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Eficiencia En La Aplicación De Algoritmos De Agrupamiento En La Creación De Equipos De Trabajo Altamente Efectivos

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Eficiencia En La Aplicación De Algoritmos De Agrupamiento En La Creación De Equipos De Trabajo Altamente Efectivos Investigación en la Educación Superior: Tepic, Nayarit, México Tepic 2019 © Academia Journals 2019 13 al 15 febrero, 2019 Eficiencia en la Aplicación de Algoritmos de Agrupamiento en la Creación de Equipos de Trabajo Altamente Efectivos Dra. Claudia Guadalupe Quezada López1, Dr. Marco Antonio Chávez Arcega2, Dr. Ignacio Chávez Arcega3 MDOH Sonia Alvarado Mares4, Ing. Manuel Guerrero Medina5, M.C. Yadira Miriam Villanueva Marcial6, Ing. Mariela Bueno Rojas7 Resumen: Hasta hace algunas décadas, la creación de equipos de trabajo se realizaba de manera subjetiva, o incluso al azar y se daba poca importancia al desempeño, enfocándose solo a la meta final. Actualmente, los equipos constituyen la unidad básica de trabajo en las organizaciones. La mayor parte de ellas reconocen la importancia del trabajo en equipo como un medio para mejorar su competitividad, el clima laboral, la comunicación interna, la integración de los nuevos miembros, y la transmisión de valores y su cultura. Sin embargo, la composición de un equipo de trabajo en cualquier ambiente, puede resultar un proceso difícil para quien se encargue de conformarlos, debido a la complejidad en términos de cómo se integra un equipo, habilidades requeridas y grado de riesgo. En este trabajo se analizan algunos algoritmos de agrupamiento con base en el análisis de la eficiencia, eficacia y aplicabilidad, que logren reunir las mejores características que den solución a la integración de equipos de trabajos altamente efectivos. Palabras Claves: Equipo de trabajo, equipo de trabajo altamente efectivo, clustering, algoritmos de agrupamiento. Introducción Con todos los cambios sociales, económicos y organizacionales ya no es suficiente con conformar un equipo de trabajo, sino que se deben conocer las capacidades personales, sacar provecho de las diversas personalidades y trabajar bien este tipo de interdepencias, de tal manera que sean equipo de trabajo que tengan las capacidades de gestionar, priorizar y ejecutar. Es decir, lograr conformar equipos de trabajo altamente efectivos. Existe una serie de algoritmos de agrupamiento, los cuales se basan en un conjunto de características o propiedades de los “objetos”. El uso de un algoritmo computacional puede proveer un apoyo sencillo y eficiente en la creación equipos de trabajo. Tomando como base las teorías de los expertos en el tema de crear equipos de trabajo altamente efectivos, pudiendo relacionar estas características con las propiedades consideradas en los algoritmos, se puede llegar a la selección o creación de un algoritmo que apoye la tarea antes mencionada. Por tanto, en este manuscrito se identifican los elementos que se relacionan con la creación de Equipo de Trabajo Altamente Efectivos (ETAE) y su importancia. Así mismo, se identifican las características necesarias para crear ETAE. Se muestra el propósito y la metodología utilizada para analizar y determinar el algoritmo más adecuado que permita diseñar una aplicación que automatice la creación de un ETAE. Equipo de trabajo El concepto de equipo tiene su origen en la versión deportiva del tema, sin embargo, este enfoque se incorpora al ámbito organizacional a mediados de siglo, donde distintos autores, en muchos casos sin percibir una gran diferencia, empiezan a reconocer la importancia de los equipos en las organizaciones, al principio centrándose en empresas, y particularmente en proyectos (Fainstein, 2016). A inicios del siglo XXI, la investigación organizativa pasó de interesarse por el concepto de grupo a centrarse en el concepto de equipo. Fue un paso sutil, sin que la diferencia se marcará claramente. Al mismo tiempo que el interés se centraba en la idea de equipo, el interés por los roles de grupo se dirigía a los roles en un equipo (Hayes, 2002). En la actualidad, las organizaciones con todos los cambios económicos, sociales, tecnológicos y organizativos (Manchola-Núñez, 2011), enfrentan retos que las obligan a aprender a trabajar con equipos comprometidos y altamente calificados que las lleve a alcanzar sus objetivos económicos, sociales y de servicio; hace algunos años las empresas se percataron de la necesidad de trabajar con equipos altamente efectivos y comprometidos con su misión, visión y valores, con ello comenzó un proceso sistematizado para re-aprender a trabajar en equipo (Reza-Trosino, 2005). 1 Dra. Claudia Guadalupe Quezada López, es profesora del Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic. [email protected] 2 Dr. Marco Antonio Chávez Arcega, es profesor del Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic. [email protected] 3 Dr. Ignacio Chávez Arcega , es profesor del Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic. [email protected] 4 MDOH Sonia Alvarado Mares, es profesora del Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic. [email protected] 5 Ing. Manuel Guerrero Medina, es profesor del Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic. [email protected] 6 M.C. Yadira Miriam Villanueva Marcial, es profesora del Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic. [email protected] 7 Ing. Mariela Bueno Rojas, es profesionista egresado del Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic. [email protected] Elibro Online con ISBN 1150 978-1-939982-43-8 Investigación en la Educación Superior: Tepic, Nayarit, México Tepic 2019 © Academia Journals 2019 13 al 15 febrero, 2019 Equipo de Trabajo Altamente Efectivo Aponte-Hurtado (2015) explica que ante la globalización, el hombre pertenece a un mundo altamente competitivo, en el que predominan los cambios y las innovaciones tecnológicas, por lo que el trabajo en equipo constituye un factor crítico de éxito para las organizaciones aunado al logro de potencializar y transformar equipos de trabajo corrientes, en equipos de alto desempeño; sin embargo, muchas empresas siguen dejando en un segundo plano la gestión de las personas que componen la institución (Molina, Loyola y Velásquez, 2010). El término de equipo de trabajo alta efectivo, también llamado de alto desempeño, puede llegar a ser confuso pues las empresas lo emplean para referirse al conjunto de personas que es experto y hace ver a un equipo de alto desempeño más comprometido, más poderoso y menos frecuente que un equipo normal (Torres-Hernandez, 2014). Según Manchola-Núñez (2011) es aquel que ha conseguido alcanzar las metas propuestas de una manera excelente en términos de eficacia y eficiencia. Se compone de personas que tienen la capacidad de aprovechar al máximo sus fortalezas para trabajar juntos por un objetivo común, al verse como una unidad y ser conscientes de que tanto su rendimiento individual como su interrelación social tiene un fuerte impacto en el resultado global del equipo. Según Manchola-Núñez (2011) las condiciones que deben existir para tener un equipo de trabajo efectivo, son: (a) Ambiente propicio, (b) Habilidades y claridad de roles, (c) Metas de orden superior y (d) Premios del equipo. Por su parte Dalton, Hoyle y Watts (2006) establecen que para formar un equipo de trabajo efectivo se deben poseer las siguientes características: (a) Visión, (b) Interdependencia, (c) Liderazgo, (d) Coordinación y (e) Adaptabilidad. En ese mismo sentido, Katzenbach y Smith (1993), consideran que para que el trabajo en equipo sea eficaz, es necesario que se cumplan de manera conjunta una serie de requisitos: (a) Número de personas, (b) Habilidades, (c) Compromiso con un propósito común y (d) Responsabilidad mutua. Herramientas para la creación de Equipos de Trabajo Ante la problemática de la formación de equipos de trabajo y equipos de trabajo efectivos, existen un sinfín de técnicas, procedimientos y sistemas, sólo por mencionar algunos: El sistema de cuatro factores de Dyer, Dyer y Dyer (2013), el sistema 4- D de la National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), la matriz basada en las naturalezas de las personas de Stack (2011), las cuatro etapas de Hackman (1987) para la creación de un grupo de trabajo efectivo, el gráfico de los factores de Margerison, McCann y Davies (1995), entre muchos otros. Los productos de software existentes en el mercado dan solución al proceso de administrar tareas en equipos ya establecidos y mejorar la comunicación, pero no son herramientas que analizan a las personas para generar equipos de trabajo efectivo. Algunos de ellos son: Hightrack, Trello, Google Drive, Evernote, Doodle, Slack, Inbox, mmmelon, GroupMe, Wunderlist, IQTell, Wrike, Seacloud, Flow, Skitch, Podio, AgileZen, Cloud, entre otras. Sin embargo, existe una herramienta computacional que si bien, no soluciona el problema de automatizar la creación de equipos en cualquier organización y basada en características estandarizadas para la formación de equipos de trabajo efectivos, es un formador de equipos, su nombre es CATME (Comprehensive Assessment of Team Member Effectiveness). En español “Evaluación Exhaustiva de la Efectividad de los Miembros de Equipo”, es descrito en la Overview CATME (2012) como un conjunto de herramientas web que habilita instructores para implementar las mejores prácticas en el manejo de grupos de estudiantes. Técnicas de agrupamiento Un objeto es un elemento que está representado por un conjunto de atributos, dimensiones o características. Estas características se expresan en forma de vector. Un conjunto de objetos forma una base de datos, con cada uno de los atributos de los objetos. Estos objetos se representan por una matriz, donde cada renglón representa un objeto y cada columna un atributo. Esto implica que cada objeto tiene el mismo número de características. Los datos entonces, son una serie de objetos que forman un conjunto por los cuales pueden estar agrupados en un subconjunto
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