DOCSLIB.ORG

Coherent Conversion Between Microwave and Optical Photons--An

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coherent Conversion Between Microwave and Optical Photons--An Coherent conversion between microwave and optical photons - an overview of physical implementations Nicholas J. Lambert,1, 2 Alfredo Rueda,3, 4 Florian Sedlmeir,5, 6 and Harald G. L. Schwefel1,2, ∗ 1Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 2The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand 3The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand 4Institute of Science and Technology Austria, am Campus 1, 3600 Klosterneuburg, Austria 5Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 90158 Erlangen, Germany 6Institute for Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Staudtstr. 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Dated: June 26, 2019) Quantum information technology based on solid state qubits has created much interest in convert- ing quantum states from the microwave to the optical domain. Optical photons, unlike microwave photons, can be transmitted by fiber, making them suitable for long distance quantum communi- cation. Moreover, the optical domain offers access to a large set of very well developed quantum optical tools, such as highly efficient single-photon detectors and long-lived quantum memories. For a high fidelity microwave to optical transducer, efficient conversion at single photon level and low added noise is needed. Currently, the most promising approaches to build such systems are based on second order nonlinear phenomena such as optomechanical and electro-optic interactions. Alterna- tive approaches, although not yet as efficient, include magneto-optical coupling and schemes based on isolated quantum systems like atoms, ions or quantum dots. In this Progress Report, we pro- vide the necessary theoretical foundations for the most important microwave-to-optical conversion experiments, describe their implementations and discuss current limitations and future prospects. CONTENTS charge qubits in various material systems [6, 7]. Typical characteristic energy scales for these systems correspond I. Introduction 1 to radiation frequencies of order 10 GHz, allowing them to be readily manipulated using commercial microwave II. Cavities 2 technology. A. Cavity properties 2 Proposals for novel quantum information processing B. Coupled systems 3 techniques often rely on a quantum network [8–12], link- C. Weak and strong coupling 4 ing together multiple qubits or groups of qubits to enable quantum-secure communication [13, 14], novel metrol- III. Experimental approaches 4 ogy techniques [15, 16], or distributed quantum comput- A. Electro-optic coupling 5 ing [17]. However, microwave frequency photons are dif- B. Magneto-optically mediated coupling 7 ficult to transmit over long distances -typical attenua- C. Λ-systems and Rydberg atoms 9 tion in low-loss microwave cables at 10 GHz is more than D. Optomechanically mediated coupling 10 1 dB m−1, which compares very poorly with optical fibres with losses below 0.2 dB km−1 at telecom wavelengths IV. Conclusion and future perspectives 11 (λ 1550 nm, f 193THz). The advantages of trans- mitting≈ quantum≈ information over fibers is immediately Acknowledgments 13 apparent. References 13 Furthermore, the thermal occupancy of optical fre- quency channels is close to zero at room temperature, in arXiv:1906.10255v1 [physics.optics] 24 Jun 2019 contrast to microwave modes; a mode with a frequency I. INTRODUCTION of 10GHz must be cooled below 100mK to reduce the average photon occupancy below 1%. The availability The building block for quantum information technolo- of telecom band single photon detectors, quantum mem- gies is the qubit - a two level system the quantum ories [18, 19] and other technologies common in quan- state of which can be prepared, manipulated and mea- tum optics experiments [20] also suggests the need for the sured [1]. Many promising solid state implementations of development of techniques for the bi-directional transfer qubits have been demonstrated, including superconduct- of quantum information between microwave and optical ing qubits of diverse flavours [2, 3], spin qubits [4, 5], and photons. Such a transducer must have a high fidelity, or quan- tum capacity. Although error correcting quantum algo- rithms exist [21, 22], they typically require an error rate ∗ [email protected] less than 1% [23] with the precise figure depending on 2 both the scheme to be implemented and the nature of quency f0. The mode is subject to loss, which might be the errors. A transducer must also have a high quantum due to radiative losses, absorption by scattering centers, efficiency - close to one output photon must be produced ohmic losses, dielectric losses, etc; these are termed dissi- for every input photon. Quantum capacity is finite only pative losses, and we denote the dissipative intensity loss if the conversion efficiency is greater than 50% [24], al- rate due to all these effects by κ′. (Alternatively, the field though indirect schemes involving heralded entanglement loss rate γ′ = κ′/2 can be used.) Typically the mode is of photons may avoid this limit [25]. probed via its coupling to travelling waves that are prop- Qubit implementations relying on microwave excita- agating either in free space, or in waveguides such as a tions are typically operated in dilution fridges with base coax cable or optical fibre, through one or more ports temperatures of around 10 mK. The transducer must with coupling rates κj . The mode can be excited via therefore operate in a cryogenic environment. This also these ports, but also loses energy through them. The to- prevents inadvertent up-conversion of thermal microwave tal loss rate is therefore the sum of dissipative losses, and ′ photons, but places stringent restrictions on the power external losses through ports, κ = κ + j κj . This gives dissipation in the device; the cooling power of a dilu- the linewidth of the mode. Narrow linewidthsP correspond tion fridge at 100 mK is typically only a few hundred to long photon confinement times τp = 1/κ, allowing microwatts. longer interaction lengths for weak non-linear effects to Finally, quantum systems rapidly lose information to become significant. The quality factor of a mode of an- their environment due to decoherence. The device must gular frequency ω0 is defined as Q = ω0τp, with a higher therefore have enough bandwidth for sufficient infor- quality factor (Q) corresponding to a longer lifetime for mation to be transmitted before it is lost - the best photons in the cavity at ω0, but also a slower response of decoherence times for superconducting qubits approach the system to a change in stimulus and hence a smaller 0.1 ms [26], corresponding to a bandwidth of 10 kHz. bandwidth. These requirements combine to make the task a chal- The cavity mode can be characterized by exciting the lenging one. Efficient frequency mixing cannot occur mode via a port, and measuring the reflected power. unless a significant non-linearity is introduced. This The ratio of reflected to incident power is termed S11. can come from the susceptibility of a transparent ma- (Modes can also be probed in transmission by measuring terial such as lithium niobate (LiNbO3), leading to an the power emitted from a second port, but this is unde- electro-optic non-linearity. Alternatively, more extreme sirable because the absence of a baseline makes analy- non-linearities are found near the resonances of three (or sis of resonator loss impossible.) The interplay between more) level systems, such as rare earth ions in crystals, the coupling rate at the measured port κ1 and the other ′ or rubidium vapors. The non-linearity can also emerge loss rates κ + j≥2 κj allows three different regimes to due to indirect coupling mediated by another mode, such ′ be defined; under-coupledP (κ1 < κ + j≥2 κj ), over- as mechanical vibrations or magnetostatic modes. ′ coupled (κ1 > κ + j≥2 κj ), and criticallyP coupled The effect of non-linearities can be increased by plac- ′ (κ1 = κ + κj ).P They can be distinguished by ex- ing the material in resonant cavities, where they expe- j≥2 amining bothP real and imaginary parts (or, equivalently, rience both an enhanced photon interaction time, and a amplitude and phase) of the reflected signal as a function modified density of optical states. Because of the im- of frequency. Typical data for a 3D microwave cavity are portance of cavities to experimental implementations of shown in Fig 1, and the analysis can be made robust microwave-to-optical transducers, we start this Progress against noise and reflections by including terms describ- Report by giving an overview of the physics of cavity ing the environment to which it is coupled [27]. modes. We then detail current experimental approaches, Besides coherent excitation at the input port, at finite before summarizing progress to date and outlining pos- temperatures a cavity mode is thermally occupied. For sible future directions. a mode of temperature T and angular frequency ω, the mean thermal occupancy is nth = kBT/~ω. The tem- II. CAVITIES perature of the mode can be reduced by reducing the temperature of the internal cavity environment, Ti, but is also dependent on the external temperatures, T , to A. Cavity properties j which the mode is coupled via the jth port. The mode temperature is given by the weighted average of all cou- 1 Electromagnetic cavities support long-lived localized pled temperatures, electromagnetic modes, characterized by a resonant fre- κ′ κ T = T + (j) T . (1) κ i κ (j) 1 The terms resonator and cavity are sometimes used interchange- Xj ably in the literature. Here, for brevity, we use the term cavity to describe all structures supporting an electromagnetic mode, Thermal occupancy is negligible for optical frequency −13 including metallic cavities, transmission line resonators, Fabry- modes even at room temperature (nth < 10 ), but P´erot type optical cavities formed from parallel mirrors, photonic is significant for microwave modes (Ω 10 GHz unless crystal cavities, and dielectric resonators. ∼ −2 cooled to cryogenic temperatures (nth = 10 at 104 mK.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physical Review Journals Catalog 2021
    2021 PHYSICAL REVIEW JOURNALS CATALOG PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Physical Review Journals 2021 1 © 2020 American Physical Society 2 Physical Review Journals 2021 Table of Contents Founded in 1899, the American Physical Society (APS) strives to advance and diffuse the knowledge of physics. In support of this objective, APS publishes primary research and review journals, five of which are open access. Physical Review Letters..............................................................................................................2 Physical Review X .......................................................................................................................3 PRX Quantum .............................................................................................................................4 Reviews of Modern Physics ......................................................................................................5 Physical Review A .......................................................................................................................6 Physical Review B ......................................................................................................................7 Physical Review C.......................................................................................................................8 Physical Review D ......................................................................................................................9 Physical Review E ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Citation Statistics from 110 Years of Physical Review
    Citation Statistics from 110 Years of Physical Review Publicly available data reveal long-term systematic features about citation statistics and how papers are referenced. The data also tell fascinating citation histories of individual articles. Sidney Redner he first article published in the Physical Review was Treceived in 1893; the journal’s first volume included 6 issues and 24 articles. In the 20th century, the Phys- ical Review branched into topical sections and spawned new journals (see figure 1). Today, all arti- cles in the Physical Review family of journals (PR) are available online and, as a useful byproduct, all cita- tions in PR articles are electronically available. The citation data provide a treasure trove of quantitative information. As individuals who write sci- entific papers, most of us are keenly interested in how often our own work is cited. As dispassionate observers, we Figure 1. The Physical Review can use the citation data to identify influential research, was the first member of a family new trends in research, unanticipated connections across of journals that now includes two series of Physical fields, and downturns in subfields that are exhausted. A Review, the topical journals Physical Review A–E, certain pleasure can also be gleaned from the data when Physical Review Letters (PRL), Reviews of Modern Physics, they reveal the idiosyncratic features in the citation his- and Physical Review Special Topics: Accelerators and tories of individual articles. Beams. The first issue of Physical Review bears a publica- The investigation of citation statistics has a long his- tion date a year later than the receipt of its first article.
    [Show full text]
  • PHYSICAL REVIEW a Covering Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics and Quantum Information
    PHYSICAL REVIEW A covering atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information EDITORIAL BOARD Term ending 31 December 2020 M. HALL Quantum Optics and Information, Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Open Quantum Systems Editor P. KOK Quantum Optics and Quantum Information American Physical Society JAN MICHAEL ROST B. KRAUS Quantum Information Theory (Max Planck Institute for the Physics F. ROBICHEAUX Time-dependent Atomic Phenomena, President PHILIP H. BUCKSBAUM Speaker of the Council ANDREA J. LIU of Complex Systems) Highly excited Atoms, and Ultracold Plasmas Chief Executive Officer KATE P. KIRBY G. STEINMEYER Ultrafast Lasers and Phenomena, Nonlinear Optics Managing Editor Editor in Chief MICHAEL THOENNESSEN J. THYWISSEN Ultracold Atoms THOMAS PATTARD Publisher MATTHEW SALTER M. XIAO Quantum Optics and Atomic Coherence Chief Information Officer MARK D. DOYLE (APS Editorial Office) Term ending 31 December 2021 Chief Financial Officer JANE HOPKINS GOULD Associate Editors A. J. DALEY Cold Quantum Gases and Quantum Optics Deputy Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer JAMES TAYLOR UGO ANCARANI G. JOHANSSON Quantum Physics and Quantum Information (Universite´ de Lorraine) Chief Government Affairs with Superconducting Circuits Officer FRANCIS SLAKEY ERIKA ANDERSSON G. KLIMCHITSKAYA Fluctuation Phenomena, Casimir Forces, (Heriot-Watt University) One Physics Ellipse Atom-Surface Interactions College Park, MD 20740-3844 DIRK JAN BUKMAN L. B. MADSEN Attosecond Physics, and Atoms and (APS Editorial Office) Molecules in Strong Fields KATIUSCIA CASSEMIRO S. PASCAZIO Cold Atoms, Entanglement, and Quantum Information (APS Editorial Office) S. G. PORSEV Atomic Theory and Structure APS Editorial Office FRANCO DALFOVO H. PU Theory of Quantum Gases Directors (Universita` di Trento) B. M. TERHAL Quantum Information Journal Operations CHRISTINE M.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing Physics Papers
    Physics 2151W Lab Manual | Page 45 WID Handbook for Intermediate Laboratory - Physics 2151W Writing Physics Papers Dr. Igor Strakovsky Department of Physics, GWU Publish or Perish - Presentation of Scientific Results Intermediate Laboratory – Physics 2151W is focused on significantly improving the students' writing skills with respect to producing scientific papers, to do peer reviews, and presentations at the Physics Department Mini-Workshop. Third Edition, 2013 Physics 2151W Lab Manual | Page 46 OUTLINE Why are we Writing Papers? What Physics Journals are there? Structure of a Physics Article. Style of Technical Papers. Hints for Effective Writing. Submit and Fight. Why are We Writing Papers? To communicate our original, interesting, and useful research. To let others know what we are working on (and that we are working at all.) To organize our thoughts. To formulate our research in a comprehensible way. To secure further funding. To further our careers. To make our publication lists look more impressive. To make our Citation Index very impressive. To have fun? Because we believe someone is going to read it!!! Physics 2151W Lab Manual | Page 47 What Physics Journals are there? Hard Science Journals Physical Review Series: Physical Review A Physical Review E http://pra.aps.org/ http://pre.aps.org/ Atomic, Molecular, and Optical physics. Stat, Non-Linear, & Soft Material Phys. Physical Review B Physical Review Letters http://prb.aps.org/ http://prl.aps.org/ Condensed matter and Materials physics. Moving physics forward. Physical Review C Review of Modern Physics http://prc.aps.org/ http://rmp.aps.org/ Nuclear physics. Reviews in all areas. Physical Review D http://prd.aps.org/ Particles, Fields, Gravitation, and Cosmology.
    [Show full text]
  • Masthead (Print)
    PHYSICAL REVIEW A ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS The American Physical Society Editor EDITORIAL BOARD One Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740-3844 GORDON W. F. DRAKE Term ending 31 December 2008 (University of Windsor) President ARTHUR BIENENSTOCK President-Elect CHERRY A. MURRAY J. S. COHEN Theoretical Physics Managing Editor Vice-President CURTIS G. CALLAN M. FLEISCHHAUER Quantum Optics MARGARET MALLOY Editor-in-Chief GENE D. SPROUSE D. J. GAUTHIER Quantum Optics Treasurer (APS Editorial Office) P. L. GOULD Atomic and Molecular Physics and Publisher JOSEPH W. SERENE Executive Officer JUDY R. FRANZ Associate Editors B. C. SANDERS Quantum Information G. V. SHLYAPNIKOV Matter Waves DIRK JAN BUKMAN L. VIOLA Quantum Information (APS Ediorial Office) LEE A. COLLINS APS Editorial Office Term ending 31 December 2009 (Los Alamos National Laboratory) 1 Research Road Ridge, NY 11961-2701 FRANCO DALFOVO A. D. BANDRAUK Short Laser Pulses (Universita` di Trento) M. J. HOLLAND Quantum Gases, Quantum Phone: (631) 591-4010 Fax: (631) 591-4141 JULIO GEA-BANACLOCHE Optics Email: [email protected] (University of Arkansas) E. LINDROTH Atomic Theory Web: http://publish.aps.org/ MARK HILLERY P. J. MOHR Atomic Theory Submissions: [email protected] or (Hunter College) C. J. PETHICK Matter Waves http://authors.aps.org/ESUB/ KEITH B. MACADAM J. ULLRICH Atomic and Molecular Structure (University of Kentucky) and Interactions FRANK NARDUCCI K. WODKIEWICZ´ Quantum Information, Quantum (Naval Air Systems Command) Optics Member Subscriptions: MARK SAFFMAN APS Membership Department (University of Wisconsin) Term ending 31 December 2010 One Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740-3844 Senior Assistant Editor I. BIALYNICKI-BIRULA Theoretical Physics Phone: (301) 209-3280 RUN Quantum Theory MARGARET FOSTER T.
    [Show full text]
  • Physics Today
    Physics Today Observant Readers Take the Measure of Novel Approaches to Quantum Theory; Some Get Bohmed Murray Gell‐Mann, James Hahtle, Robert B. Griffiths, Anton Zeilinger, Robert T. Nachtrieb, James L. Anderson, Allen C. Dotson, William G. Hoover, Henry M. Bradford, and Sheldon Goldstein Citation: Physics Today 52(2), 11 (1999); doi: 10.1063/1.882512 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.882512 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/52/2?ver=pdfcov Published by the AIP Publishing This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 131.215.225.131 On: Mon, 24 Aug 2015 23:19:45 LETTERS Observant Readers Take the Measure of Novel Approaches to Quantum Theory; Some Get Bohmed n "Quantum Theory without Ob- beit discrete, intervals of time. How- DH, if two such quantities at the I servers—Part One" (PHYSICS TODAY, ever, he seems to think that we start same time do not commute, measure- March 1998, page 42), Sheldon Gold- with the union of many different fam- ments of them have to take place in stein discusses our work on the deco- ilies (with the possibility of inconsis- different alternative histories of the herent histories (DH) approach to tencies in statements connecting the universe.2 Our work is not com- quantum mechanics and the related probabilities of occurrence of various pletely finished, but the research work of Robert Griffiths and Roland histories) and are trying to find con- is not plagued by inconsistencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Style and Notation Guide
    Physical Review Style and Notation Guide Instructions for correct notation and style in preparation of REVTEX compuscripts and conventional manuscripts Published by The American Physical Society First Edition July 1983 Revised February 1993 Compiled and edited by Minor Revision June 2005 Anne Waldron, Peggy Judd, and Valerie Miller Minor Revision June 2011 Copyright 1993, by The American Physical Society Permission is granted to quote from this journal with the customary acknowledgment of the source. To reprint a figure, table or other excerpt requires, in addition, the consent of one of the original authors and notification of APS. No copying fee is required when copies of articles are made for educational or research purposes by individuals or libraries (including those at government and industrial institutions). Republication or reproduction for sale of articles or abstracts in this journal is permitted only under license from APS; in addition, APS may require that permission also be obtained from one of the authors. Address inquiries to the APS Administrative Editor (Editorial Office, 1 Research Rd., Box 1000, Ridge, NY 11961). Physical Review Style and Notation Guide Anne Waldron, Peggy Judd, and Valerie Miller (Received: ) Contents I. INTRODUCTION 2 II. STYLE INSTRUCTIONS FOR PARTS OF A MANUSCRIPT 2 A. Title ..................................................... 2 B. Author(s) name(s) . 2 C. Author(s) affiliation(s) . 2 D. Receipt date . 2 E. Abstract . 2 F. Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS) indexing codes . 2 G. Main body of the paper|sequential organization . 2 1. Types of headings and section-head numbers . 3 2. Reference, figure, and table numbering . 3 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Review a Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
    PHYSICAL REVIEW A ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS Editor EDITORIAL BOARD The American Physical Society One Physics Ellipse BERND CRASEMANN ͑University of Oregon͒ College Park, MD 20740-3844 Term ending 31 December 2001 President GEORGE H. TRILLING President-Elect WILLIAM F. BRINKMAN Associate Editors S. M. BARNETT Quantum Optics Vice-President MYRIAM P. SARACHIK LEE A. COLLINS W. BECKER Atomic Physics Editor-in-Chief MARTIN BLUME ͑Los Alamos National Laboratory͒ I. BIALYNICKI-BIRULA Theoretical Physics Treasurer R. D. DESLATTES* Atomic Physics and Publisher THOMAS J. MCILRATH JULIO GEA-BANACLOCHE D. DIVINCENZO Quantum Information Executive Of®cer JUDY R. FRANZ ͑University of Arkansas͒ P. GRANGIER Quantum Optics MARGARET MALLOY C. H. GREENE Atomic Theory ͑APS Editorial Of®ce͒ W. R. JOHNSON Atomic Theory A. PERES Quantum Theory Member Subscriptions: LORENZO NARDUCCI T. N. RESCIGNO Molecular Theory APS Membership Department ͑Drexel University͒ S. STRINGARI Matter Waves One Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740-3844 STEPHEN J. SMITH Phone: ͑301͒ 209-3280 ͑University of Colorado͒ Fax: ͑301͒ 209-0867 Term ending 31 December 2002 Email: [email protected] Assistant Editors I. CIRAC Quantum Information, Quantum Optics MARGARET FOSTER J. D. FRANSON Quantum Measurement Nonmember Subscriptions: VALERIE L. MILLER C. MACCHIAVELLO Quantum Information JOANNA POPADIUK S. STENHOLM Quantum Optics APS Subscription Services W. C. STWALLEY Atomic and Molecular Physics Suite 1NO1 2 Huntington Quadrangle Assistant to the Editors Melville, NY 11747-4502 Phone: ͑516͒ 576-2270, ͑800͒ 344-6902 JILL M. GARGANO Fax: ͑516͒ 349-9704 Term ending 31 December 2003 Email: [email protected] L. J. CURTIS Atomic Physics J. DOWLING Quantum Optics, Quantum Information APS Editorial Of®ce G.
    [Show full text]
  • PHYSICAL REVIEW a EDITORIAL POLICIES and PRACTICES (Revised July 2008)
    PHYSICAL REVIEW A EDITORIAL POLICIES AND PRACTICES (Revised July 2008) Physical Review A is published by the American Physical Society (APS), the Council of which has the final re- sponsibility for the Journal. The Publications Oversight Committee of the APS and the Editor in Chief possess delegated responsibility for overall policy matters concerning all APS journals. The editors of Physical Review A are responsible for the scientific content and editorial matters relating to the Journal. Editorial policy is guided by the following statement adopted in April, 1995 by the Council of the APS: It is the policy of the American Physical Society that the Physical Review accept for publication those manuscripts that significantly advance physics and have been found to be scientifically sound, important to the field, and in satisfactory form. The Society will implement this policy as fairly and efficiently as possible and without regard to national boundaries. Physical Review A has an Editorial Board whose members are appointed for three-year terms by the Editor in Chief upon recommendation of the editors, after consultation with APS divisions where appropriate. Board members play an important role in the editorial management of the Journal. They lend advice on editorial policy and on specific papers for which special assistance is needed, participate in the formal appeals process (see section on Author Appeals), and give input on the selection of referees and the identification of new referees. SUBJECT AREAS The subtitle of Physical Review A is Atomic,
    [Show full text]
  • PHYSICAL REVIEW a EDITORIAL POLICIES and PRACTICES (Revised January 2006)
    PHYSICAL REVIEW A EDITORIAL POLICIES AND PRACTICES (Revised January 2006) Physical Review A is published by the American Physical So- CONTENT OF ARTICLES ciety (APS), the Council of which has the final responsibility The Physical Review and Physical Review Letters publish new for the Journal. The Publications Oversight Committee of the APS and the Editor-in-Chief possess delegated responsibility results. Thus, prior publication of the same results will gener- ally preclude consideration of a later paper. “Publication” in this for overall policy matters concerning all APS journals. The Ed- itor of Physical Review A is responsible for the scientific content context most commonly means “appearance in a peer-reviewed and editorial matters relating to the Journal. In this the Editor is journal.” In some areas of physics, however,e-prints are thought to be “published” in this sense. In general, though, any publi- assisted by the Journal’s associate and assistant editors. cation of equivalent results after a paper is submitted will not Editorial policy is guided by the following statement adopted in preclude consideration of the submitted paper. April, 1995 by the Council of the APS: Confirmation of previously published results of unusual impor- It is the policy of the American Physical Soci- tance can be considered as new, as can significant null results. ety that the Physical Review accept for publica- Papers advancing new theoretical views on fundamental princi- tion those manuscripts that significantly advance ples or theories must contain convincing arguments that the new physics and have been found to be scientifically predictions and interpretations are distinguishable from existing sound, important to the field, and in satisfactory knowledge, at least in principle, and do not contradict estab- form.
    [Show full text]
  • Python Module Index 79
    mendeleev Documentation Release 0.9.0 Lukasz Mentel Sep 04, 2021 CONTENTS 1 Getting started 3 1.1 Overview.................................................3 1.2 Contributing...............................................3 1.3 Citing...................................................3 1.4 Related projects.............................................4 1.5 Funding..................................................4 2 Installation 5 3 Tutorials 7 3.1 Quick start................................................7 3.2 Bulk data access............................................. 14 3.3 Electronic configuration......................................... 21 3.4 Ions.................................................... 23 3.5 Visualizing custom periodic tables.................................... 25 3.6 Advanced visulization tutorial...................................... 27 3.7 Jupyter notebooks............................................ 30 4 Data 31 4.1 Elements................................................. 31 4.2 Isotopes.................................................. 35 5 Electronegativities 37 5.1 Allen................................................... 37 5.2 Allred and Rochow............................................ 38 5.3 Cottrell and Sutton............................................ 38 5.4 Ghosh................................................... 38 5.5 Gordy................................................... 39 5.6 Li and Xue................................................ 39 5.7 Martynov and Batsanov........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Review a Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
    PHYSICAL REVIEW A ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS Editors EDITORIAL BOARD The American Physical Society One Physics Ellipse GORDON W. F DRAKE College Park, MD 20740-3844 (University of Windsor) Term ending 31 December 2006 MARGARET MALLOY President JOHN J. HOPFIELD A. D. BANDRAUK Short Laser Pulses (APS Editorial Office) President-Elect LEO P. KADANOFF L. J. CURTIS Atomic Physics Vice-President ARTHUR BIENENSTOCK P. MOHR Atomic Theory Editor-in-Chief MARTIN BLUME Associate Editors C. J. PETHICK Matter Waves Treasurer and Publisher THOMAS J. MCILRATH LEE A. COLLINS J. M. ROST Atomic Theory Executive Officer JUDY R. FRANZ (Los Alamos National Laboratory) K. WODKIEWICZ Quantum Information, Quantum JULIO GEA-BANACLOCHE Optics (University of Arkansas) MARK HILLERY APS Editorial Office (Hunter College) Term ending 31 December 2007 1 Research Road, Box 9000 KEITH B. MACADAM Ridge, NY 11961-9000 I. BIALYNICKI-BIRULA Theoretical Physics (University of Kentucky) Phone: (631) 591-4010 V. BUZEK Quantum Information FRANK NARDUCCI Fax: (631) 591-4141 L. DAVIDOVICH Quantum Optics (Naval Air Systems Command) Email: [email protected] A. C. DOHERTY Foundations of Quantum Mechanics Web: http://publish.aps.org/ LORENZO NARDUCCI M. V. FEDOROV Atomic Physics Submissions: [email protected] or (Drexel University) A. OREL Molecular Theory http://authors.aps.org/ESUB/ STEPHEN J. SMITH L. OROZCO Quantum Optics (University of Colorado) M. B. PLENIO Quantum Information W. P. REINHARDT Matter Waves Senior Assistant Editors S. ROLSTON Matter Waves Member Subscriptions: DIRK JAN BUKMAN J. SAPIRSTEIN Atomic Theory APS Membership Department MARGARET FOSTER H. WISEMAN Quantum Theory One Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740-3844 Phone: (301) 209-3280 Assistant Editors Term ending 31 December 2008 Fax: (301) 209-0867 JILL M.
    [Show full text]