All-Optical Signal Processing and Microwave Photonics Using

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All-Optical Signal Processing and Microwave Photonics Using All-Optical Signal Processing and Microwave Photonics Using Nonlinear Optics Mohammad Rezagholipour Dizaji Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Photonics Systems Group McGill University, Montreal, Canada Submitted November 2016 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © 2016 Mohammad Rezagholipour Dizaji All Rights Reserved. No Part of this document may be reproduced, stored or otherwise retained in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, on any medium by any means without prior written permission of the author. Abstract Processing of high speed optical signals in the optical domain, referred to as optical signal processing, is required for many applications in the telecommunication systems and networks. Many optical signal processing techniques have been studied in the literature where most of them are based on nonlinear optics such as 2nd order and 3rd order nonlinear effects. A wide range of nonlinear media are used for performing these nonlinear optical signal processing applications such as optical fibres, semiconductor optical amplifiers, and different types of optical waveguides. In this thesis, we use nonlinear optics to perform nonlinear optical signal processing and microwave photonics applications. First we propose and experimentally demonstrate an optical signal processing module that will be used for recognition of spectral amplitude code (SAC) labels in optical packet-switched networks. We use the nonlinear effect FWM in a highly nonlinear fibre (HNLF) for generation of a unique FWM idler for each SAC label referred to as a label identifier (LI). A serial array of fibre Bragg gratings is then used to reflect the LI wavelengths. Each LI is associated with a unique amount of delay between two optical signals received at two photodiodes. Label recognition is then achieved by measuring this unique time delay. An experiment is conducted where two variable-length data packets are transmitted over a 50-km dispersion-compensated span of fibre and switched at a forwarding node. The SAC labels are successfully recognized, and we obtain error-free transmission for the switched packets with less than 0.3-dB penalty. iii Then using FWM in a HNLF and also a programmable planar lightwave circuit (PLC) we propose and experimentally demonstrate the all-optical reconfigurable time slot interchange (TSI) of individual bits at 40 Gb/s. The PLC is used to generate different control signals (masks) that determine which bits undergo TSI. By programming the PLC to generate two different masks, two different TSI patterns are obtained. TSI is achieved using FWM between the data signal and the desired mask with bidirectional propagation in the HNLF. Error-free operation is obtained for both of the TSI patterns, with a power penalty of less than 5.2 dB, at a bit error rate of 10-9. Next, we use a low-stress silicon-rich nitride waveguide as the nonlinear medium to perform two different applications based on XPM. The waveguide is engineered to display flat and low dispersion over the entire C+L bands. First, we demonstrate wavelength conversion of 10 Gb/s signals across the C band and obtain error free operation. We also demonstrate ultra broadband wavelength conversion over 300 nm from the O-band to the L-band. Second, we highlight the use of SixNy waveguides for nonlinear MWP. We report the first demonstration of an XPM- based radio-frequency (RF) spectrum analyzer of optical signals using an integrated silicon nitride waveguide. Measurements show a bandwidth of at least 560 GHz for our RF-spectrum analyzer. RF-spectra measurements for pulse trains at rates from ~ 10 GHz to ~ 160 GHz are demonstrated. These results show that the silicon nitride technology has a competitive performance for realizing high-speed optical processing of telecom signals. iv Résumé Le traitement ultra-rapide des signaux optiques dans le domaine optique, qui est appelé traitement du signal optique, est nécessaire pour de nombreuses applications dans les systèmes et réseaux de télécommunication. De nombreuses techniques du traitement du signal optique ont été étudiées dans la littérature, dont la plupart sont basés sur l'optique non linéaire telle que le deuxième ordre et troisième ordre des effets non linéaires. Une large gamme de moyens non linéaires sont utilisés pour l'exécution de ces applications du traitement du signal optique non linéaire tels que les fibres optiques, les amplificateurs optiques à semi-conducteurs, et différents types de guides d'ondes optiques. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons l'optique non linéaire pour effectuer des applications d’un traitement du signal optique et d’un photonique appliquée aux micro-ondes. Nous proposons et démontrons expérimentalement un module de traitement du signal optique qui sera utilisé pour la reconnaissance des étiquettes correspondent à des codes d'amplitude spectrale (SAC) dans les réseaux de paquets optiques commutés. Nous utilisons l'effet non linéaire FWM dans une fibre hautement non linéaire (HNLF) pour générer une longueur d’onde FWM unique pour chaque étiquette de SAC désignée comme un identificateur d'étiquette. Une série de réseau de fibres Bragg est ensuite utilisée pour refléter les longueurs d'ondes de ces identificateurs d'étiquette. Chaque identificateur d'étiquette est associé à un temps unique de retard entre deux signaux optiques reçus au niveau de deux photodiodes. La reconnaissance de l'étiquette est ensuite obtenue en mesurant ce délai unique. Une expérience est effectuée lorsque deux paquets v de données de longueur variable sont transmis sur une fibre à dispersion compensée sur 50 km et ensuite commutés à un nœud de transmission. Les étiquettes de SAC sont reconnues avec succès et on obtient une transmission sans erreur pour les paquets commutés avec une pénalité inférieure à 0,3 dB. Ensuite, en utilisant le FWM dans une HNLF ainsi qu’un circuit d'onde lumineuse planaire (PLC) programmable, nous proposons et démontrons expérimentalement l’échange entre les intervalles de temps tout-optique reconfigurable (TSI) de bits individuels à 40 Gb /s. Le PLC est utilisé pour générer différents signaux de commande (masques) qui déterminent quels bits subissent un TSI. En programmant le PLC pour générer deux masques différents, deux modèles différents TSI sont obtenus. Le TSI est réalisé en utilisant un FWM entre le signal de données et le masque souhaité avec la propagation bidirectionnelle dans le HNLF. Le fonctionnement sans erreur est obtenu pour les deux modèles TSI avec une pénalité de puissance inférieure à 5,2 dB et à un taux d'erreur de bit de 10-9. Ensuite, nous utilisons un guide d'onde optique de nitrure riche en silicium avec une faible contrainte en tant que milieu non linéaire pour effectuer deux applications différentes basées sur la XPM. Le guide d'onde optique est conçu pour afficher une dispersion plate et basse sur les bandes entières de C + L. Tout d'abord, nous démontrons la conversion des signaux de longueur d'onde de 10 Gb /s tout au long de la bande C et on obtient une opération sans erreur. Nous démontrons également la conversion d’une bande de longueur d'onde ultra large supérieure à 300 nm de la bande O à la bande L. Deuxièmement, nous mettons en évidence l'utilisation de guides d'ondes SixNy pour le photonique appliquée aux micro-ondes non linéaire. Nous rapportons la première démonstration d'un XPM basée sur un analyseur de spectre de radiofréquence (RF) de signaux optiques à l'aide d'un guide d'onde de nitrure de silicium intégré. Les mesures montrent vi une bande d'au moins 560 GHz pour notre analyseur de spectre RF. Les mesures des spectres RF pour les trains d'impulsions à taux de ~ 10 GHz à 160 GHz ~ sont démontrées. Ces résultats montrent que la technologie de nitrure de silicium a un rendement concurrentiel pour la réalisation de traitement optique à haute vitesse des signaux de télécommunications. vii Acknowledgments Special and endless thanks to the members of my family who believed in me, for their love and support, most importantly my mother who I am truly indebted to for all the sacrifices that she made in her life to raise us in a safe and lovely atmosphere where she inspired and guided me in the right direction all through my life. I would like to sincerely thank my PhD supervisor, Prof. Lawrence R. Chen for his endless encouragement, and guidance through my research. This work would not have been accomplished without his knowledge, motivation, and patience. His mentorship played a fundamental role for me to not only become an optical engineer and experimentalist, but also an independent thinker and researcher. I must thank Lawrence very much for his support and providing opportunities for me to present our research work at different prestigious conferences where I could be directly in touch with the latest progress in advanced photonic technologies and meet with the great researchers in our field. I am truly honored to have the opportunity to work with Lawrence. I would like to thank Prof. Victor Torres-Company from Chalmers University of technology, for providing us the silicon rich nitride waveguides that we used in all of the experiments which formed the Chapter 5 of this thesis. I deeply thank Victor and also Lawrence for giving me the chance to visit from Chalmers University of technology and to work in the photonics Lab during my visit from Chalmers. Victor’s valuable guidance has helped me a lot to accomplish the XPM- viii based experiment results. I must also acknowledge the helps from his PhD students, Clemens Krückel and Attila Fülöp who helped me in the Lab during my visit at Chalmers. I would also like to thank Patrick Dumais and Claire Callender at the former CRC (Communication Research Center, Canada) for their help with re-cleaving the PLC waveguide in CRC.
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