DOCSLIB.ORG

Some Reflections on the Genetics of Mental Disorder by INGRAM F

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Some Reflections on the Genetics of Mental Disorder by INGRAM F Some Reflections on the Genetics of Mental Disorder by INGRAM F. ANDERSON. M.B.B.Ch.(RancL) Department of Medicine and Clinical Genetics Unit, Johannesburg General Hospital. "Heredity, the only one of the Gods whose real Whereas psychiatric genetics previously name we know . brings gifts of strange tem- appeared to be an empiric exercise and its peraments . and impossible desires." — applications in mental disease were thought Oscar Wilde. to denote a state of irreversibility, it now A study of aberrant mental mechanisms provides a point of vantage for research and involves consideration of the interaction of therapeutic application. Thus a genetically the soma, psyche and multiform environ- determined biochemical disturbance may not ment. Such a vast field cannot be surveyed only point the way to new means of diag- critically or even adequately in a disserta- nosis but offers possibilities of correction at tion of this nature. The title of the paper is the molecular level. thus employed advisedly: "some" because With these introductory remarks it will be the scope is necessarily limited, "reflections" propitious to pass on to a consideration of because here are mirrored my thoughts and (A) Mental Deficiency and (B) The Psychoses. those of others which may not be true images, "genetics" indicates etiologic restric- (A) MENTAL DEFICIENCY. tion and "mental disorder" is used in the broad sense. About one out of every thousand whites in The average medical-man, like the man in this country is in a mental asylum because the street, has very little occasion to come of mental deficiency. The problem comprises up against cases of mental abnormality. The elements of considerable philosophic and latter are locked away early — out of harm's social importance; it provokes the question ) of why people are different and what deter- 2 way, out of society's way, out of medicine's 1 mines their individuality; it limelights the 0 way . However most of the major ad- 2 paradox of human rights and raises the vances in genetics and especially in cyto- d polemic aspects of eugenics as these reflect e t genetics in the last few years have evolved in the mirror of human ecology. a d against this very background and notably ( r within its parameters, as exemplified in the Almost half of the institutionalised cases e h case of mongolian idiocy. The recent splurge are simple oligophrenics. So-called simple s i l of spiders across the erstwhile neatly-lined mental deficiency involves the genetics of b u pages of the medical journals has seemed to intelligence. The latter is a tenuous entity, P many to represent the soap-bubble interest dependent on multifactorial inheritance and it e h of a narrow speciality. On the contrary, the is safe to say that its precise nature remains t y implications have been widespread and a matter of controversy. One reads in the b diverse, and have impinged upon the whole book of Job: d e t broad structure of medical-biology. n "But where shall Wisdom be found? a It is noteworthy that the layman has al- r And where is the place of understanding? g ways been aware of an hereditary component Man knoweth not the price thereof; e c in mental illness, as evidenced by everyday Neither is it found in the land of the living. n The deep sayeth it is not in me e statements such as, "There's madness in X's c i And the sea sayeth it is not with me. l family. Comes through the father's side it It cannot be gotten for gold, r e does!" The medical world has been tardy in Neither shall silver be weighed for the price d thereof. n accepting such a situation and only in the u Whence then cometh Wisdom? last few decades has it given concrete for- y And where is the place of 'understanding? ..." a mulation to the concept. The current explo- w e sion of activity and interest in human gene- For our purposes, we note that the simple t a tics has again focussed attention on the moron has no distinctive characters and sta- G domain of the psychiatrist. tisically lies at the negative end of the t e n i b a S JOURNAL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN LOOPEDIC SOCIETY 1 y b d e c u d o r p e R Gaussian distribution of intelligence. In con- On the smallest time scale are events at trast to this somewhat ubiquitous entity, the dynamic intracellular level. Interest here great strides have been made in our under- centres on the chromosome constitution. In standing of two definitive types of mental man each cell contains 46 chromosomes: 22 defect, namely, mongolism and phenylketo- pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex-chromo- nuric oligophrenia. somes. In 1959 Lejeune and his co-workers discovered that the mongol possesses an ex- (1) Mongolism. tra autosome — a state of aneuploidy (i.e. an abnormal number of chromosomes). Basically It is convenient to discuss this in terms of two mechanisms underlie the chromosomal a collocation of the three time factors in the aberrations in mongolism: non-disjunction biologic picture. On the largest scale is Evo- and translocation. Non-disjunction is the lution, with Man the result of a long line of common type. During meiosis there is failure ancestors and himself the potential ancestor of separation of two homologous chromo- of a long line of descendants. The interest somes. Thus one daughter cell will come to here is historic. When Langdon-Down pub- contain both components of an autosome pair lished his classic paper on "An Ethnic Clas- and the other cell neither. The former, after sification of Idiots", in 1866, he described fertilisation will be trisomic (i.e. it will have Mongolism for the first time, characterising three instead of two of a certain chromo- the mongol as, "... a representative of the some, in this case number 21 on the Denver great Mongolian race". Crookshank in 1931 classification), and will have a diploid num- added the hypothesis that these cases were ber of 47. This situation is seen typically derived from Mongolian ancestors and fur- with older mothers and may be related to ther that they represented an atavistic return mechanical factors operating in an old ovary towards the orang-utang. There is no scien- with "old" ova. Less commonly translocation tific validity for this idea and the anomaly occurs. This involves the breakage of two can be readily recognised in the Mongol race non-homologous chromosomes and an ex- itself. Because of this confused inference change of fragments between them. The attendant on the name, the designation Lang- greater part of chromosome 21 becomes don-Down Syndrome has been preferred by attached to one or other fragment leading to ) many. a normal diploid number of 46, but in fact 2 1 there exists a virtual trisomy 21. In addition 0 On the intermediate time-scale we consider 2 translocation allows of the formation of a d the individual as such — his life history. e carrier state and the defect may therefore be t Mongolism exceeds all other morbid condi- a perpetuated through several generations. In d tions of severe mental retardation in number, ( essence then, whatever the mechanism, an r constituting some 5 to 10% of asylum in- e additional chromosome is overtly or occultly h mates. There are approximately 125 mongols s i present. A great many genes — each con- l at the institution at Witrand. The incidence b trolling specific metabolic processes — lie u in the population is nearly one in every 600 P a'on^ its length. However, the relationship e births. As a comparative measure it is salu- of the cytology to either the biochemistry or h t tory to note that the incidence of hyperten- to the pathology remains obscure. It is impor- y sive disease is 5%, of all forms of congenital b tant to realise that the mongol is abnormal d heart disease about 1%, while myelomatosis e from the moment of conception. A degree of t accounts for 3 per 100,000 of the population. n developmental irreversibility is attendant at a ι r birth and therapy must therefore be more or g The child with mongolism is usually born e less ineffective, there is no rationale for the c into a normal family with parents and n use of thyroid extract, alpha glutavite, sicca- e siblings ofjten above average intelligence. An c i cell therapy (injection of dried foetal brain l enormous j psycho-social problem is at once r cells) or large doses of vitamin E. e generated \ and cannot be elaborated upon d n here. Apart from the mental subnormality, (2) Phenylketonuria. u mongols jexhibit extensive physical ab- y a normality,, proneness to infection being quite A somewhat brighter vista is revealed w e a feature. The advent of the antibiotic era when we look to the inborn error of meta- t a has seen a rise in the mean survival age of bolism, phenylketonuria. This is the G the mongol. paradigm of a genetically determined en- t e n i b a December, 1962 JOURNAL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN LOOPEDIC SOCIETY S 1 y b d e c u d o r p e R zyme-block. It is transmitted as a single mental disintegration. The same basic pro- autosomal recessive, the homozygous state cess is believed to underlie the endogenous being necessary for phenotypic expression. psychoses, but it is far more subtle, as yet The enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase, is elusive and cannot be so elegantly demon- at fault and there follows failure of oxidation strated.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The History of the Relationship Between the Concept and Treatment of People with Down's Syndrome in Britain and America from 1866 to 1967
    THE HISTORY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONCEPT AND TREATMENT OF PEOPLE WITH DOWN'S SYNDROME IN BRITAIN AND AMERICA FROM 1866 TO 1967. BY Lilian Serife ZihniB.Sc. P.G.C.E. FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON 1 Abstract This thesis fills a gap in the history of mental handicap by focusing on a specific mentally handicapping condition, Down's syndrome, in Britain and America. This approach has facilitated an examination of how various scientific and social developments have actually affected a particular group of people with handicaps. The first chapter considers certain historiographical problems this research has raised. The second analyses the question of why Down's syndrome, which has certain easily identifiable characteristics associated with it, was not recognised as a distinct condition until 1866 in Britain. Subsequent chapters focus on the concept and treatment of Down's syndrome by the main nineteenth and twentieth century authorities on the disorder. The third chapter concentrates on John Langdon Down's treatment of 'Mongolian idiots' at the Royal Earlswood Asylum. The fourth chapter examines Sir Arthur Mitchell's study of 'Kalmuc idiots' in private care. The fifth considers how Down's and Mitchell's theories were developed by later investigators, with particular reference to George Shuttleworth's work. Archive materials from the Royal Albert, Royal Earlswood and Royal Scottish National Institutions are used. The sixth focuses on the late nineteenth century American concept and treatment of people with Down's syndrome through an analysis of the work of Albert Wilmarth.
    [Show full text]
  • Down's Syndrome
    J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmg.26.5.294 on 1 May 1989. Downloaded from Journal of Medical Genetics 1989, 26, 294-298 Fertility in a male with trisomy 21 RICHARD SHERIDAN*, JUAN LLERENA JR*, SALLY MATKINS*, PAUL DEBENHAMt, ANDREW CAWOODt, AND MARTIN BOBROW* From *the Paediatric Research Unit, Division ofMedical and Molecular Genetics, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, London SEJ 9RT; and tCellmark Diagnostics, ICI Chemical Industries plc, Blacklands Way, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 IDY. SUMMARY We review the published reports on reproduction in cases of non-mosaic trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) and present the first fully documented case of a non-mosaic male with Down's syndrome fathering a pregnancy, a fact which has important implications in the light of caring for these people in the community. The Down's syndrome female has ovaries contain- (table 1), states that "there appears to have been ing a reduced number of small follicles, which have a reason to believe that the father was also a mongol, greatly increased rate of atresia.1 Twenty-six non- but this cannot be confirmed". Other than this very mosaic trisomy 21 females, in 29 pregnancies, have brief anecdotal aside, we can find no reference in produced 10 offspring with Down's syndrome, two published reports to a non-mosaic male with trisomy spontaneously aborted fetuses whose status could 21 who has fathered a child. not be evaluated, and 18 (including one monozygo- copyright. tic twin pair) chromosomally normal offspring. Case report Of these, two are mentally retarded, four have other congenital malformations, and three were Our patient is a 29 year old man with trisomy 21, either spontaneously aborted or died of prematurity showing some of the classical features of Down's (table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Hyoscyamus Niger (Henbane) Henbane Belongs to the Solanaceae Family
    114 Holland, Oliver 17 Mann DMA. Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Histopathology 40 Prasher VP, Corbett JA. Onset of seizures as a poor indicator of longevity J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.59.2.114 on 1 August 1995. Downloaded from 1988;13: 125-37. in people with Down syndrome and dementia. International Journal of 18 Takashima S, Iida K, Mito T, Arima M. Dendritic and histochemical Geriatric Psychiatry 1993;8:923-7. development and aging in patients with Down's syndrome. _7 Intellect 41 Schapiro MB, Haxby JV, Grady CL. Nature of mental retardation and Disabil Res 1994;38:265-73. dementia in Down Syndrome: study with PET, CT, and neuro- 19 Mann DMA, Esiri MM. The pattern of acquisition of plaques and tangles psychology. NeurobiolAging 1992;13:723-34. in the brains of patients under 50 years of age with Down's syndrome. 42 Kesslak JP, Nagata SF, Lott I, Nalcioglu 0. Magnetic resonance imaging _7 Neurol Sci 1989;89: 169-79. analysis of age-related changes in the brains of individuals with Down's 20 Mann DMA. Association between Alzheimer disease and Down syn- syndrome. Neurology 1994;44:1039-45. drome: neuropathological observations. In: Berg JM, Karlinsky H, 43 Schapiro MB, Luxenberg JS, Kayes JA, et al. Serial quantative CT analy- Holland AJ, eds. Alzheimer disease, Down syndrome and their relationship. sis of brain morphometrics in adults with Down's syndrome with differ- Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. ent ages. Neurology 1989;39:1349-53. 21 Whalley U. The dementia of Down's syndrome and its relevance to aetio- 44 Murata T, Koshino Y, Omori, et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Three a Pathological Embodiment This Equivocal Being
    Chapter Three A Pathological Embodiment This equivocal being, who seems to have been placed by nature on the very confines of humanity . Philippe Pinel The denial of intellectually disabled people's capacity for mutuality and sociality, for meaningful and intentional interaction, was underlined in my siblings' records. These records included a combination of medical, psychiatric, psychological, educational and behavioural reports. They also included the daily observations made by staff at the institution where two of my siblings went to live. My family has had to negotiate these professional interpretations and practices; interpretations and practices that have the power to shape the social world within which intellectually disabled people reside. This is not to suggest, however, that there is unity and uniformity amongst these professional reports. They are diverse but are also linked together by an implicit "symbolic scheme" (Sahlins 1976). In Culture and Practical Reason, Marshall Sahlins (1976) argues against materialist and utilitarian interpretations of culture, claiming instead that culture operates according to a "symbolic scheme". As Sahlins explains, his argument: . takes as the distinctive quality of man not that he must live in a material world . but that he does so according to a meaningful scheme of his own devising . It therefore takes as the decisive Chapter Three: A Pathological Embodiment page 102 quality of culture—as giving each mode of life the properties that characterize it—not that this culture must conform to
    [Show full text]
  • View Article
    Cronicon OPEN ACCESS EC MICROBIOLOGY Review Article Types, Symptoms and Complications of Down syndrome Dahook Abdullah Abualsamh1*, Lujaine Mushabab Alqahtani2, Yaqoub Yousef Alhabib3, Baraah Ahmed Aldeera4, Hadeel Mosaad Almotiri5, Amro Sulaiman Aljuhani6, Abdulrahman Yousef Tashkandi7, Anas Jamal Algethmi8, Abdul- lah Abdulaziz Alghamdi9, Zafer Ali Alshahrani10, Sarah Jaber Shuaylah11 and Ahmed Hamzah Almakrami12 1Department of Pediatric, Pediatric Consultant and Clinical Genetics, East Jeddah General Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 2Maternity Children Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia 3Collage of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 4Collage of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 5Collage of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia 6Collage of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 7Department of Pediatric, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 8Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, East Jeddah General Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 9Department of Emergency Medicine, Al Aziziyah Children Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 10Collage of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia 11Collage of Medicine, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 12Collage of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia *Corresponding Author: Dahook Abdullah Abualsamh, Department of Pediatric, Pediatric Consultant and Clinical Genetics, East Jeddah General Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Received: January 08, 2020; Published: January 16, 2021 Abstract Background: Down syndrome (DS) is by far the most common chromosomal anomaly. It is caused by the involvement of one or half of the third copy of chromosome 21. An extra copy of chromosome 21 that can be either complete or partial based on the type, causes deformity and related morphological and physiological abnormalities in the body systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetics of Down Syndrome: a Review
    International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X Genetics of Down Syndrome: A Review Kamal Mehta Asst. Professor, P.G Department of Zoology, Jagdish Chandra D.A.V College, Dasuya (Punjab)-144205, India. Email: [email protected] Abstract--Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosome abnormalities in humans genetically recognized as autosomal aneuploidy associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features, poor immune system and mild to moderate intellectual disability with average IQ value 40. It is associated with the development of multiple phenotypic as well as physiological effects such as congenital heart defect, epilepsy, leukemia, thyroid diseases, and mental disorders. It can be caused by different genetical mechanisms such as trisomy 21, translocation and mosaicism. Down syndrome can be identified during pregnancy by prenatal screening followed by diagnostic testing or after birth by direct observation and genetic testing. Key Words: Autosomal aneuploidy, 21 Trisomy, Maternal Age, Nondisjunction, Mental disability, Prenatal Screening. I. INTRODUCTION Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosome abnormalities in humans genetically recognized as autosomal aneuploidy associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features, poor immune system and mild to moderate intellectual disability with average IQ value 40, equivalent to the mental ability of an 8 or 9-year old child [1,2]. A number of health problems such as congenital heart defect, epilepsy, leukemia, thyroid diseases, and mental disorders are more frequently found in such individuals. Down syndrome accounts for occurrence of 8% congenital malformations. It is named after John Langdon Down, a British doctor who fully described the syndrome in 1866[3].
    [Show full text]
  • On the Antiquity of Trisomy 21: Moving Towards a Quantitative Diagnosis of Down Syndrome in Historic Material Culture
    ISSN 2150-3311 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY ANTHROPOLOGY RESEARCH ARTICLE VOLUME II 2011 ISSUE 1 On the Antiquity of Trisomy 21: Moving Towards a Quantitative Diagnosis of Down Syndrome in Historic Material Culture John M. Starbuck Ph.D. Candidate Department of Anthropology The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania Copyright © John M. Starbuck On the Antiquity of Trisomy 21: Moving Towards a Quantitative Diagnosis of Down Syndrome in Historic Material Culture John M. Starbuck Ph.D. Candidate Department of Anthropology The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania ABSTRACT Down syndrome was first medically described as a separate condition from other forms of cognitive impairment in 1866. Because it took so long for Down syndrome to be recognized as a clinical entity deserving its own status, several investigators have questioned whether or not Down syndrome was ever recognized before 1866. Few cases of ancient skeletal remains have been documented to have Down syndrome-like characteristics. However, several forms of material culture may depict this condition. Within this paper the history of our understanding of Down syndrome is discussed. Both skeletal remains and different forms of material culture that may depict Down syndrome are described, and where relevant, debates within the literature about how likely such qualitative diagnoses are to be correct are also discussed. Suggestions are then made for ways in which a quantitative diagnosis can be made to either strengthen or weaken qualitative arguments for or against the diagnosis of Down syndrome in different forms of historic material culture. Starbuck: On the Antiquity of Trisomy 21 19 INTRODUCTION Down syndrome was first described in the medical literature by John Langdon Down in 1866.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring 2015 Table of Contents
    Sabiduría Spring 2015 Table of Contents The Applications of Calculus in Pharmaceutical Sciences Susan Daniels– Page 2 The Effects of Antidepressant Drugs on the Brain Maria Valdez Palomino – Page 7 The Eugenics Movement and its Modern Day Counterpart Rebecca Seide – Page 10 Lake Worth Campus Insanity: A Discussion of the Use and the Success Rates of the Insanity Plea Dear Readers, Jessica Ondrizek – Page 17 We are pleased to present the Spring 2015 edition of Sabiduría: Hey Baby! Come Read my Paper: The Dr. Floyd F. Koch Honors College Peer-Reviewed Journal. The Street Harassment on College selection process was rigorous, and the standard was high, but after Campuses a long process, we selected six manuscripts worthy of publication. Olivia Lowrey – Page 21 We congratulate Susan Daniels, Maria Valdez Palomino, Rebecca Seide, Jessica Ondrizek, Olivia Lowrey and Neysa Blay on being Substance Abuse: Understanding the selected authors. Addiction as a Disease We thank the writers who submitted their work and the peer- Neysa Blay – Page 25 reviewers for their tireless work in reviewing the submissions. It is the Honors College students who make Sabiduría possible by getting Sabiduría Staff – Page 30 involved in the peer-review process. In keeping with the mission of Palm Beach State College, the purpose of Our gratitude is also extended to Marcella Montesinos, and Dr. the Dr. Floyd F. Koch Honors College is to provide a challenging and Matthew Klauza, for their dedication and support. supportive academic environment in which students are encouraged to As each issue of Sabiduría is published, we hope the publication think critically, demonstrate continues to grow, improve, and represent the best that the Honors leadership, and develop ethical College has to offer.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Immunity in Children with Down Syndrome (Trisomy-21)
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-1985 Cellular Immunity in Children with Down Syndrome (Trisomy-21) Roger Lee Noble Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, Immunology and Infectious Disease Commons, and the Microbiology Commons Recommended Citation Noble, Roger Lee, "Cellular Immunity in Children with Down Syndrome (Trisomy-21)" (1985). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 4640. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4640 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CELLULAR IHHUNITY IN CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME (TRISOMY-2 1) by Roger Lee Noble A dissertation submitted in partial f•tlfillment of t he requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biology ( Hlc robi ology / Immunology) Approved : UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan , Utah 1985 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I must thank Dr. Reed P. Warren, my major professor and mentor for his enthusiasm for immunology and his influence and support as I have pursued my goals. I appreciate the members of my committee, Dr. Frederick J. Post, Dr. John R. Simmons, Dr. Stanley D. Allen and Dr. Mark C. Healey for their friendship and willingness to help. I am grate~1l to Dr. Donald V. Sisson for his valuable assistance with matters statistical. Other friends who have been especially supportive, Nancy Pace and Dr. Nadine Margaretten, I thank for their technical support and incite.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Rhythm, Is Very Amiable, Has a Good Memory, and Is 2 Usually Contented
    Dr. Gordon . New, Rochester, Minn. : I was much inter¬ probably exists everywhere; and no white race is ested in the case Dr. Beck reported, but, as the group I am exempt." were all it was not included. reporting malignant cases, The case described here illustrates that mongolian Regarding the retromaxillary group, I have seen several cases idiocy occurs in the race, and the with secondary involvement of the nasopharynx from retro¬ Mongolian Mongolian features of mongolian idiocy are not masked by the maxillary malignancy. I believe these are entirely different features from those I mention in The I am Mongolian of the Mongolian race. Indeed, my paper. group reporting the are primarily nasopharyngeal tumors and are usually in Rosen- family of the affected boy testified that "his eyes müller's fossa. I did not mention treatment because I felt are more slitlike than those of the other children." that if I did I would get away from the question of diagnosis. CASE We have seen many of these patients who were treated with REPORT OF radium continue well for three or four years, and feel that it From the mother it was learned that the child was born is the only treatment that offers relief. When surgery has at term. No instruments were used, and there was no been attempted, most patients have been made worse. asphyxia. The child was breast fed. The first tooth appeared at 11 months. The child crawled at 13 months, sat up at 14 months, and walked at 2 years. The other children of the family walked at 1 year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mongolian Idiot
    \ Ma THE MONGOLIAN IDIOT A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE SELLA TURCICA FINDINGS WALTER TIMME, M.D. N EW YORK R epriutcd from the Archiv es of N eHrology a11d Psychiatry M ay, 1921, Vo l. V, pp. 568-571 CoPYRIGHT , 1921 AMERICAN MEDICAL Asso c iATION FrvE H uN DRE D AN D TniRTY·l-;- IVE N o RTH DEARBORN STREET CH ICAGO THE MO!\GOLI.\ .\" IDIOT .\ I'l~ I:LI :1111'\ AR 1 l\ OT E 0:\ THE SCLL.\ T lj J{ C I C \ FJ ND l NGS \\":\LT E IZ Tl.\1.\IL. :-LD . ::-i E\\' \."O IU.: In the past year it ha ~ beei1 my g reat pri vil ege to exami ne a num ber o f :\longolian defecti1·es at \\·a ,·erl e)· . :\I ass., at the im·itation o f Dr. \\.alte r .! ~ . Ferna ld. T he case reports, complete clinical data, biochemical find ings a nd the resul t of t reatment on a n endocrinologic basis \\·ill be the substa nce of a later communication by Dr. F e rna ld a nd myself. 1 desire to ma ke at this time a p relimina ry p ublication of t he find ings of the roentgenologic examination of many of the skulls for the reason that it may stimulate the ma king of such examina tions in many centers with possibl e corrobo ration of my findings. F urther­ more. if necropsy mate ri a l is avail able, a specia l effort mig ht be made, on the basis of the sell ar changes shown in the ra d iographs.
    [Show full text]
  • Mindful Subjects: Classification and Cognitive Disability
    MINDFUL SUBJECTS: CLASSIFICATION AND COGNITIVE DISABILITY Angela Licia Carlson A Thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. Graduate Department of Philosophy University of Toronto O Copyright by Angela Licia Carlson 1998 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 191 of,,, du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. MINDFUL SUBJECTS: CLASSIFICATION AND COGNITIVE DISABILITY Ph.D. 1998 Angela Licia Carlson Philosophy Department, University of Toronto This dissertation is a cal1 for a philosophical reorientation regarding a particular classification of human beings: mental retardation. Generally, individuals with mental retardation are only discussed in philosophy as moral problems to be solved: are they persons? do they have rights? how ought they be treated? 1 depart from the traditional approach, and ask a different set of questions about the nature of classification, the effects it has on classified subjects, and the power relations involved in the process of classiQing.
    [Show full text]