split gill LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE M ■ ■ ■ ■ plums and custard rose-gilled grisette Russula persanguineaRussula Tricholomopsis rutilans Tricholomopsis Schizophyllum commune Schizophyllum Volvopluteus gloiocephalus* Volvopluteus LAMELLAE P LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S golden top LAMELLAE M buttery collybia ■ ■ orange mosscap orange ■

■ Rickenella bula Rickenella Agarics Agarics Russula clelandiiRussula gp. Rhodocollybia butyracea gp. Rhodocollybia butyracea Psilocybe subaeruginosa*

LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S, P ghost hairy trumpet rooting shank rooting ■ ■ ■ dung roundhead Panus fasciatus Panus ■ Omphalotus nidiformis* Protostropharia semiglobata Protostropharia Oudemansiella gigaspora gp. Oudemansiella gigaspora LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S pixies parasol ■ ■ ■ ■ vinacea Mycena Mycena clarkeana Mycena Mycena interrupta* Mycena Mycena epipterygia Mycena yellow-stemmed mycena yellow-stemmed LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S ■ velvet parachute velvet ■ ■ ■ Agarics Agarics fairy ring Marasmius oreades Marasmius Mycena albidofusca Mycena Marasmius elegans* Marasmius white-crowned mycena Marasmius alveolaris* Marasmius LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S ■ ■ ■ ■ white dapperling white Australian parasol parasol Australian redlead roundhead redlead Leratiomyces ceres* Leratiomyces Macrolepiota clelandii*Macrolepiota Leucopaxillus eucalyptorum Leucopaxillus Leucoagaricus leucothites Leucoagaricus blewit LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE LAMELLAE M LAMELLAE M sulphur tuft saron milkcap saron Lepista nuda* Lepista ■ eucalypt milkcap ■ ■ ■ Lactariusdeliciosus Lactariuseucalypti* Hypholoma fasciculare waxcap LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S funeral bell funeral ■ Hygrocybe sp. Hygrocybe ■ ■ ■ Agarics spectacular rustgill Agarics Gymnopilus junonius* Gymnopilus Hypholoma australianum Galerina patagonica gp* Galerina patagonica LAMELLAE M LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE M LAMELLAE M ruby bonnet ruby sp. ■ ■ ■ ■ slimy yellow cortinar yellow slimy elegant blue webcap elegant * Cruentomycena viscidocruenta* Cruentomycena Cortinarius rotundisporus LAMELLAE M LAMELLAE M LAMELLAE M LAMELLAE M skirt webcap green skinheadgreen ■ ■ emperor cortinaremperor ■ ■ Cortinarius archeri* Cortinarius clelandii gp. Cortinarius australiensis Cortinarius austrovenetus LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE S fairy inkcap lawyer's wig lawyer's ■ ■ ■ ■ egg-yolk eldcap egg-yolk Agarics Agarics Bolbitius titubans Coprinus comatus* comatus* Coprinus Collybia eucalyptorum* Collybia Coprinellus disseminatus Coprinellus y agaric LAMELLAE S LAMELLAE M LAMELLAE M LAMELLAE S, P ■ ■ ■ vermillion grisette vermillion ■ Agaricus bitorquis Agaricus pavement mushroom pavement Amanita muscaria* Australian honey fungus Australian Amanita xanthocephala* Armillaria luteobubalina*

Fungi and Central West NSW West and Central of the Central Tablelands Tablelands of the Central

Fungi of the Central Tablelands and Central West NSW www.fungimap.org.au www.anbg.gov.au/fungi www.ala.org.au www.inaturalist.ala.org.au www.dpi.nsw.gov.au

]) and may not be accurate, current or complete. The State of (including Local Land (including Local Wales of New South State The or complete. current not be accurate, ]) and may

Citation: Pouliot A (2020). Fungi of the Central Tablelands and Central West NSW. NSW Government, Orange. NSW Government, NSW. West and Central Tablelands of the Central A (2020). Fungi Pouliot Citation: contained in this publication. contained Readers should make their own inquiries and rely on their own advice when making decisions related to material material to when making advice on their own decisions related inquiriesReaders and rely should make their own reliability or correctness of any information included in the document (including material provided by third parties). third by provided (including material included in the document information or correctness of any reliability Services), the author and the publisher take no responsibility, and will accept no liability, for the accuracy, currency, currency, the accuracy, for no liability, and will accept Services), the author and the publisher take no responsibility, ([Month YYYY The information contained in this publication is based on knowledge in this publication the time of writing and understanding at contained information The Alison Pouliot www.alisonpouliot.com. © Design – Colour eld © Design 2020. www.colour eld.com.au Design www.alisonpouliot.com. Pouliot Alison with this publication for any purpose, provided that you attribute Local Land Services as the owner. © Images – Land Services Local attribute as the owner. you that provided purpose, any for with this publication © State of New South Wales through Local Land Services [2020]. You may copy, distribute and otherwise distribute deal freely copy, may You Land Services Local through [2020]. Wales of New South © State

National Program. Landcare Government’s This project is jointly funded through Local Land ServicesThis project Local is jointly and funded the Australian through fabulous illustration. and Katie Syme for her and Katie for metastrigosa and X. Syme sulcifera Xanthoparmelia sekikaica, Sarcogyne of Sarcogyne the lichen images McCarthy for Patrick reviewing; for Lands Council Leach from Local Land Services NSW and Greg Ingram from Orange Local Aboriginal Aboriginal Local Land Services Orange from Local Ingram from Greg NSW and Leach McKenna. Thanks to Tom May for assistance with validation; Liz Davis and Rohan Liz Davis with species validation; assistance for May Tom to Thanks McKenna. Australian National Botanic National Gardens Australian of Living Atlas Australia iNaturalist Institute Agricultural Orange Paul Design: Pouliot. Alison text and photography: Research, Acknowledgements:

Fungimap Fungimap Online resources CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. CSIRO Publishing, of Fungi. Allure A (2018) The Pouliot CUP, Cambridge. CUP, A (2011) 20th Century Guidebook Fungi. to Trinci Robson G, D, Moore Chthaeus Press, Oregon. Press, Chthaeus . P (2016) Radical McCoy British Wildlife Publishing, Dorset. Publishing, Wildlife British Marren P (2012) . Further reading on fungi reading Further UNSW Press, Sydney. UNSW Press, of Australia. the Fungi Guide to A (2005) A Field Young HRCRMA, NSW. Rivers Region. HRCRMA, of the Hunter-Central P (2013) Fungi S, O'Sullivan Moore . Macdown, Melbourne. . Macdown, Illustrated Fungi I (2003) Australian McCann Fungimap, Melbourne. Fungimap, Down Under. E (2005) Fungi P & Grey Grey Australian eld guides Australian are indicated by an asterisk (*). an asterisk by indicated are it is part of a species complex. Species that are part of the Fungimap mapping scheme mapping it is part part are Species that of a species complex. of the Fungimap identi ed to genus level. Some names also have the quali er 'group' (gp), which means (gp), quali er 'group' the Some names also have genus level. to identi ed The majority of Australian fungi are yet to be formally named and some are only named and some are be formally to yet are fungi majorityThe of Australian Each species is represented by a scienti c name and a common name (where one exists). one exists). name (where name and a common a scienti c by Each species is represented observe the nature of the underside () of specimens. of observe of the underside (hymenium) the nature Naming fungi range of variation within the species. Also, take a little mirror with you so you can so you with you take a little mirror Also, within the species. of variation range weather conditions, such as wind, sun, frost and rain. This will give you a sense of the a sense of the you will give This and rain. sun, frost such as wind, conditions, weather Also note the variation in colour and shape that can result from exposure to dierent dierent to exposure from can result and shape that in colour the variation note Also dierent growth stages, so you can observe the developmental changes that can occur. can occur. can observe that changes so you the developmental stages, growth dierent in the eld. When identifying a fungus, try a fungus, identifying specimens of the same species at nd When to in the eld. some of the more conspicuous and distinctive species that are relatively easy to identify identify easy to relatively are and distinctive species that conspicuous some of the more grow in the diverse habitats of the Central Tablelands and Central West NSW. It includes NSW. West and Central Tablelands of the Central habitats the diverse in grow This guide represents a selection of 96 species from hundreds, possibly thousands that that possibly thousands a selection hundreds, of 96 species from guide represents This and (stem). and stipe (stem). morphological features including the pileus (cap), hymenium (fertile surface) hymenium including the pileus (cap), morphological features animals and plants, identifying fungi then requires close examination of various of various close examination fungi then requires identifying animals and plants, soil, leaf litter, living tree, fallen log, grass, sand or herbivore scat. As with As scat. sand or herbivore grass, fallen log, living tree, leaf litter, soil, garden. Then note the substrate in which the fungus is growing – for example, example, – for is growing in which the fungus the substrate note Then garden. a dry eucalypt woodland, native grassland, pine plantation, riparian area or riparian area pine plantation, grassland, a dry native eucalypt woodland, when identifying a fungus is the type of habitat in which it grows – for example, example, – for a fungus is the type in which it grows when identifying of habitat plants, habitats and substrate types. Hence, one of the rst things to observe to the rst things one of Hence, types. and substrate habitats plants, environments. Particular fungi grow in association with particular climates, with particular in association Particular climates, fungi grow environments. Fungi grow in almost every type of terrestrial ecosystem as well as aquatic as aquatic as well ecosystem type every in almost terrestrial of grow Fungi Identifying fungi Identifying of the Central Tablelands and Central West NSW West and Central Tablelands the Central of Fungi Fungi with Pores Pores / Tooth Fungi / Corals / Jellies Jellies / Stinkhorns / Birdsnests / Earthstars / Puballs Cups / Discs / Clubs / Pins / Morels / Lichens

Aboriginal use of fungi Central Tablelands and Central West NSW Aboriginal people, including those of the Central Tablelands and Central West The Central Tablelands and Central West NSW incorporate a range of habitat types such of NSW (Wiradjuri, Gamilaroi, Wailwan and Wongaubon) have used fungi as tall montane forests, grassy woodlands, outcrop heaths and shrublands, with more arid environments to the west. Large tracts of the region have also been substantially potentially for tens of thousands of years as food and medicine, as well as for altered for agriculture, with a subsequent loss of biodiversity including fungi. various utilitarian and decorative uses. Mt Canobolas State Conservation Area The conspicuous scarlet bracket (Trametes coccinea) grows on dead wood and is widespread Within the region, the Mt Canobolas State Conservation Area (SCA) is recognised for in the region. It is known for its antibiotic its ecological, scienti c and conservation signi cance. It forms a remnant of distinct montane and sub-alpine vegetation that harbours a diverse and unusual mix of arid compounds and is used medicinally by the zone, alpine and temperate rainforest species. These include over 200 regionally Wiradjuri people to cure infections, sores and signi cant plant and fungus species, 14 of which are listed as threatened. It also ulcers in the mouth. harbours many endemic taxa. Boletus barragensis Coltricia australica Lentinus arcularius Trametes coccinea Artomyces austropiperatus Ramaria lorithamnus Tremella fuciformis* Cyathus striatus Calvatia lilacina Aleuria aurantia* Drechmeria gunnii * Lichenomphalia chromacea* fairy stool fringed polypore scarlet bracket peppery coral fungus yellow coral white brain uted bird’s nest purple-spored puballl orange peel fungus dark vegetable caterpillar yellow navel Another polypore, the white punk (Laetiporus Endangered Mt Canobolas Xanthoparmelia lichen community ■ PORE M portentosus) is used in various ways as tinder, to ■ PORE S ■ PORE S ■ PORE S, P ■ CORAL M ■ CORAL M ■ JELLY S ■ BIRDSNEST S ■ PUFFBALL S ■ CUP S ■ CLUB P ■ LICHEN Y Lichens are among the best known fungi in Australia. Every lichen consists of a fungus carry re and as a light source (it burns slowly and alga in symbiosis. The combined attributes of life in symbiosis allow lichens to over a long time when ignited). Wiradjuri Elder withstand acute temperatures, desiccation, irradiation, salinity and extreme uctuations Trisha Carroll recalls collecting this species as a that are intolerable to most other life, earning them the moniker of ‘extremophiles’. child for use as a light source. Wiradjuri man Greg The Mt Canobolas Xanthoparmelia Lichen Community, is unique to the volcanic Ingram, tells how bracket fungi were used like province. Four lichens are recognised as endemic to the SCA: Gyalidea halocarpa, steps to climb trees when looking for bees. There Sarcogyne sekikaica, Megalaria montana and Xanthoparmelia metastrigos. An are records elsewhere in the country of the white Trametes coccinea assemblage of at least nine species of foliose lichens, including the endemic X. punk being eaten as food. scarlet bracket metastrigosa, is listed as an Endangered Ecological Community and gazetted as the Mt Canobolas Xanthoparmelia Lichen Community Endangered Ecological Community The black powderpu (Podaxis pistillaris) grows in the drier regions and its black (Scienti c Committee 2001). Occurring mostly above 1100 m, the assemblage includes: spores were/are used by various desert people for body decoration and to darken Cladia fuliginosa, Xanthoparmelia canobolasensis, X. digitiformis, X. metaclystoides, X. the greying whiskers or hair of old men, as well as to repel ies. This species grows in metastrigosa, X. multipartita, X. neorimalis and X. sulcifera. desert areas elsewhere in the world where its antibacterial properties are used to How fungi feed treat skin disease and soothe sunburn. Fungi obtain food in dierent ways, referred to as trophic modes. Most are recyclers Boletellus obscurecoccineus* Fistulina hepatica Phaeolus schweinitzii Trametes versicolor Clavulina rugosa Ramaria versatilis var. latispora Tremella mesenterica gp* Nidula emodensis gp* Pisolithus marmoratus Phaeohelotium baileyanum Ophiocordyceps robertsii Sarcogyne sekikaica All three species are illustrated in this guide. (saprotrophs), breaking down organic material and releasing nutrients, while others rhubarb bolete beefsteak fungus dyer’s mazegill rainbow fungus wrinkled coral purple vinaceous coral yellow brain horse dung fungus yellow earth button vegetable caterpillar ■ BIRDSNEST S ■ LICHEN Y form mutually bene cial relationships (mycorrhizas) with plants. Other fungi are ■ PORE M ■ PORE S ■ PORE S ■ PORE S ■ CORAL M ■ CORAL M ■ JELLY S ■ PUFFBALL M ■ DISC S ■ CLUB P Fungus conservation parasitic, deriving nutrition from a living host. All fungi play a vital role in Biodiversity conservation in Australia has largely focussed on fauna and ora but ecosystem function. fungi are nally starting to be included. Like animals and plants, fungi are prone to The trophic mode for each species is indicated by the letters: environmental stresses that can damage or destroy them. Maintaining a diversity of S=saprotrophic; M=mycorrhizal; P=parasitic; Y=symbiotic. fungi is key to resilient ecosystems. To maximise the diversity of fungi on your Major fungus morphogroups property or in your land rehabilitation project, endeavour to: Fungi can be categorised in arbitrary groups based on their form, shape or texture, • Maintain or create diverse habitats – in particular, retain a diversity of organic known as morphogroups. The most well-known are the agarics – mushrooms that matter from large old logs through to ne organic matter such as sticks and usually have an umbrella-like shape with lamellae (thin radiating plates also called gills) leaves. This provides specialist micro-habitats and micro-climates that beneath the pileus (cap). Other familiar morphogroups include puballs, jellies, corals, clubs, discs and polypores. Species in this guide are arranged within morphogroups. accommodate a greater range of fungi. • Minimise disturbance such as digging, tilling, ploughing, raking, soil compaction, Fungus substrates over-watering, re and chemical use. Fungi grow in dierent substrates including soil, living or dead wood, leaf litter, native animal scats, invertebrates, and other fungi. The type of substrate where each species • Retain and protect existing remnant vegetation – the larger and more diverse, Phlebopus marginatus* Hexagonia vesparia* Piptoporus australiensis Hydnum crocidens gp. Mucronella pendula* Calocera sinensis gp. Clathrus archeri Geastrum fornicatum* Podaxis pistillaris Poronia erici Leotia lubrica Xanthoparmelia metastrigosa is usually found is indicated with the following colour codes: giant bolete honeycomb fungus curry punk echidna fungus icicle pretty horn octopus stinkhorn arched earthstar black powderpu small dung button jelly baby* the better. Remnants are critical elements of functioning ecosystems that are LICHEN Y ■ soil, ■ wood, ■ dung, ■ moss, ■ invertebrate. ■ PORE M ■ PORE S ■ PORE P ■ TOOTH S ■ CORAL S ■ JELLY S ■ STINKHORN S ■ EARTHSTAR S ■ PUFFBALL S ■ DISC S ■ PIN S ■ more dicult to recreate through revegetation. Fence remnants to limit or exclude stock. Major features of a mushroom • If planting in cleared land, aim to create linkages with existing remnant vegetation. Remember that fungi such as trues and true-like fungi rely on native Australian mammals for spore distribution. Therefore, aim to increase the pileus universal veil remnants size and quality of existing remnants and create or expand wildlife corridors wherever possible.

• Participate in conservation covenant agreements to provide annulus formed permanent protection. lamellae from

• Investigate grants and incentives for habitat restoration. stipe • Contribute your knowledge by participating in survey and monitoring programs and submit your fungus records to databases such as the Atlas volva of Living Australia. Suillus luteus Laetiporus portentosus* Ryvardenia campyla Phellodon niger gp. Ramaria anziana Heterotextus peziziformis gp* Ileodictyon gracile* Geastrum triplex Scleroderma sp. Scutellinia scutellata gp* Morchella sp. Xanthoparmelia sulcifera slippery jack white punk weeping polypore black tooth orange & salmon pink coral golden jelly bells smooth cage collared earthstar earthball eyelash pixie cup morel • Join a group involved in fungi such as Fungimap or Field Naturalists Clubs. LICHEN Y ■ PORE M ■ PORE S ■ PORE P ■ TOOTH M ■ CORAL M ■ JELLY S ■ STINKHORN S ■ EARTHSTAR S ■ PUFFBALL M ■ DISC S ■ MOREL S/M ■