such as infrastructure, revenue mobilization and The various categories of resources skills acquisition at the local level. The considered above (natural/environmental, nature and quality of the investments can physical, socio-economic, political, and impact on the environment in either a human), and the availability and quality of it positive or negative way. For example, distinguishes one particular locality, investments in natural resource exploitation community or region from another. They in a locality can lead to environmental have a direct impact on investment degradation if environmental concerns are opportunities within the localities as relegated to the background. All the linkages resources tend to attract investments. An above ultimately influence the attainment of increase in investment within localities is MDGs. For example, in localities or likely to impact on the living conditions of communities where resource endowments are people within the locality as jobs are likely to lacking in terms of quantity and quality, be created which are likely to impact on investment opportunities are limited and this people’s incomes (See Figure 1.1). Inversely, adversely affects the living conditions or life investment opportunities can impact on the chances of people in the locality and quantity and quality of some of the endowed ultimately the attainment of MDGs and vice resources of a locality. For instance, an versa.
2 Zabzugu Tatale District Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
Natural/Environ-
mental Resources Physical Resources
Socio-economic Investment MDGS Resources Opportunities
Political Resources
Human Resources
Figure 1.1: Relationship between Endowed Resources, Investment Opportunities and the Attainment of MDGs.
Set the stage for or enhance the Objectives and Scope process of ensuring the preparation of a well conceived community action The report in each of the districts will aim at plan, district development plan and achieving the following: create links with the GPRS and the budgetary process. Provide reliable data and information Facilitate information sharing and on the status of human development coordination among stakeholders. by investigating trends in the different Assist decision makers in identifying components of human development. priority issues and formulating Provide detailed analytical situation strategies for the attainment of the analysis of the resource endowment MDGs. and investment opportunities of the Enhance national and local dialogue districts and how they impinge upon to address the link between resource the attainment of the MDGs at the endowment, investment opportunities local levels in Ghana. and Sustainable Human Develop- Identify the different types of ment, and contribute to international resources available to individuals, dialogue on the concept of resource communities and group of persons for endowment as one of the panacea to investment and human development. the bane of development. Identify and analyze the different Serve as a basis for the preparation of ways that different entities used the Community Action Plan. resources to enhance their standard of Input and inform the Long-Term living. National Development Plan. Assess the impact of the resource Inform the review of District Medium endowment of districts on individuals, Term Development Plans. communities and the nation at large for investment opportunities.
2 Zabzugu Tatale District Introduction
Build the capacity of the district obtain district level information on assemblies to prepare their own population dynamics, housing characteristics, subsequent plans; and employment and education. Serve as baseline information for the Primary Data Collection evaluation of the programme and policies of the District and SADA. The primary data search was conducted using structured questionnaires at the household, Data and Methodology community and district levels. It was conducted to obtain district specific The team applied both quantitative and information on enrolment in senior high qualitative methods to gather data from three school, availability of infrastructure and basic different sources for the preparation of this services, adult literacy rates, access to safe report. Information was obtained from sanitation, resource endowments, investment official documents; secondary data from opportunities as well as governance. The various censuses conducted in Ghana, and interviews conducted in the districts adopted extracted data from the district-based Core both qualitative and quantitative techniques, Welfare Indicators Questionnaire survey that to enable the assessment of the key goals of was conducted in 2003. ISSER also the MDGs and also for the assessment of the conducted a socio-economic survey in the resource endowment and investment chosen districts in November and December opportunities component of the report. 2008 and consulted various stakeholders to To achieve this, two main ensure that their interests were addressed and questionnaires were used; community (a technical omissions minimized. check list of services and infrastructure available in addition to detail discussion on Secondary Data Sources development issues) and household question- naires. Focus group discussions with The district provided some information traditional leaders of the communities, which served as the basis for profiling the members of the district assembly resident in a various sectors in the area surveyed. The community and opinion leaders provided the Medium Term District Development Plans community level information being sought. for the district was one such document which The main focus was to gather at the provided details regarding the key trends in community level the key trends in the socio- key sectors such as transportation, health and economic development of the communities education. In addition, various departments visited, land tenure arrangements, the of the district assemblies also provided different types of resources available to information on their activities over the last individuals, communities and group of five years. These documents enabled the persons for investment and human develop- researchers an overview of the economic and ment; assess the impact of the resource social conditions in the districts and the endowment of districts on individuals and approaches that have so far been adopted communities for investment opportunities regarding issues of governance and human including community level actions employed development. to take advantage of these opportunities. An important source for additional The household questionnaire was secondary data was the census reports for separated into different modules to be 2000. Data from the 2000 Population and answered by different members of the Housing Census was extensively used to household and structured in a way that
Zabzugu Tatale District 5 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011 allowed the team to address issues The selected EAs or communities were listed concerning different targets of the fully to know the total number of households measurable MDGs at the district level. A that served as sampling frame from which an GPS (Global Positioning Systems) survey appropriate sample size was selected and district-level mapping of resources with systematically for each stratum in a district. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) was This was done to facilitate manageable conducted in each of the districts. This would interviewer workload within each sample provide a valuable tool for natural and area and also reduce the effects of intra-class physical resource management. A complete correlation within a sample area on the GPS survey and mapping of these resources variance of the survey estimates. within the project districts provided An enumeration team consisting of the information on the spatial distribution of researcher responsible for a district, a resources, the inventory of these, as well as, supervisor and a number of interviewers baseline data for district-level development chosen and hired from the district listed all planning. Some of the features to be captured households in each of the chosen include roads and track network; schools and enumeration areas. This was important health facilities; water sources used by the because some of the enumeration areas had community; communal and individual changed in size within the last six years since latrines; refuse dump sites and potential the 2000 Population and Housing Census was tourist attraction sites and other communal done and the sampling approach at this stage infrastructure. did not consider their sizes before the selection. We also selected an equal number Sampling Techniques of households in each enumeration area. The listing information will be needed to compute For comparability with the CWIQ 2003 data appropriate weights for proper estimation to a two stage sampling procedure was be done at the analysis stage. employed with the objective of generating Stratification results that are representative of each of the districts. The approach was multi-stage We employed the technique of stratification probability sampling, clustered, and stratified in the sample design to enhance precision and with probability proportional to the size of reliability of the estimates. The stratification the district’s population. Sampling was of the frame for the survey was based on the independently done for each district. size of the locality the enumeration area was We randomly selected well defined chosen from: i.e. whether the locality is Enumeration Areas (EAs) from the Ghana urban, semi-urban or rural. Sampling within Statistical Service (GSS) database from each each stratum was done independent of others district. The enumeration areas were properly and the approach of picking the number of described by the cartography section of GSS enumeration areas in each stratum was and had well-defined boundaries, identified proportional to the population size in each on maps, and were relatively of small sizes stratum. This was followed by systematic having cluster of households. These clusters sample selection within each stratum. are demarcated along the lines of the proven All in all, 224 households were chosen process used by the GSS in its from 10 EAs in the Zabzugu Tatale district. implementation of Ghana Living Standard In addition to the administration of the Surveys (especially III, IV and V) and Core household survey in the ten enumeration Welfare Indicators Questionnaire I and II. areas in the district, focal group discussions
6 Zabzugu Tatale District Introduction were conducted in eight of the communities. In all these participation rates of group members were very high.
Zabzugu Tatale District 7
Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
CHAPTER 2
Profile of the District
Introduction well as any strategies to cope with natural and man-made risks and challenges. This section The profile of any given locality highlights the first describes the location and gives a brief key aspects of the area with regard to resource sketch of the physical conditions and social endowments, investment opportunities, their realities of the Zabzugu Tatale District in the institutional arrangements to manage them as Northern Region of Ghana.
Map 2.1: Location of Zabzugu Tatale District
8 Zabzugu Tatale District Profile of the District
Physical Features chemical fertilizers have led to depletion of fishes in the river. Location Forest and Game Reserves The Zabzugu Tatale District is located in the eastern part of Northern Region of Ghana. It Bush burning and hunting have led to partial is one of the 18 districts in Northern Region extinction of some birds, reptiles and animal (Map 2.1). It lies in the western corner of the species that were common in the District Northern Region, between Latitudes 8° 45’ (e.g. guinea fowls, antelopes, grass cutters, 45N and 9° 31' 29N and Longitudes 0°9" E squirrels, wart-hogs etc.). Cutting of shrubs and 0°34" E. It is bounded to the East by the for yam supports and construction of feeder Republic of Togo and West by Yendi District roads also deplete the natural environment. to the West, Nanumba North and South and Nkwanta Districts to the South, and Vegetation and Climate Saboba/Chereponi District to the North. The District covers an approximate area of 2,196 The vegetation of the Zabzugu Tatale District kilometres square representing 3.4 per cent of is guinea savannah, though some areas in the the entire northern region. southern part fall within the transitional zone.
Soils in the District are generally sandy loam with alluvial deposits in the low lands. Economic trees such as Dawadawa, Teak, Kapok and Mango can be found. There are also tall grasses, shrubs, and thorny species. Along the Oti River, vegetation cover of varying tree/grass density occurs. The vegetation is very congenial for livestock production, which contributes Picture 2.1: River Oti significantly to household incomes in the district. Farming (crop and Topography and Drainage livestock) is the mainstay of the people. Crop production, being mainly on off-compound Generally, the topography of the district is (bush) farms with an average of 0.5 hectares gently rolling with elevations, ranging per farm holding. The greatest influence on between 180 metres and 300m above sea the vegetation is the prolonged dry season. level with hills found in the Sheini/Kandin Extensive use of tractors in farming has led areas along the Ghana-Togo border. The to deterioration of soils and hence loss of District is within the Oti basin which also productivity. According to the medium-term serves as the western boundary between the development plan, the natural vegetation in district and other adjoining Districts (Picture most parts of the Zabzugu Tatale District 2.1). Major rivers that feed into the basin especially, around settlements has disap- include: Mo, Kuyuni, and Konkassi (see Map peared due to over cultivation, overgrazing 2.2). Over fishing, felling of trees and farming along banks of River Oti and use of
Zabzugu Tatale District 9 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011 by animals and over exploitation for fuel wood without replacement. Map 2.2: Land Cover/Land Use
10 Zabzugu Tatale District Profile of the District
indicators and their implications for development are now presented. The Zabzugu Tatale District Population Size and Density experiences two main seasons during the year, namely, the dry and the raining seasons. The Population of the Zabzugu Tatale The dry season starts from late October to District is 79,201 (2000 Population and early May. Dry harmattan winds from the Housing Census) comprising of 38,696 males Sahara are experienced during the months of and 40,505 females. With a growth rate of November to February. Mean monthly 2.9 per cent, the District’s population is temperatures vary from about 36oC in March projected to be 94,018 in 2006. The to about 27oC in August. Mean annual population density is 40 persons per square relative humidity is 50–60 per cent with kilometre. This is higher than the regional mean relative humidity of the driest month at density of 25.9 persons per sq km. The sex less than 30 per cent. The coldest nights in ratio of the population was 95.5 males to 100 the year are experienced in the months of females in 2000. This is lower than that of December, January and February, while the the regional and the national ratio in 2000. hottest nights are experienced in the months of March, April and May. Table 2.1: Basic Demographic Indicators in 2000 The second season which Indicators Zabzug Northern Ghana is, the raining season, span from u Tatale Region late May to early October. Population 79,201 1,820,806 18,912,079 Rainfall amount varies from 645 Density (pop./km²) 40 25.9 79.3 mm to 1,250 mm per annum. The Growth rate (%) 2.9 2.8 2.7 % Urban 21.2 26.6 43.8 rainy season is characterized by Sex ratio (number of males to 95.5 99.3 97.9 inaccessibility of some parts of 100 females) the district due to bad roads. This % of population age 0–14 years 48 46.2 41.3 period is also associated with % of population age 65+ 1.9 4.5 5.3 lean or food insecurity period Source: Calculations from 2000 Population and Housing Census data, (June to early August). CWIQ 2003. Cultivation and sowing is done during this Age Structure period. Late August begins harvesting of In general, the population structure of the early groundnuts, yam and maize. district shows a broad based pyramid that tapers to the top indicating a concentration of Demographic Characteristics the youth at the base. This is typical of the age structure in developing economies which often results in the overburdening of The demographic characteristics of the governments to provide such basic services Zabzugu Tatale District such as large as schools and health services to meet the household sizes, and high infant and child demands of an ever growing younger mortality rates, are similar to other rural population. The age structure follows that of districts in Ghana. There are marked the regional pattern. The proportion of differences though. The 2000 Population and children under 15 years is about 53 per cent, Housing Census, for instance, revealed that while those aged 65+ comprise 1.9 per cent the district has an average household size of (Table 2.1). The dependency ratio that is the about 8, while the national average is 5 per ratio of non-productive persons (0–14 years household implying that the number of house and 65 years and over) to persons aged 15–64 hold members exceeded the national average years is 1.1. This means for every dependent, by three children. The major demographic there is one productive household member
Zabzugu Tatale District 11 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011 or, in other words, each adult household has with 4.7 per cent migrated to escape from himself and one additional person to care for. conflicts. In terms of general ethnic composition, Migration and Urbanization the district can be said to be quite heterogenous. However, the Konkombas According to the District’s Medium-Term form the majority (42.6%) followed by the Development Plan, vocational training Bassares and Dagombas (Table 2.3). Other programme started in the district and (non-Northern) Ghanaian tribes formed about sensitization on the dangers of Kayayee has 1.3 per cent. led to the reduction in out-migration and an The religious picture also appears not to increase in in-migration (Table 2.2). This is be homogeneous in the district. Traditional as a result of the district’s efforts to provide religion is dominant with 58.3 per cent of the youth with marketable skills. There is a population, Muslim is next with 25.6 per vocational centre which offers dress-making cent, followed by the Christian religion and weaving but requires support in order to which constitutes 15.7 per cent and other religious groups (unspecified) form only 0.4 offer other training programmes and also for per cent in the district. satellite centres to be opened in the district. Housing Conditions and Socio- Table 2.2: Youth Migration 2003–2005 Economic Infrastructure Year 2003 2004 2005 Out migration 180 34 38 In migration 156 210 173 Households in Zabzugu Tatale District are Controlled 0 87 76 predominantly male-headed. The proportion Source: Zabzugu Tatale District’s Medium- of female-headed households is 4.2 per cent. Term Development Plan, 2006-2009 The average household size is 7.7 with the smallest household comprising one member Table 2.3: Ethnic Composition of the and the largest household having 30 members Population (Zabzugu Tatale District’s Medium Term Ethnicity % Development Plan). Based on population Konkomba 42.6 projections for 2006, about 48 per cent of the Bassare 28.3 Dagomba 25.1 people dwell in the 20 largest communities Kabre 1.8 with the others dispersed among the other Bemoba 0.4 localities. This is characteristic of the largely Akan 0.4 rural and dispersed settlement pattern 1.3 Other Ghanaian tribes characteristic of the Northern region. This Total 100.0 has cost implications with regards to the Source: ISSER Survey, 2008. provision of basic amenities such as roads, The ISSER survey showed that about schools, health and water facilities. 79 per cent of the district population was In Zabzugu Tatale District, many born in the district. Of those who were not houses were constructed with locally born in the district, 35 per cent were male available materials. In 2003, about 97 per while females formed 65 per cent. Majority cent of the upper housing structures are (54.7%) of those who were not born moved constructed with mud bricks while 3 per cent into the district in order to work or farm, was with cement. However, the results from while 28 per cent joined family or spouse; the ISSER survey shows a drop to 91 percent of those who use mud bricks with the usage
12 Zabzugu Tatale District Profile of the District of cement increasing to 7.4 per cent. For The majority of households live in huts roofing, about 52 per cent of the houses are (44.3%) and compound houses (35.3%). The roofed with thatch in 2000 (Picture 2.2), rest live in detached houses (19%) and semi- dropping to 38 percent in 2008 while the detached (1%). These are occupied by mostly proportion who use corrugated iron sheets government workers. About 86.4 per cent (47%) remain the same over the two periods. own their homes (ISSER 2008). The District Housing floors are mostly constructed of Assembly admits that housing is a problem cement/concrete (71.5%) or mud/earth and since 2000, it has increased the (28.2%). construction of both office and residential accom-modation for decentralized departments (Zabzugu Tatale District Medium Term Develop- ment Plan, 2006–2009).
Use of Energy
Information from the ISSER survey reveals that electricity constitutes about 11 per cent of
Picture 2.2: Huts in Tatale Township. energy source used for lighting and almost none for cooking in Table 2.4: Household Housing Characteristics (%) the district. Between 2003 and 2008, the Characteristics 2003 2008 proportion of households that use electricity Solid Waste Collected 1.2 0.9 for lighting has decreased from 17.5 per cent Burned by household 4.1 58.4 to 10.6 per cent (Table 2.4). The majority of Public Dump 12.0 4.6 households use kerosene lamps as the main Dumped elsewhere 82.6 32.0 source of household lighting (85.7%) Buried by household 0.2 4.1 Toilet Facility according to the ISSER survey. Currently, None/Bush 95.1 83.6 majority of the district remains unconnected Flush toilet 0.9 to the national grid. Only Zabzugu, the Pan/bucket 3.2 district capital, has been connected to the Covered pit latrine 0.2 0.5 KVIP 4.7 11.4 national electricity grid. However, the Other 0.5 district has plans to extend coverage of Fuel for Cooking electricity and adopt other alternate sources Firewood 95.8 95.9 of energy through the Self-Help Charcoal 3.9 3.7 Gas 0.2 Electrification Programme (SHEP). Work is Electricity 0.2 0.5 in progress to connect Tatale and Sabare to Fuel for Lighting the grid, under the SHEP. Kerosene 82.5 85.7 Wood is the main energy source for Electricity 17.5 10.6 Battery 3.7 household cooking, and it is quite disturbing Source of Drinking Water that the proportion of households using Pipe in compound 0.5 wood as fuel for cooking has remained very Public outdoor tap 9.5 7.9 high, averaging about 96 per cent in 2000 Borehole 51.6 78.2 Unprotected well 0.9 and 2008 (CWIQ 2003, ISSER 2008). The River, lake, pond 37.6 12.0 use of gas for cooking is also virtually non- Purchase from vendor 0.6 existent. Land degradation is a major Other 0.2 0.5
Total 100.0 100.0 Zabzugu Tatale District 13 Number of Households 405 224 Source: Computed from CWIQ 2003 data sets and ISSER Survey, 2008. Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011 problem facing the district and continuous The ISSER survey showed that about 58 per dependence on this source depletes the soil cent of households disposed household refuse and affects agricultural yields. by burning.
Sanitation Facilities Source of Drinking Water
Poor sanitation remains in many of the The proportion of households that drink pipe- communities although there have been some borne water from pipes in the household or improvement in the last five years. Only 0.9 compound is negligible in the district. The per cent of the households surveyed in 2008 coverage of the piped water is limited to only had flushed toilets; another 3.2 per cent uses the Zabzugu town. All other communities, pan/buckets; while public KVIP is used by including Tatale, Nkpali, Sheini and Tadidow 11.4 per cent, an increase of 6.7 percentage are served by a number of boreholes points from 2003. The bulk of the population, provided by FBOs such as the Church of however, has no access to sanitary toilet Christ and the Catholic Mission. facilities and resort to indiscriminate The percentage of households that defecation in bushes around compounds (see obtains their drinking water from boreholes Map 2.2). The proportion of household in has increased to 78 per cent. The district can this category decreased from 95.1 per cent in currently boast of 208 functioning boreholes 2003 to 83.6 per cent in 2008. Disposal of and 3 protected wells. However, about 12 both solid waste and household silage is not per cent of households still source their well organized. About 67 per cent of drinking water from rivers, lakes and ponds households throw their liquid waste into the as well as mechanized boreholes. But these streets (ISSER 2008). The practise of are very few (only 5 in 2008 and 2009). uncontrolled dumping of refuse either in (Refer to Table 2.5 for details on water public dumpsites or elsewhere in the sources, Map 2.3 for the spatial distribution surroundings has seen a marked improve- of educational facilities, and Map 2.4 for the ment, from 83 per cent in 2003 to 32 per cent spatial distribution of health facilities in the in 2008. Zabzugu Tatale District.)
Table 2.5: Water Sources for Zabzugu Tatale District Year Bore Cover Mecha Public Private holes -ed nized SPs Ps Wells Bs (ZT) (ZT) 2006 192 3 0 51 59 2007 210 3 2 51 62 2008 338 3 5 51 62 2009 338 3 5 51 62 Functi 208 oning Notes: SPs = Stand Pipes, ZT = Zabzugu Town, Bs = Picture 2.3: Electricity Poles at the DA office for Borehole Electrification Project.
14 Zabzugu Tatale District Profile of the District Map 2.3: Distribution of Educational Facilities
Zabzugu Tatale District 15 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
Map 2.4: Distribution of Health Facilities
16 Zabzugu Tatale District Profile of the District
postal and telecommuni- cation services. For instance, about 85 per cent of the population need to travel over one hour to access postal services in the district. Only 2.1 per cent use between 15 to 29 minutes to reach the nearest postal service Picture 2.4: Main Trunk Road in Zabzugu/Tatale District. (ISSER 2008). Table 2.6 Road Network shows in detail the trends in access to some of the public services from 2003 to 2008. Zabzugu District has a total of 491 Kilometres stretch of road network. Out of Table 2.6: Access to Public Services in these, trunk roads represent 18 per cent Zabzugu Tatale District, 2008 (83.12 km) while feeder made up of 83 per Facility & Time 2003 2008 cent (407 km). The road network in the Food market region is generally very poor (see Picture Less than 14 minutes 28.9 24.6 2.4). Most of the communities are cut off 15–29 minutes 5.1 12.6 during the rainy season and difficult to 30–44 minutes 3.3 19.6 reach in the dry season. Only a few roads in 45–59 minutes 9.1 7.5 the Zabzugu and Tatale townships have 60 minutes or more 53.5 35.7 been tarred. Annual road maintenance is Public transport non-existent. This greatly hampers Less than 14 minutes 29.3 14.0 accessibility to essential services in the 15–29 minutes 2.5 12.5 district. The DA has plans to tar these roads 30–44 minutes 2.3 11.7 especially the Yendi to Nachamba Border 45–59 minutes 7.3 7.0 post road. Construction of more feeder 60 minutes or more 58.6 54.7 roads is to be done in the district. The Telecommunication public transport system may perhaps be Less than 14 minutes 11.4 19.1 suffering as a result. In 2003, it took about 15–29 minutes 2.1 5.6 30 per cent of the population less than a 30–44 minutes 1.5 6.7 quarter of an hour to get access to public 45–59 minutes 3.8 6.7 transport, however the results from the 60 minutes or more 81.3 61.8 ISSER survey indicates that 14 per cent of Source: CWIQ 2003, ISSER Survey, 2008. the population were able to do so in 2008. Telephone connectivity in the Communication Facilities district is limited. Many households do not have access to fixed line telephone services The Zabzugu Tatale District has poorly in Zabzugu Tatale District. Many rely on developed socio-economic infrastructure. mobile phones to facilitate any communi- Besides the poor quality of these services, cation. Indeed, 27 per cent of the physical access is a barrier for the majority households sampled reported having a of people in the district, particularly to, mobile phone while 63 per cent did not
Zabzugu Tatale District 17 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011 have at all. The District Assembly aimed to the feeder road all of which can be found in lobby for a bigger telephone facility with the northern part of the district. The Map many lines in 2007. In spite of this, access 2.5 presents the spatial distribution of to telecommunication in the district has trading centres. improved slightly. In 2003, it took about 81 per cent of the population 60 minutes or Local Governance more to get to a communication facility where as by 2008 this proportion had gone Administrative Structure down to about 62 per cent (Table 2.6).
The institutional framework for decision- Formal Financial Services making rests with the Zabzugu Tatale
District Assembly (ZTDA), which is the The ISSER survey showed that access to highest political and administrative body in formal financial services was very poor in the district. The ZTDA consist of 45 the district; only 1.4 per cent of members including the District Chief respondents were about 45 to 60 minutes to Executive and a Member of Parliament. As banks, the majority (98.6%) of the provided by the 1992 Constitution, the households surveyed have to travel one Town and Area Councils, and Unit hour or more to get access to formal Committees are vital in local level financial institutions. Access is furthermore development in any district. Hence, at the restricted given that 61 per cent of sub-structure level, the District has one respondents could only reach these banks Town Council and four Area Councils to by vehicles. enhance the decentralization process. Access to Goods Markets Administratively only seven out of the stipulated eleven decentralized depart- A number of communities within the ments are operational in the District. These district serve as important trading centres. are: These centres vary in size and importance Education, Youth and Sports, and can be categorized into: Daily and Social Welfare and Community Periodic markets. However, there are more Development, markets in the northern part of the district Finance, compared to the south. There are only 2 Central Administration, markets in the south compared to 13 in the Health, northern part. There are six major markets Agriculture, and in the district; 3 on the trunk road and 3 on Disaster Prevention and Management.
18 Zabzugu Tatale District Profile of the District Map 2.5: Distribution of Market Facilities
Zabzugu Tatale District 19 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
The District Chief Executive heads the efficient mobilization and disbursement Office of the District Assembly, while the of necessary resources for the overall Presiding Member presides over Assembly development of the district. sessions, meetings and any other committee 2. Promotes and supports productive s/he may be chairperson. The operations, activity and social development in the activities and initiatives of these departments district and removes any obstacle to are co-ordinated by the District Co-ordinating initiative and development. Director. 3. Initiates programmes for the develop- The Local Government Act, Act 462, ment of basic infrastructure and provide 1993 established the DAs to be responsible municipal works and services in the for: district. 1. Overall development of the district 4. Responsible for the development, (plan, budget and implement develop- improvement of human settlements and ment programmes and projects) the environment in the district. 2. Coordination of activities of ministries, 5. Takes necessary steps to execute departments, public corporations, approved development plans for the NGOs etc within the district. district. 3. Maintenance of security and public 6. Guides, encourages and supports sub- safety (execution of Law). district local government bodies, public agencies and local communities to Functions of the District Assembly perform their roles in the execution of approved development plans. Generally, the District Assembly has two 7. Initiates and encourages joint participa- major functions: political and administrative, tion with other persons or bodies to and planning. As such, the Zabzugu Tatale execute approved development plans. District Assembly provides guidance, gives 8. Monitors the execution of projects under direction to and supervises all administrative approved development plans and authorities in the district. In so doing, it assesses and evaluates their impact on exercises deliberative, legislative and the people’s development, the local, executive functions over its territorial district and national economy (Zabzugu jurisdiction. Tatale District Medium-Term Develop- Under Act 462, the District Assembly is ment Plan, 2006–2009). established as the planning authority of the district. Therefore, the DA oversees the Development Goals preparation of development plans of the district and submits them through the The assembly has planned specific Northern Regional Coordinating Council to development priorities linked to the pillars of the National Development Planning MTDPs. In line with NDPC’s guidelines, Commission for approval. In addition, it most of these priorities are aligned to the prepares budgets related to the approved targets and goals of the UNDP Millennium plans and submits them to the Ministry of Development Goals. The goals, specific Finance and Economic Planning for approval. objectives and strategies under each sub- Specifically, the Assembly performs the sector of the district are presented in Table under-listed tasks: 2.7. The district’s main development focus is 1. Formulates and executes programmes to foster unity, peace and harmony amongst and strategies for the effective and the major ethnic groups as well as the
20 Zabzugu Tatale District Profile of the District minority tribes whilst pursuing plans and programmes to improve and sustain the living standards of all people living within the District. The District plan which will run over a- 4-year period is quite comprehensive. Indicative budget provided is estimated at about GH¢ 260 million to implement the programmes outlined in the MTDP. Funds are to be generated from government, donors, NGOs and internally generated revenue (IGR) sources. The Zabzugu Tatale District, however, was unable to pinpoint how much of these funds had been received and the progress made so far. The District Assembly plans to collaborate with both government and external agencies as the main sources to implement these projects.
Zabzugu Tatale District 21 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
Table 2.7: Priorities and Specific Objectives of Zabzugu Tatale Medium-Term Development Plan, 2006–2009 Thematic Area Goals Specific Objectives Strategies Private Sector Led Agriculture: To To facilitate the To encourage and assist farmers to Competitiveness increase modernization of agricultural increase food production. household food production to achieve food availability and self sufficiency improve the management and utilization of food. Increase the production of To encourage farmers to diversify export crops. production of both domestic and cash crop production. Formulate and coordinate To increase livestock production and policies and programmes for productivity. the agricultural sector. To enhance the capacity of Extension agents. Youth Services: To create 1660 jobs for the Identify and register youth without To establish and youth by December 2009. jobs, sustain the youth in employment programme.
Communication: To make telephone and Advocacy more telephone facilities to Enhance the internet services accessible to be established in the District development of people of the District. Information and Communication Technology in the District. Roads: Ensure the To improve accessibility to Construct/reshape feeder roads in the provision and communities and major district maintenance of markets road transport
Energy & Extend electricity to cover Lobby for more communities to be Environment: 30% of the District and also hooked to the national grid. encourage afforestation.
Increase access to Encourage tree planting. electricity supply and improve environmental management practices among household and communities
24 Zabzugu Tatale District Economic Activity and Employment
Small Scale Develop and enhance the Package training programmes for Industry: Promote skills of rural enterprises. rural enterprises. competitive rural micro and macro enterprises sector.
Human Resource Education: To increase enrolment and Provide classroom infrastructure. Development provide quality retention at all levels by 30% education for all by December 2009. To narrow the gender gap Provide sponsorship to brilliant but further. needy pupils, especially girls. To increase the performance Create girl-friendly/child friendly at BECE from 48% to 70% schools. by December 2009.
To increase the participation Establish libraries. in science and technical education by 30% by end of 2009.
To increase the enrolment of Ensure effective monitoring and children with disabilities by supervision of teaching and learning. 40% by the end of December 2009.
Expand access to the Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (STME) Clinics. Health: To reduce To reduce the prevalence of Promote HIV/AIDS alert preventable malaria in children under 5 programmes in school. diseases, improve year from current 33% to and increase 15% by December 2009. access, utilization and quality of health services, especially maternal and child health. To reduce the prevalence of Intensify health education on the diarrhoea in children under 5 mode of transmission and prevention years from current 13% to of malaria and the need for early 4% by December 2009. treatment. To encourage people to register with the District mutual health insurance scheme. Water and To increase potable water Educate public on personal hygiene environmental coverage from 78% to 100 % and promotion on the usage of ORS sanitation: by December 2009. in treatment of diarrhoea. Increase the availability, access and hygienic utilization of safe drinking water and improve sanitation
Zabzugu Tatale District 25 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
To increase sanitation Construct and rehabilitate water coverage from 11% to 35% facilities. by December 2009. To ensure all communities To promote household KVIP latrine, with water and sanitation safe public toilets and hygiene facilities own and manage education. their facilities by December 2009. To enhance capacities of communities/institutions to own and manage water and sanitation facilities. Good Governance Political To enhance the capacity of To enhance the capacity of the & Civic governance: the Assembly and sub- Assembly and sub-structures for Responsibility Enhance and structures for development. development. sustain the capacity of stakeholders for development in a safe environment. To strengthen planning and To provide additional office and coordination. residential accommodation for security officers. To provide conducive atmosphere for security officers to work. To disseminate information on issues of rights and responsibilities to the general public, especially vulnerable people for sustainable development.
Gender Mainstream gender and child To capture gender issues into Mainstreaming: rights issues into planning. Empower women development. and sustain child rights issues. To sensitize public on the rights of children, and other vulnerable groups. Source: Zabzugu Tatale Medium-Term Development Plan, 2006–2009.
26 Zabzugu Tatale District Economic Activity and Employment CHAPTER 3
Economic Activity and Employment
Introduction Employment
Since the inception of the MDGs in 2000, The Zabzugu Tatale Medium-Term Ghana has made a significant effort to Development Plan is a strategic plan based incorporate in its overall developmental on the national level plan. The bedrock of goals, the objectives and strategies adopted in this plan is economic growth sustained by a the MDGs. This is reflected in the focus of resourceful human capital base. The the recent national development policy government’s effort at creating opportunities frameworks: GPRS I (2003–2005), GPRS II for gainful employment is evident in the (2006–2009) and GSGDA (2010-2013). Half policies that are geared towards private sector way to the achievement of the MDGs, development to propel growth. The district’s Ghana’s progress has been mixed. Although focus on employment is expressed through a considerable progress had been made towards number of objectives: improve agricultural achieving poverty, hunger and education productivity, establish and sustain the youth related MDGs, progress towards achievement in employment programme and promote of the health related targets has not been as competitive rural micro and macro 1 positive. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has been enterprises . stabilized to a large extent, yet there are still a number of new infections reported each year. Furthermore, MDG targets at reducing child mortality and maternal mortality have shown very little improvement. In order to make an accurate assessment of progress made in the district towards the MDGs, there is the need for a more disaggregated district level data. However, the lack of information at the district makes direct assessment Figure 3.1: Industry of Employment. of the district’s progress towards the Source: CWIQ 2003 and ISSER Survey, 2008. MDG goal of halving poverty by half by 2015 quite difficult. Instead the report The Zabzugu Tatale district is primarily relies on estimates based on the analysis of rural with agricultural activities being its indirect indicators of poverty using mainstay. In 2003, agriculture, employed information mainly from 2000 population close to 93 per cent of the economically and housing census and 2008 ISSER socio- active population. In Figure 3.1, the ISSER economic survey conducted in the district.
1 Government of Ghana (2006).
Zabzugu Tatale District 27 Economic Activity and Employment
2008 survey revealed that 93 per cent of the 2005. As can be seen, yam production in the same population was engaged in agriculture district has been above 100,000 metric tons with 1.5 per cent in fishing. Wholesale and since 2003; while total yield of cassava has retail sector employed about 5 per cent in increased from 42,000 in 2003 to 53,000 2003 declining to 2.3 per cent in 2008. metric tons in 2005. Contrary to the positive Undoubtedly, there has been very little sign output trends for maize and yam; the output of structural change in the district’s economic of millet and groundnuts decreased from setup. The district’s focus has been geared 2004. Yam production in the district has towards improving the agricultural sector continued to increase; a fact that is confirmed through initiatives to modernize the types of by the ISSER survey result. Table 3.1 shows agriculture products being produced and that, for both 2007 and 2008, yams achieve food self-sufficiency. Some of these constituted 23 per cent of crops cultivated, strategies are to equip farmers with better followed closely by maize (averaging 21%). skills to increase productivity. For instance the DA plans to train 70 farmers on good Problems in the Agricultural Sector agricultural practices for mango and encourage more livestock farmers by training Like many other areas in Ghana, agriculture them on good management practices. production in Zabzugu Tatale continues to be
Table 3.1: Major Crops Cultivated by rain-fed with very limited irrigation. Output, 2007–2008 (%) Cropping pattern follows the land fertility Crop 2007 2008 pattern and farmers use either inorganic and Yams 23 23 organic manure or fertilizer. Many farmers Maize 20 21 use simple tools like hoes, cutlass, and Millet 18 18 animal traction. Groundnuts 17 18 Guinea corn 10 12 The District’s Medium-Term Develop- Cassava 5 4 ment Plan highlights the following as major Other 6 3 issues confronting the agricultural sector: Total 100 100 High cost of agro-inputs and chemicals. Source: ISSER 2008. Low prices of farm produce. Unreliable rainfall pattern. Table 3.2: Problems Faced by Agricultural Workers Inadequate credit for production, mar- Problem (%) keting and processing. Inadequate finance 76.4 Inaccessibility of some communities Difficulty in marketing products 7.8 during rainy season. Low soil fertility 6.9 Difficulty in accessing land 2.7 High post harvest losses in crops. Low price of products 2.5 Incidence of diseases and pests both in Erratic weather conditions 2.2 livestock and crops. Poor health 0.9 High cost of inputs 0.2 Indiscriminate bush fires. Other 13.9 Inadequate shelter for small ruminants Total 100.0 and poultry. Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008. Declining soil fertility resulting in low
yields of crops and pastures. Agriculture Inadequate coverage in extension ser- Figure 3.2 presents agricultural production vices delivery due to and yields for Zabzugu Tatale from 2003 to Inadequate means of transport and staff.
Zabzugu Tatale District 25 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
These problems are confirmed by the the formal sector. None of the women who ISSER survey results. About 76 per cent of took part in the study was employed in the agricultural workers surveyed complained of public sector (Table 3.3). the lack of adequate finance as a major problem they face. Table 3.2 shows the Table 3.3: Distribution of Employment by problems faced by all workers surveyed, Sex (%) most of whom whose mainstay is from the Status and Sector Male Female Employment by Status agricultural sector. Self-Employed with 87.5 12.5 Employees Self-Employed without 96.3 3.7 Employees Unpaid family Worker 100.0 0 Regular Employee 100.0 0 Main Sector of Employment Public 100 0 Private Formal 92.3 7.7 Private Informal 97.3 2.7 NGO/Int. Org. 100 0 Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008.
(A) There has been a significant change in the employment status of the working population of the district since 2003. The proportion of the population in self- employment in the district has dwindled in size since 2003. In 2003 majority of the workforce (72%) were self-employed without employees from the CWIQ survey but the (B) ISSER results indicate 42 per cent of the respondents are currently self-employed without employees. Almost half of the population surveyed in 2008 was unpaid family workers which is worrying. This could be an indication of a growing unemployment situation in the district. From the survey, the self-employed with employees constitute 7.3 per cent of the population of economically (C) active workers surveyed in 2008 (Figure 3.3). Figure 3.2: Production of Major Crops in Zabzugu Tatale District. Clearly, the biggest employer in the Source: Created with Data from Zabzugu Tatale Zabzugu Tatale district is the private Medium Term Development Plan, 2006–2009. informal sector. In 2008, 92 per cent of the working population were employed by the Women participation in the labour force private informal sector. This signifies the size of the informal sector in the district. The size Even though agriculture employs majority of of the informal sector has changed the work force in the Zabzugu Tatale district, marginally from 98 per cent in 2003 to 92 per there is a clear domination of male workers cent in 2008. Interestingly, Figure 3.4 further over female workers. This is also reflected in reveals an increase in the size of the working
26 Zabzugu Tatale District Economic Activity and Employment population employed by the private formal economically active population in 2008. The institutions from 0.3 per cent to 5.2 per cent. study relied on the response of those who had This increase appears to have been absorbed been actively looking for work in the past by public institutions. seven days. Many were unable to find jobs (53%); others reported that their work was Unemployment seasonal (23%) which left them unemployed for certain periods in the year. This is a type Overall, the unemployed in Zabzugu Tatale of under-employment or seasonal unemploy- were reported to be about 30 per cent of the ment which is very typical in rural areas.
Figure 3.3: Employment Status of Working Population Figure 3.4: Formal Sector Employment in Zabzugu in Zabzugu Tatale District. Tatale District. Source: (Figures 3.3 and 3.4) CWIQ 2003 and ISSER Household Survey, 2008.
Zabzugu Tatale District 27
Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
CHAPTER 4
Education and Literacy
Introduction Invariably as we achieve the objectives set out for the sector in the Ghana’s MTDPs Education and literacy are some of the broad we will be making tremendous strides policy areas that the government aimed to towards achieving the MDGs. Current tackle with the introduction of the poverty analysis of some of the human indicators of reduction strategy plans. It became very Ghana shows that some significant progress necessary to underline the importance of has been made so far (2007 APR). Box 4.1 education in the growth process in the shows the overlap between the objectives set Ghana’s MTDPs. Indeed, two of the eight out in the Ghana’s MTDPs and the MDGs for MDGs refer to the education sector. education.
Box 4.1: Education Related MDGs and GPRS Indicators Millennium Development Goals GPRS II Policy Objective Indicator Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Increase access to and participation in Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) Education education and training Net Enrolment Rate (NER) Survival Rate Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality Bridge gender in access to education Gender Parity Index (GPI) and Empower Women Improve the quality of education Proportion of students passing national assessments examinations (BECE) Percentage of trained teachers
The 2006–2009 development plan for of education which is being compromised as the district indicated that the objective for the a result of the critical shortage of teachers in educational sector was primarily to increase the District. enrolment and retention at all levels by 30 The attention on education in the 2006- per cent through an enrolment drive and the 2009 Development Plan has, therefore, been expansion of facilities by 2009. Also to reduce illiteracy through a number of included was the objective to narrow the programme activities, such as: gender gap from 96 to 100 at the primary Conduct training for teachers and care- level by 2009. The Zabzugu Tatale District givers; has reported achievements in enrolments and Improve quality of teaching/learning; Gender Parity indices at all levels since 2005. Provide community libraries; These can be attributed to the cumulative Provide incentives to teachers who are effects of years of community sensitization; staying in deprived, difficult-to-reach the introduction of the capitation grants; areas; increased donor interventions and female Support volunteer teacher programmes, role, and visits to communities and schools. with emphasis on local recruitment; and The main challenge, however, is the quality
28 Zabzugu Tatale District Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
Conduct INSET training in the primary teachers. and JSS curriculum for basic school Map 4.1: Distribution of Educational Facilities
The almost tripling of the number of The ratio in private primary schools was teachers in public primary schools reduced much lower than the ratio in public schools. the pupil teacher ratio from 2004 to 2006. In 2006, the pupil teacher ratio was lower
34 Zabzugu Tatale District Education and Literacy than the 2004/5 GPRS target for the Northern poor infrastructure coupled with the refusal region of 35:1 in both public and private of more qualified high school teachers to be schools. In 2008, there were more private posted to the rural areas. schools in the district than public schools at Table 4.2 shows that, according to the all levels (Table 4.1). CWIQ, over 70 per cent of households were within 15 minutes of travel to primary Table 4.1: Private and Public Schools, 2008 schools in 2003 but this dropped to about 40 Level Private Public per cent in 2008 (ISSER 2008). The ISSER Kindergarten 57 5 study also indicated that about 90 per cent of Primary 92 5 JHS 20 0 primary school pupils walked to school. The SHS 2 0 trend reverses as they go up the educational ladder. In 2008, 15 per cent were within 15 Access to Basic Education minutes of a JHS and 1.4 per cent for the SHS. Over 70 per cent of students needed Access to basic education is operationalized more than an hour to get to SHS with only 27 by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS per cent of them going on foot. The rest had 1998/99) as having a facility within one to use a bicycle or go by a vehicle. Clearly, kilometre radius from one's place of access to SHS was problematic for many residence. Increasingly, there have been students given the poor nature of the roads in improvements in access to education going the district. Map 4.1 shows that distribution by the significant increases in the Gross of educational facilities in the district. Enrolment Rate (GER) recorded in 2007. The national GER targets at the primary and Table 4.2: Travel Time to the Nearest Schools Junior High School (JHS) levels were School an Time 2003 2008 achieved in 2007 (2007 APR). However, Primary School there are regional differences in access to Less than 14 minutes 76.2 43.6 15–29 minutes 6.5 24.5 primary school and JHS. Generally, regions 30-44 minutes 3.9 14.4 in the southern sector of the country have 45–59 minutes 4.5 11.2 greater access to primary and JHS education 60 minutes or more 8.7 6.4 Junior High School* than the northern sector. Less than 14 minutes 15.9 15.1 The GER at the primary level for the 15–29 minutes 4.1 15.1 Northern region was 77.6 per cent in 30–44 minutes 5.0 18.9 2006/2007 compared to the national average 45–59 minutes 5.7 16.4 60 minutes or more 69.3 34.6 of 93.7 per cent. Some of the factors that Senior Secondary School* account for the low access to primary Less than 14 minutes 15.9 1.4 education in the three northern regions of 15–29 minutes 4.1 2.9 30–44 minutes 5.0 8.0 Ghana include sparse population distribution, 45–59 minutes 5.7 15.2 poverty and the general deprivation in most 60 minutes or more 69.3 72.5 areas. The picture is grimmer with respect to * CWIQ does not differentiate between JHS and SSS. access to secondary education. The national Source: CWIQ 2003 and ISSER Survey, 2008. average for access to secondary school is Enrolment in Schools 43.3 per cent, but it is even worse for the northern regions and especially for the School attendance in the district has Zabzugu Tatale district which had a GER of improved considerably over the last five 13.3 per cent in 2005 at the Senior High years. In 2007, over 98 per cent of children School level. The explanation is quite simple; aged 6 to 12 years were in school and 48 per
Zabzugu Tatale District 31 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
cent were enrolled in JHS (Table 4.3). Increases in school attendance came about Quality of Education due to several reasons. Between 2003 and 2008, the number of primary schools Less than 10 per cent of teachers in private increased from 67 to 93 while the number of pre- and primary schools in the district are JHS increased from 11 to 20. The district has trained. The situation is only slightly better in plans to continue the enrolment drive by the public schools where in 2006 less than a organizing community durbars in 30 low quarter of teachers in pre- and primary enrolment areas to increase the enrolment of schools were trained (Table 4.4). The children into schools. Implementation of the situation with trained teachers is better in the capitation grant in 2006 and 2007 as well as Junior Secondary Schools. The proportion of the school feeding programme has also trained teachers in primary schools is far contributed significantly to improve below the GPRS target of 81.3 per cent. enrolment, particularly in primary schools. Table 4.4: Trend Analysis of Indicators (Education) Table 4.3: GER, NER for Zabzugu Tatale Indicators 2005 District GPRS/NEPAD/ (2003–2008) Achievements MDG Targets Year Gross Enrolment Net Enrolment Qualified Teachers: Rate Rate KG Trained 12% 44.3% Type Primary JHS Primary JHS Untrained 88% 55.7% 2003–04 70.5 33.9 53.9 9.8 Primary Trained 27% 81.3% 2004–05 79.2 38.4 61.9 9.8 Untrained 73% 18.7% 2005–06 95.2 44.1 66.7 14.1 JSS Trained 62% 89.2% 2006–07 98.7 45.7 72.6 22.4 Untrained 38% 10.8% 2007–08 98.9 48.3 71.6 25.7 Pupil–Teacher Ratios: Pre-School 160 25 (GES) Primary School 69 36 (GES) JSS 26 25 (GES) Source: Zabzugu Tatale Medium-Term Development Plan, 2006–2009.
Narrowing the Gender Gap
Although there has been an improvement
Figure 4.1: Numbers Enrolled in Pre-School, 2003–05. with gender disparities in the region, Source: Created with data from Zabzugu Tatale particularly in primary education, it has not Medium-Term Development Plan, 2006–2009. been entirely removed. Gender disparities remain widespread in Ghana often favouring Pre-School boys, and are greater at higher levels of education. Efforts to encourage girls to attend The district has conducted a number of schools as a way to bridge this gap are well sensitization programmes to encourage documented. There is the need to enhance the parents to take advantage of pre-school importance of the girl education. facilities in the district. This effort seems to The Gender Parity Index measures the be paying off with children enrolled in ratio of boys to girls in enrolment rates, the kindergarten tripling in size from 2003 to balance of parity being 1.00. Community 2005 (Figure 4.1). sensitization and other interventions by the government and donors include the supply of
32 Zabzugu Tatale District Education and Literacy uniforms, school bags and stationery to girls Tatale District has very low adult literacy living in districts with low parity indices. rates for both males and females. Nineteen Although there has been a great improvement (19) per cent of males and 22 per cent of of the index at the kindergarten and primary females surveyed could read or write in levels, the index has not performed so well in English (Figure 4.2). the JHS levels. Table 4.4 shows the Zabzugu Tatale’s district achievements in 2005 compared with the national and other indicators.
Table 4.5: 2005 District Achievements on Gender Parity (GPI) in Zabzugu Tatale District Indicators 2005 District GPRS/NEPAD/ Achievements MDG Targets Primary GER (Girls) 93.7% 80% (GPRS) GPI (Primary) 0.97 1.00 (NEPAD GPI (JSS) 0.81 1.00 (NEPAD) Drop-out rates (Primary) Girls 19.4% 20% (GPRS) Boys 7.4% 10% (GPRS) Figure 4.2: Per cent of Adults Literate in either Drop-out rates (JSS) Girls 31% NA English or a Local Language. Boys 13.4% NA Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008. Primary Sch: Completion Rates (P1–P6) Girls 37.8% 69.7% Summary Boys 45.1% 77.1% Source: Zabzugu Tatale Medium Term Development Gross primary and Junior High School Plan, 2006–2009 enrolment rates have improved in Zabzugu Educational Attainment and Literacy Tatale since 2000. Improvements were registered for both boys and girls. Senior Generally, a high proportion of rural men and High enrolment rates declined for boys but women have ever attended school though increased for girls over the period. Adult there has been a slight improvement among literacy rates in the district are low. However, adult males in the district. In 2000, about 35 the relatively high literacy rate amongst per cent of the males surveyed had ever persons aged 15 to 24 years indicates that if attended school compared to about 19 per the increase in enrolment rates is maintained cent of those surveyed in 2008. In both years, and the quality of education is at the required however, 20 per cent of the females surveyed standard, literacy rates in the district will had ever attended school. improve. Progress towards attaining the Literacy education-specific MDGs is mixed. The district has made substantial progress towards The district’s adult literacy rate is low. This universal primary education since 2000. If is not unexpected given the high proportion the rate of increase in school enrolments is of the adult population that have either never maintained, the MDG target of universal attended school or only completed primary primary education by 2015 can be realized. A education. Rural women are particularly threat to the attainment of universal primary disadvantaged compared to men and urban education in the district is the late entry into women. The district is making efforts to get primary school. This is a threat because if adults functionally literate. The Zabzugu children start school late they are likely not to
Zabzugu Tatale District 33 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011 complete primary education. This is a particular risk for girls who when they reach the age of puberty may be under great pressure to be married. The third MDG set 2005 as the target date for the attainment of gender parity in primary and secondary education. This has not been achieved. Gender parity indices at the primary and junior secondary levels declined in 2007 compared to 2000 despite the rise in enrolment rates for both boys and girls. The gender parity index of over unity for senior high school does not imply an improvement in gender empowerment because of the very low enrolment rates. The incidence of irregular school attendance due to illness introduces the risk of children not completing school. The environment in the district may be described as creating health hazards because of the unsafe methods of waste disposal and low incidence of safe sanitation facilities among rural households in particular. It is therefore not surprising that ill health is the most frequently given reason why children miss some days at school. Thus failure to make progress on other MDGs can create condi- tions to compromize the attainment of the MDGs on education. The district has chalked great strides in improving enrolment at the lower levels of education and youth literacy. The challenge is to ensure that children start primary school at 6 years and complete at least nine years of basic quality education.
34 Zabzugu Tatale District Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
CHAPTER 5
Health, Water and Sanitation
Background The change in the focus of the current health policy is not isolated to Ghana but it The National Health Development Policy also reflects the way in which the global (2006-2015) has been designed within the environment for health and development has context of Ghana’s vision of achieving been changing in support of the health middle income status with per capita income paradigm proposed in this policy. Achieving of 1000 USD by 2015. This policy places the the MDGs require that countries look beyond national efforts within the global context for the traditional health system and address the health development and aims to provide a broader determinants of ill health — low comprehensive and holistic framework that levels of education, poverty, unequal gender builds on progress made in the previous relations, high risk behaviours and unhealthy years. It places health at the centre of socio- environment — as well as raising the profile economic development and presents a clear of health within national poverty reduction shift in the role of health in the national and and Government reform processes. international development framework. This is There is increasing global consensus because health apart from being a that countries need to scale up activities and fundamental human right is also a key driver investments towards achieving the MDGs. for development and ultimately, economic The emphasis placed on strengthening district growth. health systems to enhance their capacity to The Ghana Macroeconomics and deliver services more effectively still remains Health (GMH) Report 2005 and the various relevant in this policy. To date, Ghana’s health sector reports confirm the assertion progress to achieve the health MDGs has that greater investments in health lead to been unimpressive. While attempts at wealth creation. This policy’s outlook on reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS were health encompasses the role that healthy yielding positive results, those directed at lifestyles, health enhancing environment, reducing child mortality and maternal vibrant health industry and other sectors mortality are proving to be less effective with beyond health-care services play to improve time. health and socio-economic development. It also lays the basis for the two interacting and Challenges mutually reinforcing pathways that the health sector contributes to socio-economic deve- Challenges facing the health sector include lopment in the country. These are: the slow improvements in health outcomes, Improving the health and productivity persistent under-nutrition, persistence of of the populace. some diseases that could easily be controlled, Creating a health industry that supports neglect of other diseases which tend to health services and creates jobs. intensify the incidence of poverty, a growing burden of non-communicable diseases,
34 Zabzugu Tatale District Health, Water and Sanitation uneven health system performance and To ensure all communities with water productivity and missed opportunities for and sanitation facilities own and manage mobilizing resources for health development. their facilities by December 2009. Indeed, solutions to these problems will Health Care Infrastructure require the careful allocation of public resources between a growing set of priorities The district has 11 health institutions made and fundamental changes in the way health up of one polyclinic hospital located at workers are managed and motivated. Zabzugu, one missionary hospital also At the district level, these challenges located at Zabzugu, one clinic, five health are more pronounced and efforts to improve centres and three CHPS zone (Table 5.1). health outcomes seem inadequate. Some of There are a number private pharmacies/drug the specific challenges in the Zabzugu Tatale stores that are patronised by many patients in district include reduction in supervised the district. delivery rate due to inadequacy of and long distances to health facilities as well as Table 5.1: Number of Health Care Facilities in Zabzugu Tatale District inaccessibility of some parts of the district Type of Facility Number during rainy season. Malnutrition among Polyclinic 1 children under 5 has been on the increase as a Missionary Hospital 1 result of poor feeding practices and care. The Clinics 1 Health Centres 5 district has outlined some priority areas in the CHPS Zone 3 health sector that require urgent attention to Source: Zabzugu Tatale Medium-Term help improve access to quality health-care Development Plan, 2006–2009. and intensify health education on control of preventable diseases like malaria, guinea Table 5.2: Travel Time to Hospital or Clinic (%) worm, TB and HIV/AIDS. These include Travel Time 2003 2008 improvements on infrastructure for health- Less than 14 minutes 27.5 11.2 care facilities, sustain improvement in 15–29 minutes 6.5 11.2 provision of safe water and improve 30–59 minutes 10.7 25.8 60 minutes or more 55.3 51.7 environmental sanitation. Some of the specific objectives for the Source: CWIQ, 2008 ISSER Household Survey 2003. health sector are: To reduce the prevalence of malaria in Estimates for access to health facilities children under 5 years from current 33 measured by distance or travel time taken to per cent to 15 per cent by December reach the nearest health facility show that 2009. health-care facilities in the district are not To reduce the prevalence of diarrhoea in adequate and they are unevenly distributed. children under 5 years from current 13 There are more facilities to the north of the per cent to 4 per cent by December district compared to the south. One of the 2009. important reasons for physical in-access is To increase potable water coverage from due to the bad nature of the roads many of 78 per cent to 100 per cent by December which are inaccessible in the rainy season. 2009. About 55 per cent of households surveyed in To increase sanitation coverage from 11 2003 used more than an hour to reach a clinic per cent to 35 per cent by December or hospital, decreasing to a little over 50 per 2009. cent of households surveyed in 2008 (CWIQ
Zabzugu Tatale District 35 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
2003, ISSER 2008). In 2003, about 28 per cent were about 15 minutes away from a The number of health workers in the clinic or hospital compared to 11 per cent in district shows that by 2005, 45,684 patients 2008 (Table 5.2). About 50 per cent of those are looked after by one doctor whilst the 25 surveyed in 2008 reached the clinic or community resident nurses are responsible hospital by foot; 20 per cent by motor bike for about 91,368 in the district (Table 5.3). and 13 per cent by vehicle (see Map 5.1 for the spatial distribution). Table 5.3: Trend Analysis of Indicators (Health) District Achieved National Indicator 2003 2004 2005 Target by 2005 Target Population Doctor Ratio 0/86,977 2/89,426 2/91,368 2/91,368 2/91,368 Population Nurse Ratio 18/86,977 20/89,426 25/91,368 NA NA NA
Health Status of Mothers and from 6 in 2003 to 3 in 2005 may be a sign of Children Table 5.4: Health Status in Zabzugu Tatale District (2003–2005) Infant and Child Mortality Indicators 2003 2004 2005 % Skilled delivery 17 30 25 The incidence of child and infant ANC 4+ (%) 22 52 57 mortality are critical determinants of the Penta 3 (%) 136 99 127 life expectancy at birth. The fourth Number of maternal deaths 6 2 3 Malaria in under-five – 3,983 4,446 MDG also seeks to reduce child Diarrhoea in under five (%) 10 13 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 Guinea worm cases 461 330 132 and 2015. Trend analysis of some health Source: Zabzugu Tatale Medium-Term Development Plan, indicators between 2003 and 2005 in the 2006–2009. district shows mixed results (Table 5.4). The progress (Table 5.4). 2008 ISSER household survey results reported two child deaths which occurred before or during childbirth over the 12 Attendance at Ante- and Post-Natal months preceding the survey. Clinics
In Zabzugu Tatale district, attendance of Maternal Mortality mothers at ante-natal clinics four or more Maternal health is of great importance times during their pregnancy has risen from especially for the indirect health benefits to 22 per cent in 2003 to 57 per cent in 2005. other members of the family. The health This is a significant improvement even status of the mother and access to medical though this is well below the district target of care during pregnancy and child birth are 70 per cent and national target of 90 per cent. important determinants of the incidence of Attendance of mothers at pre-natal clinics, infant and maternal mortality. however, improved from 75 per cent in 2003 Sadly, national level data on maternal to 87.2 per cent in 2008 as indicated from the mortality suggest an increase in maternal 2008 ISSER Household survey and presented mortality rate from 197 per 100,000 live in Table 5.5. births in 2006 to 224 per 100,000 live births Attendance of women at post-natal in 2007 (APR, 2007). There was no clinic is still below 80 per cent; increasing by information on maternal mortality ratio in the 3 per cent points from 2003 to 2008. Access district but the decline of maternal deaths to pre- and post- natal care could be
36 Zabzugu Tatale District Health, Water and Sanitation problematic; only 22 per cent indicated being 6 to 7 kilometres away from the nearest within 1 km away from the nearest antenatal natal-care centre. care centre. About 36 per cent were between
Zabzugu Tatale District 41 Health, Water and Sanitation
Map 5.1: Distribution of Health Facilities
Zabzugu Tatale District 37
Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
A second indicator for the assessment This was followed by diarrhoea (11%) and of maternal health is the proportion of births coughing (Table 5.6). supervised by skilled health personnel. The 2008 ISSER household survey reveals that Table 5.6: Top Five Diseases Suffered by only 33 per cent of mothers were attended to Respondents in the Last 3 months in by skilled health personnel (Table 5.5). The Zabzugu Tatale District 2008 majority (60%) were supervised by tradi- Cause tional birth attendants (TBAs) but there is a Number % clear improvement from 2003, when about 87 Fever/Malaria 279 65.5 Diarrhoea 46 10.8 per cent were delivered by TBAs. There is a Coughing 24 5.6 marked increase in the number of women Injury/Accident 13 3.1 who are delivered by midwives, from 2.3 per Skin condition 11 2.6 cent in 2003 to about 24 per cent in 2008. Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008. Surprisingly, 95.7 per cent of mothers surveyed in the 2008 ISSER study did not Strategies for Combating Malaria lose any child through death in the last 12 months. The National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) under the Ghana Health Service has Table 5.5: Maternal and Child Health implemented a number of key interventions Indicators Indicators 2003 2008 which include promoting the utilization of Pre-natal care 75 87.2 Insecticide Treated Nets (ITN)/materials Post-natal care 74.4 77.6 particularly among pregnant women and Distance to natal care centre? children under five. They have also <1 km – 21.7 1–3 km – 22.8 intensified public education to promote 4–5 km – 16.1 malaria intervention using the mass media 6–7 km – 35.6 (APR 2007). The Zabzugu Tatale District is >7 km – 4.0 Live birth 75.9 89.3 faced with a number of challenges that Who supervised delivery? constrain these efforts such as inadequate Doctor 0.3 4.2 logistics for the health and environmental Midwife 2.3 23.6 Nurse 2.6 4.8 health sectors. However, there is some TBA 87.2 60.0 support from the central government and Self/Other 7.5 7.3 development partners such as UNICEF in the Place of delivery Hospital 16.7 31.0 provision of ITNs. Home 83.3 69.0 Besides the efforts of these agencies to Source: CWIQ 2003; ISSER Household Survey, 2008. reduce the incidence of malaria in the district, households often adopted various mecha- Incidence of Diseases nisms to prevent themselves from getting the disease. The ISSER Survey reveals that about In Ghana, malaria accounts for over 38 per 97 per cent of households take measures to cent of all outpatient attendance and 21 protect themselves against mosquitoes in percent of under-five mortality (APR 2007). various ways. The most popular strategies The leading cause of morbidity in the employed to prevent malaria (as reported in Zabzugu Tatale district is malaria, which details in Table 5.7) are adult and children accounted for over 65.5 per cent of the illness sleeping in treated bednets, regular clearing suffered by respondents in the last three of weeds on compound and regular cleaning months preceding the ISSER 2008 study. of gutters, among others.
38 Zabzugu Tatale District Health, Water and Sanitation
Table 5.7: Household Measures to Prevent district is that agents of the scheme who Malaria by Residents (%) collect premium and money for passport size Measures adopted 2008 pictures from community members use the Children sleep in treated bed nets 66.5 Adults sleep in treated bed nets 56.7 money for their personal benefits and do not The house is sprayed regularly 3.3 send the money to the scheme. Fraud within The compound is weeded regularly 56.4 the scheme should be checked to encourage Use mosquito coil regularly 18.7 The windows in house have mosquito nets 0.8 more people to enrol. The gutters are cleaned regularly 28.0 Sub-population analysis show very little Take anti-malaria tablets regularly 13.0 variation from the overall averages. The Nothing 2.2 Other 0.2 exception to this is the sub-population of Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008. female heads of households. Here, about 40 per cent of them were registered, with 20 per Use of the National Health Insurance cent still registered and covered. Scheme Table 5.8: Health Insurance Status of Head of Ghana has taken a bold initiative to Households in Zabzugu Tatale, 2008 Characteristics of Registered Covered Non- Total reform the health sector by Individuals member introducing a National Health All 20.0 4.3 75.7 100 Insurance Scheme with one of the Sex Male 21.1 4.3 74.6 100 main objectives being to promote Female 40.0 20.0 40.0 100 access to health services and Age ultimately improve the health of its Below 70 yrs 21.1 4.8 74.1 100 70 and above yrs 24.1 6.9 69.0 100 population. It was envisaged that such Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008. access could constitute a substantial contribution to breaking the cycle of poverty Access to Safe Water and Sanitation and poor health. Since the implementation of the scheme, there has been gradual increase Access to clean water in sufficient quantities in the number of people that are registered on reduces the risk of a host of diseases, the scheme. The Northern region as a whole particularly diarrhoeal diseases such as cholera and bacillary dysentery. Coupling has recorded increases in the proportion of water supply and sanitation with hygiene the population registered on the various education can have significant effects on District Mutual Health Insurance schemes. In health primarily by interrupting or reducing 2005, 18.7 per cent of the population was the transmission of the disease agents. A registered on the schemes; increasing to 40 review of available literature and country per cent in 2006 and 58 per cent in 2007 experiences make the case that improvement (APR 2007). in water supply and sanitation results in At the district level, the ISSER 2008 quantifiable benefits to economic growth. survey showed that registration with health Improving health increases worker insurance schemes in the district is low such productivity and reduces the need for public that over 76 per cent of the population is not expenditure on curative health services. On registered or covered. Only 20 per cent of the the other hand, a high incidence of disease population is registered and 4.3 per cent among the labour force causes high turnover covered by a health insurance scheme (Table and absenteeism, and firms must often hire 5.8). Another challenge with the NHIS in the and train more than one worker per position,
Zabzugu Tatale District 39 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011 driving their costs up and their returns down. solid waste. The results show that access to Hence, there is a strong case for reduction of safe toilet facility in the district is very low. diarrhoeal diseases in the world. This compels households to choose Access to safe drinking water and basic unorthodox means of human waste disposal sanitation is one of the targets of the seventh such as defecating in the bush without MDG of ensuring environmental sustain- regards to its adverse impact on the ability. Under this goal, countries are environment and health. As shown in Figure required to ensure an increased proportion of 5.3, access to safe sanitation is very low the population with sustainable access to an although there has been a slight improvement improved water source and sanitation. The from 2003 to 2008. In 2003, over 95 per cent Zabzugu Tatale district has made its prime of rural households were without access to objective to increase potable water coverage safe toilet facility compared to 84 per cent in from 78 per cent to 100 per cent by 2009. 2008. The district assembly in collaboration with donors and other government agencies has committed funds to construct and rehabilitate water facilities; to promote household KVIP latrine, safe public toilets and hygiene education and to enhance capacities of communities/institutions to own and manage water and sanitation facilities. Improved access to safe drinking water refers to the increased proportion of households that draw water from pipes in dwelling or in compound, and from boreholes and protected wells. By this definition, about Figure 5.1: Potable Water Supply and Guinea Worm 86 per cent of households have access to safe Situation in the District. Source: Zabzugu Tatale Medium-Term Development water in 2008, an improvement from 61.6 per Plan, 2006–2009 cent in 2003. The construction of boreholes in a number of communities and distribution of 5,900 filters over the past years by Guinea worm eradication programme have contributed remarkably to the improvement in access to safe drinking water and the reduction in the reported cases of guinea worm in the district (Figure 5.1). This is also validated by the ISSER 2008 study which indicated that 78 per cent use boreholes as their main source of water compared to 51.6 per cent in 2003 from the CWIQ survey
(Figure 5.2). Figure 5.2: Use of Safe Water Sources in Zabzugu Beyond the provision of safe water, the Tatale District by Residence. creation of an adequate environmental Source: CWIQ 2003, ISSER Household Survey, 2008. sanitation also impacts directly on health condition of citizens. The study counted on The adoption of safe means of refuse selected indicators such as household use of disposal is also low and has declined since safe toilet facility and household disposal of 2003. Less than 6 per cent of households in
40 Zabzugu Tatale District Health, Water and Sanitation the 2008 ISSER study adopted safe means of dangerous insects that cause diseases. One refuse disposal compared to 13 per cent in major complaint was that the district had 2003. The limited use of safe disposal of limited areas for refuse disposal and, refuse suggests that the means of solid waste therefore, people were forced to dump refuse disposal by most households in the district anywhere. The district assembly has no clear could be deemed environmentally demarcated area for refuse disposal. unfriendly. The dynamics of waste disposal Sanitation is a problem in all the has changed in the two study periods but this communities surveyed and there is the need has not led to any improvements. In 2003, 83 for basic sanitation to be improved in order to per cent of the households surveyed dumped minimize the risk of outbreak of diseases. refuse indiscriminately but 12 per cent The district’s agenda in this area is to dumped the refuse in designated public increase coverage from 11 to 35 per cent by dumps. In 2008, the ISSER study indicates 2009. All over the nation, the capacity of that the majority of households (58%) burn districts to effectively manage water and their refuse; 32 per cent dumps refuse sanitation projects is still a challenge (APR indiscriminately and only 4.6 per cent dump 2007). However, the district has initiated a the refuse in designated public dumps number of activities which include the (Figure 5.3). promotion of education on hygiene in 100 schools and also the construction of 800 KVIP latrines on cost sharing basis to be completed by 2009. With regards to education of the household head, a larger proportion of non- educated household heads had ever registered than those who were educated. However, 43 per cent educated household heads were still covered compared to 25 per cent of non- educated household heads. Judging by
(A) literacy levels, the more literate were more likely to register than non-literate but the variations remain marginal for those who were literate or non-literate and still covered by the scheme (Table 5.9).
(B) Figure 5.3: Use of Safe Sanitation Facilities at Zabzugu Tatale District by Residence. Source: 2000 Population and Housing Census and ISSER Household Survey, 2008.
The danger in burning of refuse by households is that until the refuse is burned, Figure 5.4: Health Insurance Status of Household. they could breed mosquitoes and other Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008.
Zabzugu Tatale District 41 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
Individuals Benefiting from the NHIS most of them had benefited once (50%) and about 13 per cent had benefited three times For those who were still covered by the (Figure 5.4). Most people who had not Zabzugu Tatale mutual health insurance registered with the scheme and, therefore, scheme, majority indicated benefiting from could not benefit complained that the the scheme (73%). The study showed that premiums were too high.
42 Zabzugu Tatale District Resource Endowment and the MDGs Table 5.9: Health Insurance Status of Households by Education/Literacy Status in Zabzugu Tatale, 2008 Characteristics of Individuals Registered Covered Non- Total member Educational Status Ever been to School 57.1 42.9 0.0 100.0 Never been to School 65.0 25.0 10.0 100.0 Literacy Status Can read/write in English 43.3 3.3 53.3 100.0 Cannot read/write in English 18.1 5.6 76.4 100.0 Can read/write in any language 39.1 8.7 52.2 100.0 Cannot read/write in any language 18.8 4.2 77.1 100.0 Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008.
Zabzugu Tatale District 43 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
CHAPTER 6 Resource Endowment and the MDGs
Introduction depended on the use of technology and human capital mainly to drive their Resource endowments provide a real link economies to wealth and prosperity. between technology and development. In Other countries like India, China, general, resources may be of natural origin Brazil, Mexico and Indonesia which are well or may be technology created. The natural endowed with natural resources but are resources are usually virgin and they only constrained by large peasant populations, become valued with the application of employ opportunities offered by technology technology. Hence natural resources are transfer, adapted to local factor endowments deemed useful on the basis of a technical to upgrade the quality of life of their citizens know-how of transforming them into a and to grow their economies. Ghana is also source of energy, of agricultural or industrial blessed with many and diverse natural product, or food. Currently, the use of resources. It has a tropical climate, vast area remote sensing technology allows for the of arable land, extensive deposits of solid identification and cataloguing of these and liquid minerals, a hydro- and geothermal resources — whether renewable like animal energy potential and has made significant or vegetation resources or non-renewable increases in Gross Enrolment Rates across like mineral resources. the different levels of education over the It is often thought that a nation with years. Indeed the natural resources have more resource endowments has the potential been steadily exploited for national to develop more. In reality, this notion has development since independence using a often been significantly untrue in many combination of transnational corporations cases. Africa is known to be the richest and international technical assistance. Yet continent in terms of resource endowments. there has been very little structural change in In addition to its reservoir of human the economy or significant economic resources, it has 97 per cent of world growth. reserves of chrome, 82 per cent of world The reasons may lie in the use of reserves of platinum, 64 per cent of world inadequate technology and poorly developed reserves of manganese, 25 per cent of world infrastructural base coupled with a narrow reserves of uranium and 13 per cent of world base of skilled workers. The numbers reserves of copper without mentioning enrolled in classrooms across the nation may bauxite, nickel and lead. Yet Africa is the be increasing but woefully the quality of least developed and the poorest of all education is poor. Human resource continents. On the contrary, countries with development is rather skewed mainly fewer endowments such as Japan and towards the urban areas leaving the majority Singapore are well advanced. They have of the population in the rural areas with
44 Zabzugu Tatale District Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011 fewer resources to develop. There are huge granites. Principally, the soils have shallow disparities in the distribution of trained depths with cemented layer of ironstone teachers and trained health professionals in beneath which does not allow rainwater the country. Government incentives and the penetration. Thus the top layers of soils in district assemblies’ sponsorship schemes the district become waterlogged right up to currently being implemented to entice the surface in the rainy season, but dry out in trained teachers and health workers to the dry season. The dominant soils type deprived regions is yet to yield any captured are represented in Map 6.2. significant results (APR 2007). The objective of this chapter is to Land Use and Land Cover provide a situational analysis of the resource endowment and investment opportunities of In Zabzugu Tatale District, different the districts and how they impinge upon the vegetation types exist. These land cover attainment of the MDGs at local Zabzugu types over the years through human Tatale. activities have been converted into different land use practices. Using the current District Level Resources medium resolution satellite imagery and ground information, four dominant cover Natural/Environmental Resources and associated land use types were found in the district. Map 6.3, presents the spatial Geology and Soil distribution of the identified land cover types. Woodland, made up of trees species The District covers 219km.2 It is with varying cover densities were found to characterized by voltaian rock formation occupy over 14 per cent of the landscape which covers two fifths of the surface area Picture 6.1. of Ghana. The formation consists principally Shrubland vegetation was found to be of sandstones, shales, mudstones and the dominant cover, occurring all over the limestones. Map 6.1, presents the rock series landscape and occupies over 46 per cent, found in the district. The soils throughout while grassland the second dominant Zabzugu district are closely associated with occupies 31 per cent. Water bodies, crop- the geology. Soils in this region are lands (Agriculture) occupy 1 per cent and 8 developed over both the votaian shales and per cent, respectively (Table 6.1).
Table 6.1: Matrix of Land Cover/ Land use Distribution in the Zabzugu Tatale District Assembly Land Cover/Land use % Area (ha) Woodland 14% Water Bodies(Dams) 1% Shrubland 46% Grassland 31% Cropland_ Cereals 8 % Settlement/Degraded 0 %
Picture 6.1: Teak Forest in Zabzugu Tatale District.
44 Zabzugu Tatale District Resource Endowment and the MDGs
Map 6.1: Geological Resources
Zabzugu Tatale District 45 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
Map 6.2: Soil Distribution
46 Zabzugu Tatale District Resource Endowment and the MDGs Map 6.3: Land Cover/Land Use
Zabzugu Tatale District 47 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
Map 6.4: Land Suitability for Cassava (180 Days at high level farm Input)
48 Zabzugu Tatale District Resource Endowment and the MDGs
Map 6.5: Land Suitability for Cowpea (60 Days at low level farm Input)
Zabzugu Tatale District 49 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
Map 6.6: Land Suitability for Cotton (120 Days at high level farm Input)
50 Zabzugu Tatale District Resource Endowment and the MDGs
Map 6.7: Land Suitability for Maize (120 Days at low level farm Input)
Zabzugu Tatale District 51 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
Table 6.2: Attributes of Land Utilization Types Attributes Low Inputs Intermediate Inputs High Inputs Produce and Rainfed cultivation of maize, pearl millet, wetland rice, sorghum, cowpea, green gram, production groundnut, phaseolus bean, pigeon pea, soybean, cassava, sweet potato, cocoyam, white yam, greater yam, yellow yam, cotton, tobacco, avocado, cashew, banana, citrus (sweet orange), cocoa, coconut, robusta coffee, mango, oil palm, pineapple, plantain, rubber, and shea butter according to general crop calendars. Market Orientation Subsistence production Subsistence production Commercial production plus commercial sale of surplus. Capital Intensity Low Intermediate with credit High on accessible terms. Labour Intensity High including uncosted Medium including Low family labour costed if family labour uncosted family labour. used Power Source Manual labour with hand Manual labour with hand Complete mechanization tools tools and/or animal including harvesting traction with improved (where applicable) implements; some mechanization. Technology Traditional cultivars. No Improved cultivars as High yielding cultivars fertilizer or chemical available; appropriate including hybrids. Optimum pest, disease and weed extension packages. fertilizer application. Chemical control. Fallow periods. Including some fertilizer pest, disease and weed control. Minimum conservation application and some Full conservation measures. measures. chemical pest, disease and weed control. Adequate fallow periods and some conservation measures. Infrastructure Market accessibility not Some market accessibility Market accessibility essential. necessary. Inadequate necessary. Access to High level of advisory services advisory services. demonstration plots and and application of research advisory services. findings Land Holding Small, fragmented Small, sometimes Large consolidated fragmented Income Level Low Moderate High Note: No production involving irrigation or other techniques using additional water. Source: Soil Research Institute, CSIR, Accra, Ghana.
Land Suitability for Selected Crops (Major Types (LUTs) are set out in Table 6.2 and the Crops) land suitability maps for major crops (Maps 6.4, 6.5, 6.6 and 6.7). The major traditional crops cultivated in the district include maize, sorghum, millet, soya, Institutions/Governance groundnuts, cowpeas, sweet potatoes and rice. The Land suitability maps depict suita- There have been continuous efforts to bility classes for crop production improve good governance in the country and circumstances relevant to a set of agricultural encouragement of a good sense of civic and socio-economic conditions prevailing in responsibility in every Ghanaian citizen. Ghana, which were defined in terms of Land Nationally, Ghana has been judged as a role Utilization Types based on rainfall cropping model in the basic tenets of good governance at three levels of inputs and farm operations and increased participation by non-state — low, intermediate and high. Three classes institutions in governmental affairs across the of suitability based on Land Utilization various sectors.
52 Zabzugu Tatale District Resource Endowment and the MDGs
On the district level, there is increased Marginalization of women in the participation through the implementation of a District. comprehensive decentralization policy to Low birth/death registration. deepen the participation of district repre- Marginalization of people with sentatives in decision making process and disabilities. fiscal allocations. Beyond that, the policy aims to strengthen local capacity to mobilize The Role of the District Assembly income to speed up developmental projects. There are also efforts to increase the capacity To mitigate these problems, the district’s of the legal sector at the district level to main goals are to: enhance speedy and affordable access to 1. Strengthen the practice of democracy justice and also to improve internal security. and enhance decentralization; In relation to the good governance and 2. Empower women and sustain child civic responsibility, the Zabzugu Tatale rights issues; District is faced with a number of challenges. 3. Improve upon and sustain the security They include the following: situation in the District and Weak local revenue mobilization. 4. Improve upon the situation of vulnerable Non-operationalization of sub-district and the excluded in the district. structures. Weak capacity of DA members, private The matrix presented in Table 6.3 gives sector, traditional authority and an indication (in details) of how the district community organizations. assembly aims to resolve some of the main Low private sector development. challenges it is faced with.
Table 6.3: Strategies to Address District Level Challenges in Governance, Zabzugu Tatale Issue To Be Potentials Opportunities Constraints Challenges Addressed 1.Non- 1. Existence of 1. Willingness of 1. Inability of the 1. Unwillingness operationalizatio furnished Area Council development partners to District Assembly of Central n of sub-district Structures. support e.g. NORPREP to pay the salaries Government to pay structures CBRDP, CIFS, of Area Council the salaries of UNICEF etc. staff staff.
2. Availability of 2. Allocation from 2. Indifference of Extension officers and DACF for communities due few staff of area strengthening of sub- to siting of Area councils. district structures Council capital. 3. Availability of rateable items in the area council. 2. Weak capacity 1. Existence of D/A 1. Existence of DACF 1. Inadequate 1. Inadequate of D/A members, private training for funds to members, sector, traditional assembly persons enhance the Private sector, authorities ,private capacity of these traditional and community based sector, traditional stakeholders. authority and organization Authorities and community CBOs. organization. 2. Inclusion of some 2. Existence of 2. Insufficient traditional authorities as development partners utilization of Assembly members (e.g. NORPREP) spirit of collaboration. Source: Zabzugu Tatale Medium Term Development Plan, 2006–2009
Zabzugu Tatale District 53 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
Picture 6.2: Zabzugu Tatale District Assembly Offices.
Table 6.4: Assessment of ZTD Assembly The ISSER 2008 survey afforded Level of Assessment Number Percent households to give a general assessment of Very significant improvement 5 2.3 some of the institutions that were charged Improved 78 36.6 with the governance, protection and No Change 90 42.3 Deteriorated 9 4.2 provision of legal services in the district. The Very significant deterioration 2 0.9 institutions considered in this chapter are the Don't know 29 13.6 district assembly (DA), legal service Total 213 100.0 providers and the police service. In assessing Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008. the district assembly, 42 per cent indicated no
change in the services Table 6.5: Suggestions to Improve DA Services in ZTD Suggestion to improve DA services Frequency Percent rendered by the DA while 36 Need to adequately resource the district assembly 8 8.60 per cent had noticed an Provide facilities that will aid their work 11 11.83 improvement (Table 6.4). More teachers should be posted to the school 4 4.30 On suggestions to Proper structure for the school 3 3.23 More even distribution of development 38 40.86 improve DA services, about More regular and effective interaction with the 21 22.58 41 per cent of respondents communities suggested a more even Workers in DA should be hardworking 6 6.45 distribution of development Adequate supervision of District Assembly officials 2 2.15 Total 93 100.0 projects in the district; while Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008. 22 per cent suggested more regular and effective inter- action with the communities (The detailed responses are presented in Table 6.5). On the security front, the District Assembly with the aid of the Ghana Police Service has plans to expand residential facilities and construct additional office accommodation for police personnel as part of its medium Picture 6.3: Zabzugu Tatale District Police Station. term plan (see Picture 6.3). This is
54 Zabzugu Tatale District Resource Endowment and the MDGs to enable the district to engage the services of Table 6.7: Assessment of Legal Services in additional police officers in Zabzugu, Tatale ZTD Level of Assessment Number Percent and Nakpali. In assessing the security Improved 4 2.5 services in the district, about 40 per cent had No Change 45 28.1 seen an improvement in the service while 20 Deteriorated 35 21.9 per cent had seen no change (Table 6.6). Significantly Deteriorated 5 3.1 Don't know 71 44.4 Total 160 100.0 Table 6.6: Level of Assessment of Security Source: ISSER House Survey, 2008. Services in ZTD Assessment Number Percent Political Participation Very significant improvement 6 2.9 Improved 78 37.9 No Change 41 19.9 Political participation in the Zabzugu Tatale Deteriorated 5 2.4 district is quite high; although there is very Very significant Deterioration 1 0.5 little interaction between the citizens and Don’t know 75 36.4 Total 206 100.0 their District Chief Executive (DCE) or Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008. Member of Parliament (MP). Seventy three per cent of the household did not know their Protecting Rights under the Rule of Law DCE while 54 per cent were not sure who the MP for the area was. They complained that There have been several efforts to enhance the DCE and MP for the district made very the ability of the justice system to better little attempts to familiarize themselves with the citizens. About 21 per cent felt that the serve citizens through the enactment of many DCE was unapproachable while 10 per cent reforms. This is to improve citizens’ access thought the same of the MP. to legal aid and increase public knowledge of The survey results showed high level their basic human rights. participation in district and national level The ISSER 2008 survey showed that elections. About 90 per cent of respondents very few people had ever used any legal voted in the last district elections. Those who service in the year before the study (4.4%). did not vote were either not eligible to vote or Community members do not access any were absent. 6 per cent of them did not vote official legal services except those of the because they were unsure of its effect on chiefs and elders who are made to play these policies in the district. Voting on the national roles of dispute resolution. Cases are usually front followed the district pattern, where not reported to the police station either. about 94 per cent voted in the last national Hence the majority of them could not give elections. any assessment of the service in their district. However, 22 per cent of the respondents were of the view that the service had deteriorated (Table 6.7). They suggested that the judicial service staff should be increased.
Zabzugu Tatale District 55
Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011
CHAPTER 7 Resource Utilization and
Investment Opportunities
Introduction
The goal of development in any nation is to achieve self-reliance, and to ensure for her citizens a good standard of living. This pre-supposes that the country’s natural resources would be harnessed and appropriately transformed by the application of modern technology into valuable goods and services. Essentially, national development results from two dynamics. One is internal dynamic, determined by the efforts of the country itself and the people, and the other is an external dynamic, which comes from the indispensable advantages drawn from international cooperation in terms of technical and financial support. The internal dynamic is largely driven by the activities of individuals or firms who actually produce the goods and services. In this chapter, we assess the level of resources both natural and physical that the inhabitants of the district perceive to be available to them; the level of usage and communities’ responsibility towards the maintenance of these resources. We also consider some investment opportunities that are available to the districts and how these can be used to develop the district.
Usage of Resource
Available resources to the people of Zabzugu Tatale District range from the boreholes, schools, land, roads, markets, health facilities and other resources (See Table 7.1 for details). In terms of ownership, about 60 per cent of those surveyed believes that the community owns these resources, while about 33 per cent perceive the Government of Ghana or the Zabzugu Tatale District Assembly as the owners.
58 Zabzugu Tatale District Risk Factors and Constraints to Usage of Resources
Table 7.1: Available Resources to Citizens in the Zabzugu Tatale District Resources (%) Borehole/Pipe 78.5 Schools 56.5 Markets 23.2 Roads 18.1 Land 18.1 Health facilities 11.3 Electricity 6.8 Community corn mill 6.2 Shrine 5.7 Shea trees 3.4 Timber/teak 1.1 Irrigation facilities/dam 0.6 Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008.
In terms of access, these resources are not restricted to any one irrespective of gender (See Table 7.2 for the details). Regarding access to the resources, 97.3 per cent of male respondents claim that they have access, while all female respondents (100%) said they have access. Overall, many of the respondents believe the available resources are relevant (or very relevant) to them (100% for male and female respondents). About 50 per cent of males and 78 per cent of females admitted paying for these resources. On willingness to pay for the use of resources, very few were willing to do so (Table 7.2).
Table 7.2: Usage of Resources in Zabzugu Tatale Indicators Male Female Access to this resource? Yes 97.3 100.0 No 2.7 0 Total 100.0 100.0 Relevance of this resource? Very relevant 69.9 50.0 Relevant 30.1 50.0 Total 100.0 100.0 Pay for this resource? Yes 50.3 77.8 No 49.7 22.2 Total 100.0 100.0 Willing to pay for this resource? Yes 39.6 0 No 60.4 100.0 Total 100.0 100.0 Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008.
Community Participation
Rural communities exhibit varying levels of organization. In general, the greater the level of community participation through the organization of committees often leads to a higher
Zabzugu Tatale District 59 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011 achievement of basic infrastructure development. For example, the ISSER 2008 survey indicated that participation rates were 69 per cent for water and water source maintenance, 17 per cent on school maintenance, 9 per cent for electricity, and 5 per cent for road maintenance (Table 7.3). About 75 per cent of households surveyed had been consulted prior to the implementation of any community projects. Many of them had made cash contributions (60%) while 40 per cent had made in-kind contributions. However, the value of contributions per annum was low. On average, majority contributed less than GH¢5.00 in a year. Results of the focus group discussions in the ten communities showed that community members accepted the fact that they were responsible for the development of their areas. The District Assembly was also involved in generating a greater involvement of the public in developmental projects (See Table 7.3 for details).
Table 7.3: Proportion of Households Involved in Community Projects Households in (%) Road maintenance 5.4 Electricity 9.2 Water & Water source maintenance 69.3 School maintenance 16.9 Total 100.0 Source: ISSER Survey, 2008.
Investment Opportunities
Agriculture is the main activity for about 90 per cent of the households surveyed. A wide range of crops is produced in the farming communities. Although the main activity in the villages is agriculture, the group discussions revealed that residents were also involved in non-farming activities such as trading, shea butter extraction, gari processing, groundnut oil extraction, bread making and animal rearing. These processing activities offer huge potentials for adding value to farm produce and increasing incomes. However, the study showed that few residents made any non-farm invest-ments. Only about 20 per cent made any non-farm investments in the last year. The group discussions revealed that residents were eager to maximize the potentials of these invest-ment opportunities by improving cultivation, harvesting, storage and the sale of farm produce.
Marketing
The District has six markets. About 36 per cent of households were more than an hour from the nearest food market and many accessed these markets on foot. Some of the roads became inaccessible during the rainy season isolating entire communities in the process. An improvement in marketing opportunities can create incentives for farmers to increase production. This is expected to induce an increase in incomes.
60 Zabzugu Tatale District Risk Factors and Constraints to Usage of Resources CHAPTER 8 Risk Factors and Constraints to Usage of Resources
Introduction if poverty is to be reduced, there should be an increase in agricultural production and the The Zabzugu Tatale District falls within the creation of markets to increase the proportion regions that is covered by Sahel savannah of produce that is sold. The Zabzugu Tatale with one short rainy season, followed by a District Assembly has identified a number of long period of dry weather influenced by the key projects in the agricultural sector that dry harmattan wind from the Sahara Desert. will boost production and diversify the type Generally, farmers in this region live at the of crops that are being cultivated in the subsistence level, and confine farming district. mainly to the short rainy season. The risk factors imposed by such conditions are varied Risk Factors and Constraints to but the region is prone to droughts and use of resources windstorms which affect farm yields. There are a few coping strategies adopted by Hazards and Environmental Impact households but this is restricted to the few who have enough income to do so. Some The ISSER 2008 survey showed that many of migrate to find jobs elsewhere while some the households suffered from a number of women take to petty trading. hazards many of which were natural. Most of The land use systems and production them were affected by droughts, windstorms strategies adopted by farmers depend on the and floods. The droughts affected their crops interaction between biophysical and socio- economic resources available to them. A leading to very low yields. The survey better understanding of the environment in showed that June and July were the two which farmers operate and their constraints is months when households experienced food needed in order to obtain a more accurate shortage as a result of poor harvest. targeting of appropriate technologies and However, many of the households took policies. In this chapter, we aim to identify no measures to mitigate the effects of these constraints to production and other risk hazards. A few, however, adopted some factors that households are exposed to in the strategies to cope with them. For instance, District, and subsequently prioritize any there were attempts by some farmers to build strategies which can be adopted to cope with water reservoirs and to drill wells to combat these problems. the effect of droughts. Some had also The study showed that more than 90 per embarked on tree planting exercises to cope cent of economically active people in the with the windstorms. (For details refer to district were involved in agriculture. Indeed, Table 8.1).
Zabzugu Tatale District 61 Risk Factors and Constraints to Usage of Resources
Table 3.1: Proportion of Households Affected by Environmental Hazards by Type, 2008 Hazards Total (%) How affected by hazard Strategies adopted to cope 1. Floods Yes 6.9 Crops were washed away Changed location of farmlands No 93.1 Buildings destroyed Total 100 2. Windstorms Yes 18.3 Roofing removed Rebuilding with improved building materials No 81.7 Buildings destroyed Tree planting Total 100 Foodstuffs destroyed 3. Drought Yes 57.0 Loss of crops planted Buying food No 43.0 Poor yield Building water reservoirs Total 100 Engage in early farming 4. Bushfire Yes 11.1 Loss of crops planted Creation of fire belts No 88.9 Weeding around houses Total 100.0 Source: ISSER Survey, 2008.
Constraints to the Utilization of Resources technology and lack the skills and inputs to improve farm yields. The ISSER 2008 survey Group discussions revealed a number of showed that about 72 per cent of the farmers constraints to the utilization of resources used hoe or cutlasses in preparation of their which were at par with what the individual lands whilst only 12 per cent used tractors households said. The main constraint is the (See Table 8.2 for details). In addition to this, lack of finance and the lack of technical poorly functioning markets for agricultural know-how towards cultivation for high outputs have often led to post harvest losses. harvest yield. The main constraint to Rural infrastructure needed to improve the processing is the lack of machinery for storage, processing and marketing of farm activities such as shea butter extraction, bread products is lacking. making, groundnut oil extraction and gari processing. Other challenges are: Table 8.2: Land Preparation Techniques Dams for drinking, animals and Technique Number Percent irrigation purposes, Tractor ploughing 27 12.1 Animal traction 13 5.8 Markets for produce, Hoe/Cutlass 161 72.2 Lack of animal housing (pen, coups Minimum Tillage (eg. 15 6.7 etc.), Use of weedicide) Slash/Burn 7 3.1 Lack of storage facilities, Total 160 100.0 Lack of veterinary officers. Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008.
Efforts to Minimize Risk There is an urgent need for redesigning and innovating farming systems in a more The government realizes that the main route sustainable manner. Creating the right for alleviation of poverty is to modernize synergy between labour, land and irrigated agriculture through the expansion of farm area will impact positively on the efficient sizes, farm intensification and the creation of use of farm resources. The government’s markets for the crops produced. Small-scale advocacy on farm intensification is laudable farmers rely on simple methods and but there are inherent risks such as soil
Zabzugu Tatale District 59 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011 degradation which may in the long run affect 9. Facilitate the formation of four Water yields. Sustainable intensification will require Users Associations for water facility. the use of external applications such as inorganic and organic fertilizers. Low incomes have constrained the use of fertilizers and the use of more modern methods of land management techniques. Table 8.3 shows some of the land and water management techniques being used by households in the Zabzugu Tatale district.
Table 8.3: Proportion of Households Involved in Land and Water Management Techniques Techniques (%) Ridging 84.4 Mounding 70.8 Mulching 73.0 Cover cropping 43.5 No burn land clearing 82.2 Ploughing across slopes 32.8 Ridging across slopes 41.3 Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008.
To facilitate the modernization of agricultural production in order to achieve food self-sufficiency, the ZTDA has already embarked on a number of projects with the aid of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA). The projects are to: 1. Conduct demonstration on row planting and spacing in maize. 2. Conduct demonstration on compost preparation. 3. Demonstrate the proper use of synthetic chemicals on stored grains. 4. Facilitate the construction of 400 mud silos and other improved storage structures. 5. Organize workshop for 100 farmers on food processing. 6. Train 70 farmers on good agricultural practices for mango. 7. Facilitate the development of Simplified Village Land Development Plans. 8. Facilitate the formation of eight FBOs.
60 Zabzugu Tatale District
Summary and Recommendations
CHAPTER 9 Summary and Recommendations
Fundamental Challenges adequate finance as a major problem they faced. In order to sustain high levels of The major challenge facing the Zabzugu productivity, there is the need for affordable Tatale District is how to make the district financing schemes. Currently, there is no more productive in order to reduce the financial institution in the district (rural current levels of poverty. The district’s HPI- banks, Savings and Loans Company etc). G of 80 per cent is higher than the Previous investors have been deterred by the constructed HPI for the country at 35 per cent high default rate especially among farmers (Appendix 1). The analysis has shown this is who complain of high risk factors such as so because of low access to health services as bushfires, droughts and floods. a result of low incomes; high illiteracy rates The assessment carried out on land and a high under-5 mortality index. Since suitability for crops shows that with the agriculture is the mainstay of the district, the requisite inputs, farmers in the district could poverty being experienced is largely as a cultivate major traditional crops maize, result of low productivity. Alternate sources millet, wetland rice, sorghum, cowpea, of income and other earning opportunities are groundnut, soybean, cassava, sweet potato, missing. The Zabzugu Tatale District cocoyam, yam, cotton, tobacco, avocado, Assembly’s main focus on employment is to cashew, banana, citrus (sweet orange), cocoa, improve agricultural productivity, establish coconut, robusta coffee, mango, oil palm, and sustain the youth in employment pineapple, plantain, rubber and shea butter programme and promote competitive rural according to general crop calendars. What is micro and macro enterprises. needed most is to make available improved cultivars and provide appropriate extension Summary packages. Addressing poverty in the district must also involve policies and programmes The drive to improve agricultural to provide accessible markets. Although, the productivity is hampered by the high cost of district has six markets, about a third of agro-inputs and chemicals; unreliable rainfall households are more than an hour from the pattern; high post-harvest losses in crops and nearest food market and many more are cut declining soil fertility resulting in low yields off during the rainy season when entire of crops and pastures. In addition to these is communities are often isolated. Improving the inadequacy of credit for production, marketing opportunities can create incentives marketing and processing of agricultural for farmers to increase production. products. About 76 per cent of agricultural Although the main activity in the workers surveyed complained of the lack of villages is agriculture, the group discussions
Zabzugu Tatale District 61 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2011 revealed that residents were also involved in highlights the objectives of increasing non-farming activities such as trading, shea enrolment and retention at all levels of butter extraction, gari processing, groundnut education and also narrowing the gender gap. oil extraction, bread making and animal The Zabzugu Tatale district has reported rearing. These processing activities offer achievements in enrolments and Gender huge potentials for adding value to farm Parity indices at all levels since 2005 and produce and increasing incomes. Clearly these can be attributed to the cumulative these avenues have not been explored as the effects of years of community sensitization; study showed that very few residents made the introduction of the capitation grants; any form of non-farm investments. increased donor interventions and female Besides low agricultural productivity, model visits to communities and schools. The the study highlights major challenges facing main challenge, however, is the quality of households in accessing health care services, education which, is being compromized as a quality education and adequate sanitary result of the critical shortage of teachers in services. Some of the specific challenges in the district. The district’s adult literacy rate is the Zabzugu Tatale District include reduction low. This is expected, given the high in supervised delivery rate due to inadequacy proportion of the adult population in the of and long distances to health facilities and district that have neither attended school nor inaccessibility to some parts of the district only completed the education beyond during raining season. Malnutrition among primary education. Notably, rural women are children under 5 has been on the increase as a particularly disadvantaged compared to men result of poor feeding practices and care. and urban women. Access to safe water has improved largely as Clearly, increasing incomes by a result of increase in the number of improving agricultural productivity and boreholes in the district. However, sanitation creating other non-farm employment is a problem in all the communities surveyed opportunities will help alleviate the high and there is the need for basic sanitation to be poverty levels that confront the district. improved in order to minimize the risk of Farmers must be supported through credit outbreak of diseases. facilities, extension services and readily Furthermore the sustainability of the available markets. Households must be NHIS in the district is questionable. The encouraged to seek other alternate avenues of scheme is characterized by low enrolment generating income so that they are not left at rates as the majority of households complain the mercy of natural and man-made disasters. of the high cost of premiums. Some fraudulent acts by agents who collect Recommendations premiums for the scheme have further discouraged some households from enrolling Discussions from focus groups revealed a in the scheme. number of constraints to the utilization of Education and literacy are some of the resources in the Zabzugu Tatale District. The broad policy areas that the government aimed main constraint being lack of finance, to tackle with the introduction of the poverty machinery and technical know-how in reduction strategy plans. The 2006–2009 increasing harvest yield and diversifying development plan for the district also income portfolios.
62 Zabzugu Tatale District Summary and Recommendations
The following key strategies could be adopted to address above-stated problems: Reversing the increasing decline of soil fertility and erosion, Provision of appropriate farming methods, Provision of adequate and effective use of extension services, Provision of fertilizers and affordable chemical supplements, Provision of irrigation facilities, dams and wells for dry-season gardening and farming, Encouraging the growing of tree crops, and such as mangoes and cashew, and Provision of viable seeds and seedlings. Other recommendations would include improvements in sanitary conditions and accessibility to health-care services as well as good quality education. (As regard education, there is the need to focus on both formal and non-formal education.) Specifically, the District should provide the following: Clearly marked areas for refuse disposal, Weed control and clearing of pathways to ease access, Regular maintenance of boreholes, Advocacy on the need for households to use KVIPs in their various homes, and Improvement in adult literacy.
Zabzugu Tatale District 63 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2010
APPENDICES
Appendix 1A: Human Poverty Index (HPI-G)
The constructed human poverty index for the preparation of the District Human Development Reports (HPI) is similar to the UNDP’s HPI-1 for developing countries in terms of two components: the aspects of knowledge and decent standard of living. However, the component that measures vulnerability to death at a relatively early age, the probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 is replaced with an index measuring regional under-5 mortality. In addition to this modification, HPI includes an indicator of access to health care services in the measure of decent standard of living. A household does not have access to health care services if household members are not registered on the National Health Insurance Scheme with the reason being that premiums are too high.
1. Measuring the regional under-5 mortality index The index measures the gap between a region’s under-5 mortality rate and the national target for under-5 mortality under the Millennium Development Goals, relative to the largest regional gap in the country. A regional index is used for the district because of lack of reliable data at the district level. The under-5 mortality rate for Ghana in 1993 was 119 deaths per 1000 live births and the MDG goal of reducing this by two-thirds translates to a target of about 40 deaths per 1000 live births (GSS, 2003). According to the current GDHS study, Northern region’s under-5 mortality rate is 137 deaths per 1000 live births (GSS 2008). The regional under-5 mortality index is calculated as follows:
Regional under-5 mortality index
reigion's current value – MDG target = Current maximum value for all regions – MDG target
reigion's current value – 40 = 142 – 40
2. Measuring deprivation in a decent standard of living An unweighted average of two indicators is used to measure deprivation in a decent standard of living:
Unweighted average = 1/3 (population without sustainable access to improved water source) + 1/3 (children under weight for age) + 1/3 (population without access to health services)
3. Calculating the HPI The formula for calculating the HPI is as follows: á á á á HPI = [1/3(P1 + P2 + P3 )] Where P1 = Probability at birth of not surviving to age 5, proxied by a normal regional under 5 mortality index (times 100)
64 Zabzugu Tatale District Appendices
P2 = Unweighted average of population without sustainable access to an improved water source, without access to health care services and children underweight for age P3 = Adult illiteracy rate; and α= 3
Appendix 1B: Results: HPI-G Calculations for Zabzugu Tatale District
Table A1: Ghana and Zabzugu Tatale District Poverty Index 1 Poverty Indicators No. Per Zabzugu Zabzugu Zabzugu Ghana Ghana Ghana 1000 live Tatale Tatale Tatale Urban Rural births Urban Rural Under 5 mortality Ghana 1990 119 MDG target 2015 40 Ghana 2008 80 Under 5 mortality index Under 5 mortality index 2008 (NR) (GH) Northern Region 137 95.11 95.11 95.11 39.41 39.41 39.41 Maximum (in Ghana) 142 Minimum (in Ghana) 50
Standard of living 28.30 13.61 32.13 23.7 19.0 27.2 Without access to 8.3 4.5 9.2 22.7 21.4 23.8 improved water Underweight children 21.8 16.6 25.1 13.9 10.6 16.0 Without access to 54.8 19.7 62.1 34.4 25.0 41.7 health services
Adult illiteracy rate 74.0 50.3 79.7 37.1 23.0 50.4 α 3 GHPI-1 79.9 79.7 80.0 34.7 29.9 41.2
Zabzugu Tatale District 65 Zabzugu Tatale District Human Development Report 2010
Appendix 2: Asset Profile of Households
Table A2: Profile of Zabzugu Tatale District Households Asset Type Percentage of households that own this asset (%) Land for farming 88.1 House 84.7 Poultry 79.3 Bicycle 75.9 Sheep/goats 64.3 Cattle 32.3 Cloth 30 Mobile phone 26.8 Sewing machine 15.3 Television 11.3 Non-farm business enterprise 8.1 Corn mill 8.1 Cart 5.9 Refrigerator/freezer 3.6 GT Fixed line 1.5 Blender 1.5 Horse 1.5 Tractor 1.4 Car 0.7 Canoe 0.7 Electric/gas cooker 0 Source: ISSER Household Survey, 2008.
66 Zabzugu Tatale District Appendices References
Government of Ghana (2006), Zabzugu UNDP (2007), Ghana Human Development Tatale District Assembly. Medium Term Report 2007, Towards A More District Development Plan (2006– Inclusive Society, Accra, 2009), District Planning Coordinating http://www.undp-gha.org//docs/ Unit, Zabzugu Tatale. human%20development%20report.pdf
Ghana Statistical Service (2009), Jones, G. and G. Hollier (1997), Resources, Demographic and Health Survey 2008, Society and Environmental GSS, GOG, Accara, Ghana. Management, London: Chapman Publishing, 1997. Ghana Statistical Service (2004a), Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire MOH (2007), National Health Policy: (CWIQ) Survey 2003, GSS, Accra. Creating Wealth through Health, Ministry of Health, Accra, Ghana. Ghana Statistical Service (2004b), Demogra- phic and Health Survey 2003, GSS, NDPC (2008), 2007 Annual Progress Report GOG, Accra, Ghana. on the Implementation of the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS Ghana Statistical Service (2002), 2000 II) 2006–2009, Government of Ghana, Population and Housing Census: National Development Planning Summary Report of Final Results, GSS, Commission. Accra, Ghana. World Health Organization (2002), World Ghana Statistical Service (2000), Ghana Health Report, Reducing Risks, Living Standards Survey GLSS 4, GSS, Promoting Healthy Life, World Health GOG, Accra, Ghana. Organization, Geneva, 2002.
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