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Gasoline Vehicle Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 12-2014 A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY BASED ON LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS FOR ON-BOARD PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR MODULES IN VEHICLES Mahmoud Abdelhamid Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons, Environmental Sciences Commons, and the Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Abdelhamid, Mahmoud, "A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY BASED ON LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS FOR ON-BOARD PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR MODULES IN VEHICLES" (2014). All Dissertations. 1458. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1458 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY BASED ON LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS FOR ON-BOARD PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR MODULES IN VEHICLES A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Automotive Engineering by Mahmoud Masad Abdelhamid December 2014 Accepted by: Dr. Imtiaz Haque, Committee Chair Dr. Rajendra Singh, Co-Chair Dr. Zoran Filipi Dr. Srikanth Pilla ABSTRACT This dissertation presents a novel comprehensive assessment methodology for using on-board photovoltaic (PV) solar technologies in vehicle applications. A well-to-wheels life cycle analysis based on a unique energy, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and economic perspective is carried out in the context of meeting corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards through 2025 along with providing an alternative energy path for the purpose of sustainable transportation. The study includes 14 different vehicles, 3 different travel patterns, in 12 U.S. states and 16 nations using 19 different cost analysis scenarios for determining the challenges and benefits of using on-board photovoltaic (PV) solar technologies in vehicle applications. It develops a tool for decision-makers and presents a series of design requirements for the implementation of on-board PV in automobiles to use during the conceptual design stage, since its results are capable of reflecting the changes in fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emission, and cost for different locations, technological, and vehicle sizes. The decision-supports systems developed include (i) a unique decision support systems for selecting the optimal PV type for vehicle applications using quality function deployment, analytic hierarchy process, and fuzzy axiomatic design, (ii) a unique system for evaluating all non-destructive inspection systems for defects in the PV device to select the optimum system suitable for an automated PV production line. (iii) The development of a comprehensive PV system model that for predicting the impact of using ii on-board PV based on life cycle assessment perspective. This comprehensive assessment methodology is a novel in three respects. First, the proposed work develops a comprehensive PV system model and optimizes the solar energy to DC electrical power output ratio. Next, it predicts the actual contribution of the on-board PV to reduce fuel consumption, particularly for meeting corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) 2020 and 2025 standards in different scenarios. The model also estimates vehicle range extension via on-board PV and enhances the current understanding regarding the applicability and effective use of on-board PV modules in individual automobiles. Finally, it develops a life cycle assessment (LCA) model (well-to-wheels analysis) for this application. This enables a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of an on-board PV vehicle application from an energy consumption, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission, and cost life- cycle perspective. The results show that by adding on-board PVs to cover less than 50% of the projected horizontal surface area of a typical passenger vehicle, up to 50% of the total daily miles traveled by a person in the U.S. could be driven by solar energy if using a typical mid- size vehicle, and up to 174% if using a very lightweight and aerodynamically efficient vehicle. In addition, the increase in fuel economy in terms of combined mile per gallon (MPG) at noon for heavy vehicles is between 2.9% to 9.5%. There is a very significant increase for lightweight and aerodynamic efficient vehicles, with MPG increase in the range of 10.7% to 42.2%, depending on location and time of year. Although the results show that the plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) do not always have a positive environmental impact over similar gasoline vehicles considering the well-to- iii wheel span, the addition of an on-board PV system for both vehicle configurations, significantly reduces cycle emissions (e.g., the equivalent savings of what an average U.S. home produces in a 20 month period). The lifetime driving cost ($ per mile) of a gasoline vehicle with adding on-board PV, compared to a pure gasoline vehicle, is lower in regions with more sunlight (e.g., Arizona) even of the current gasoline price in the U.S. ($4.0 per gallon) assuming battery costs will decline over time. Lifetime driving cost ($ per mile) of a plug-in EV with added PV versus pure plug-in EV (assuming electricity price 0.18 $/kWh) is at least similar, but mostly lower, even in regions with less sunlight (e.g., Massachusetts). In places with low electricity prices (0.13 $/kWh), and with more sunlight, the costs of operating an EV with PV are naturally lower. The study reports a unique observation that placing PV systems on-board for existing vehicles is in some cases superior to the lightweighting approach regarding full fuel-cycle emissions. An added benefit of on-board PV applications is the ability to incorporate additional functionality into vehicles. Results show that an on-board PV system operating in Phoenix, AZ can generate in its lifetime, energy that is the equivalent of what an American average household residential utility customer consumes over a three-year period. However, if the proposed system operates in New Delhi, India, the PV could generate energy in its lifetime that is the equivalent of what an Indian average household residential utility customer consumes over a 33-year period. Consequently, this proposed application transforms, in times of no-use, into a flexible energy generation system that can be fed into the grid and used to power electrical devices in homes and offices. The iv fact that the output of this system is direct current (DC) electricity rather than alternative current (AC) electricity reduces the wasted energy cost in the generation, transmission, and conversion losses between AC-DC electricity to reach the grid. Thus, this system can potentially reduce the dependency on the grid in third world countries where the energy consumption per home is limited and the grid is unstable or unreliable, or even unavailable. v DEDICATION I lovingly dedicate this dissertation to my wonderful family, who supported me through each step of the way. Particularly, to my brilliant and beautiful wife, Ala Qattawi, for her endless support and encouragement, and to my sons Kareem and Ameer, who filled our lives with joy and excitement. I also dedicate this work to my great parents, Masad and Inam, who provided me with endless support and encouragement during my whole life, and to my siblings, Rania, Alaa, Mohammed, and Roaa, for their boundless friendship and delightful encouragement. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Imtiaz Haque, and my co-adviser, Dr. Rajendra Singh, for their guidance and encouragement during my graduate study and throughout this work, their technical knowledge and expertise has provided me with the tools that I needed to complete my research and I am extremely thankful. I appreciated every moment that Dr. Haque spent with me for not only to guide this work, but also for his immense care of my professional development, though his extremely busy schedule. I also appreciated the continuous support from Dr. Singh, his class was very valuable and beneficial and I greatly appreciate it. I also would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Zoran Filipi and Dr. Srikanth Pilla for their valuable suggestions and input on my research. Their technical knowledge and expertise has helped to improve the quality of this work and I am extremely thankful. Many thanks are required for Dr. Mohammed Omar, who guided me during my start at CU-ICAR. Dr. Omar supported and encouraged me to pursue the PhD degree and gave me the technical knowledge and motivation that I needed to take that first step. Special thanks to Dr. Pierluigi Pisu, his class was very valuable and beneficial and I greatly appreciate it. Special thanks to my sister-in-law, Shaima Qattawi, who assisted my family and took care of everything in the last few months and I am extremely thankful. vii Last but not least, I feel privileged to have been surrounded by brilliant colleagues- Dr. Ala Qattawi, Dr. Amin Bibo, Dr. Ali Alahmer, Mr. Abdelrahim Khal, Mr. Bashar Alzuwayer, Mr. Hakan Kazan, and Mr. Rakan Alturk. I thank all of them for making my life as a graduate student a memorable one. I appreciate any help from other coworkers and friends that made this work possible. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT
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