Quick Facts Energy and Economics • Transportation accounts for about 28% of total U.S. energy consumption. • The average price of a new car was just over $25,000 (constant 2014 dollars). • In 2014, almost 17% of household expenditures were for transportation • Over 10 million people were employed in the transportation industry in 2014. Light Vehicles • The top nine manufacturers selling vehicles in the U.S. in 2014 produced 51% of the world’s vehicles. • U.S. new light truck sales volumes rose each year from 2011 to 2015 while new car sales declined slightly from 2014 to 2015. • Sales-weighted data on new light vehicles sold show a 125% increase in horsepower and a 47% decrease in 0-60 time from 1980 to 2015, with the fuel economy of vehicles improving 29%. • More than 26% of new cars sold in 2015 had continuously variable transmissions. • More than 50% of new light vehicles sold in 2015 have transmissions with 6 speeds. Heavy Trucks • Class 8 combination trucks consumed an average of 6.5 gallons per thousand ton-miles (2010 data). • Class 3 truck sales in 2015 are 45% higher than 2011. • Sales of class 4-7 trucks increased in 2015 and were 49% above the 2011 level. • Class 8 truck sales increased by 45% from 2011 to 2015. • Diesel comprised 74% of the class 3-8 trucks sold in 2014. • In 2014, combination trucks were driven an average of almost 66,000 miles per year. • Idling a truck-tractor’s engine can use half a gallon of fuel per hour or more. • There are over 110 electrified truck stop sites across the country to reduce truck idling time. Technologies • About 384,000 hybrid vehicles were sold in 2015. • In 2015, plug-in vehicle sales totaled over 115,000 units. • At least 24 different models of plug-in vehicles are available or coming soon to the market. • Seventy-one flex-fuel vehicle models were offered in model year 2015. • There are about 30,000 electric vehicle charging units throughout the nation in 2016. • Single wide tires on a Class 8 truck improve fuel economy by more than 7% on flat terrain. Policy • Plug-in hybrids and electric vehicle purchasers receive a Federal tax credit of up to $7,500 for select 2008-2015 vehicles along with possible state credits. • The proposed EPA greenhouse gas standards for cars raises average fuel economy for new cars to 54.5 mpg by 2025, while the NHTSA Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards are 49.7 mpg by 2025. These average fuel economies were estimated by the two agencies based on the new corporate standards and product plans. • Since model year 2010, diesel engine emission standards are stricter – 0.2 grams per horsepower- hour (g/HP-hr) for nitrogen oxides and 0.01 g/HP-hr for particulate matter. ORNL/TM-2016/124 2015 VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT Primary Authors: Stacy C. Davis Oak Ridge National Laboratory Susan E. Williams Oak Ridge National Laboratory Robert G. Boundy Roltek, Inc. Sheila Moore Oak Ridge National Laboratory Graphic Design: Debbie Bain Oak Ridge National Laboratory Prepared for the Vehicle Technologies Office Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy Prepared by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6073 Managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract No. DE-AC05-00R22725 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge. Website http://www.osti.gov/bridge Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source. This page intentionally left blank. 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Contents Page LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................ix LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. xiii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. xv CHAPTER 1: ENERGY AND ECONOMICS ............................................................................................... 1 Transportation Accounts for 28% of Total U.S. Energy Consumption ................................................... 3 The Transportation Sector Currently Uses About the Same Amount of Petroleum as Produced by the United States .......................................................................................................................... 4 Class 8 Trucks Use the Majority of Fuel Consumed by Medium/Heavy Trucks ..................................... 5 Improvements in Fuel Economy for Low-MPG Vehicles Yield the Greatest Fuel Savings ...................... 6 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Transportation Decreased from 2007 ................................................. 7 Many Cars Pollute Less Despite Increases in Size .................................................................................. 8 Newer Cars and Light Trucks Emit Fewer Tons of CO2 Annually ............................................................ 9 Total Transportation Pollutants Decline .............................................................................................. 10 Highway Vehicles Responsible for Declining Share of Pollutants ........................................................ 11 Highway Transportation is More Efficient ............................................................................................ 12 Vehicle Miles and Gross Domestic Product Both Grew in 2015 .......................................................... 13 Price of Crude Oil Is Affected by World Political and Economic Events ............................................... 14 Oil Price Shocks Are Often Followed by an Economic Recession ......................................................... 15 ORNL Estimates that 2014 Direct and Indirect Oil Dependence Costs Were $116 Billion ................... 16 Changes in Energy Prices and Vehicle-Miles of Travel Mirror Each Other ........................................... 17 The Average Price of a New Car Is Just over $25,000 .......................................................................... 18 The Highest Selling Light Vehicles of 2014 Were In the $25-$30,000 Price Range .............................. 19 Only Thirteen Percent of Survey Respondents Consider Fuel Economy Most Important when Purchasing a Vehicle ........................................................................................................................ 20 Study Finds More than Half of All Age Groups Use the Internet to Find a Car Dealer ......................... 21 Hybrid Vehicles Can Save Money over Time ........................................................................................ 22 Alternatives to Traditional Car Ownership ........................................................................................... 23 Car-Sharing and Ride-Summoning Available across the Nation ........................................................... 24 There Were Nearly 1.2 Million Carshare Members and 17,000 Carshare Vehicles in 2015 ................ 25 Almost 17% of Household Expenditures Are for Transportation ......................................................... 26 The Transportation Industry Employs Over 10 Million People ............................................................ 27 Americans Employed in Transportation Have Diverse Jobs—From Aerospace Manufacturing to Trucking ....................................................................................................................................... 28 The Automotive Industry Spent $109 Billion on Research and Development in 2015 ........................ 29 VW Tops the List of Automotive Research and Development Expenditures in 2015 .......................... 30 Manufacturers’ Stock Prices Have Their Ups and Downs .................................................................... 31 American Full-Size Pickups Top the Most Profitable Vehicles