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Selected Benthic Faunas from the Devonian of the Ardennes: an Estimation of Palaeobiodiversity

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Selected Benthic Faunas from the Devonian of the Ardennes: an Estimation of Palaeobiodiversity View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Acta Geologica Polonica, Vol. 57 (2007), No. 2, pp. 223-262 provided by Open Marine Archive Selected benthic faunas from the Devonian of the Ardennes: an estimation of palaeobiodiversity BENOIT L.M. HUBERT1,2, MIKO¸AJ K. ZAPALSKI1,3, JEAN-PIERRE NICOLLIN1, BRUNO MISTIAEN1 AND DENISE BRICE1 1Laboratoire de Paléontologie stratigraphique FLST & ISA, UMR 8014 CNRS, 41, rue du Port, 59046 Lille cedex, France. 2Unité de Recherche de Pétrologie sédimentaire, B20, Université de Li¯ge, Sart-Tilman B-4000 Li¯ge, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] 3Laboratory of Palaeontology, Warsaw University, Faculty of Geology, ˚wirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: HUBERT, B.L.M., ZAPALSKI, M.K., NICOLLIN, J.-P., MISTIAEN, B. & BRICE, D. 2007. Selected benthic fau- nas from the Devonian of the Ardennes: an estimation of palaeobiodiversity. Acta Geologica Polonica, 57 (2), 223-262. Warszawa. A survey of the principal benthic faunas from the Devonian of the Ardennes is presented. The α-diver- sity is very high (707 species, including 138 species of stromatoporoids, 113 species of tabulates, hydroids and chaetetids, and 456 species of brachiopods). Analysis of their distribution through time indicates two brachiopod diversity peaks (Emsian/Eifelian and Frasnian), a single stromatoporoid diversity peak (Givetian), and no clear peak of tabulate corals (with the highest diversification during the Eifelian–Frasnian). The highest diversity of bioconstructors in the Givetian correlates with a decrease in brachiopod diversity. Changes in the vertical distribution of the faunas are correlated with the facies development: the development of carbonates correlates with the abundance of stromatoporoids and tabulates, while brachiopods were most abundant before and after the peak of carbonate development. Bioconstructors are absent (or nearly absent) in siliciclastic facies. Key words: Devonian, Ardennes, Biodiversity, Stromatoporoids, Chaetetids, Hydroids, Tabulate corals, Brachiopods. INTRODUCTION later nineteenth and the first part of the twenti- eth century numerous authors provided faunal The Ardennes is a classic area where geologi- lists, especially of brachiopods, generally devel- cal and palaeontological studies have been devel- oped with an eye to faunas described from other oped since the nineteenth century with special areas, principally the Eifel or neighbouring areas regard to Devonian macrofaunas. During the in Germany. Nevertheless, several systematic 224 BENOIT L M. HUBERT & al. brachiopod studies were published during that GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF THE period (ASSELBERGHS 1912, BÉCLARD 1887-95, STUDY AREA DEHÉE 1929, GOSSELET 1860-88, DE KONINCK 1876-78 and MAILLIEUX 1909-41). Attention then The focus of this study is the Ardennes, from turned to tabulate corals LECOMPTE (1933, 1939), the Avesnois in France in the west to the Vesdre and the stromatoporoids (LECOMPTE 1951, 1952), Massif (Belgium) and Aachen area (Germany) in and more generally to reef development during the east, excluding other areas in Germany (Text- the Devonian. The most numerous publications fig. 1). from the second half of the twentieth and the The Devonian faunas of the Ardennes are beginning of the twenty-first centuries focused known from two main tracts: the Dinant and again on brachiopods (SARTENAER 1954-2005, Namur synclinoria. The southern part of the VANDERCAMMEN 1955-67, GODEFROID 1970- Dinant synclinorium provided most of the fossils. 2005, and MOTTEQUIN 2003-05). Such a review They are less abundant in the northern part of this shows that brachiopods are the most studied of structure; the Namur synclinorium is less fossilifer- all the macrofaunal groups though there are sev- ous – Namur faunas are restricted to the Frasnian. eral modern papers on tabulates (TOURNEUR In the Dinant synclinorium (southern part) out- 1985-89). crops are abundant, the Devonian deposits are The aim of this paper is to present the complete thicker, and carbonate facies are more frequent, faunal list of the principal benthic macrofaunal with an important reefal development beginning in groups from the Ardennes as a starting point for an the Eifelian and continuing to the Frasnian (TSIEN estimation of the palaeobiodiversity and for dis- 1975, 1979). Detailed information on the lithos- cussing possible causes of variations between the tratigraphy of the Middle Devonian of the groups over time. Introductory observations on the Ardennes can be found in BULTYNCK & al. (1991); biodiversity of the groups under discussion were the Frasnian formations were described by made by BLIECK & al. (2006). BOULVAIN & al. (1999). The Givetian of the Fig. 1. Geological map of the Ardennes showing Devonian deposits PALAEOBIODIVERSITY OF THE DEVONIAN BENTHIC FAUNAS OF THE ARDENNES 225 Dinant S. Namur S. Vesdre M. Aachen Stromatoporoids 40 13 6 Indet. Tabulates 26 Indet. Indet. Indet. Brachiopods 60 4 2 Indet. Table 1. Number of studied sites (Bibliographical database) Avesnois has been described by BOULVAIN & al. Pr – Pragian, Em – Emsian, Ei – Eifelian, (1994). Table 1 indicates the number of fossiliferous Gi – Givetian, Fr – Frasnian, Fa – Famennian). sites for the two above-mentioned synclinoria, as In old papers local (as well as old) stratigraph- well as for the Aachen area and Vesdre Massif. ic stages were used; we have updated the strati- graphic attribution in such papers. METHODS Stratigraphy, duration of the stages and problems arised In the present study only the major fossil groups (stromatoporoids, tabulate corals and brachiopods) Though we have collected all available data con- are included; for simplicity, chaetetids and cerning occurrences of the stromatoporoids, Cladochonus hydroids are included with the tabu- chaetetids, hydrozoans, tabulate corals and bra- late corals. This reflects the research fields of the chiopods in the Devonian of the Ardennes, several authors. Similar studies of other groups need to be difficulties have arisen: undertaken and included in the database (as for a. The duration of specific stages is not the same (e. example, rugose corals). g. Pragian – 4.2 My, Emsian 9.5 My after These data are presented as a table with the list GRADSTEIN & OGG 2004). Their length varies of species (appendix) arranged as follows: according to different authors and different methods – e. g., the suggested length of the 1 – Names of species that have been recognized in Famennian, depending on the radiometric Ardennes, with the author’s name and date of method used, ranges from 4.5 My (HARLAND & establishment. For various reasons, some of the al. 1989) to 15.4 My (KAUFMANN 2006). names published in old papers are not recog- Comparison of the ages suggested from biozones nized in the present list, e. g. Atrypa reticularis L., for this stage also results in varying durations: 1758, now known to be an exclusively Silurian from 7.3 My up to 11 My (BRICE & MISTIAEN, species; all previous reports of this species from 2003). the Ardennes are misidentifications. b. The boundaries of the stages have changed over time. For example, the current lower limit of the 2 – Current generic attribution of the species in Emsian was established in 1996; older papers question. This is often a somewhat arbitrary placed this boundary at various levels. Some decision reflecting our point of view on sys- local stages (e. g. Gedinnian) are no longer used tematics. and have been replaced by the international stages (e. g. Lochkovian) used in this paper. It is 3 – Author’s name and date of the current generic stressed that the limits of old stages do not cor- attribution (the authors’ name in bold face indi- respond to the limits of the new stages. cates that, to the best of our knowledge, it is the c. The quality of determinations varies according to first attribution to that genus). the group. For example, the rhynchonellids have been investigated in detail (SARTENAER, 1954- 4 – Author’s name and date of the first citation of 2005), whereas terebratulids are quite rare and the species in the Ardennes. thus poorly studied. Tabulates are another exam- ple – the pachyporids have been re-described 5 – Stratigraphic distribution of the species in the comprehensively by TOURNEUR (1985, 1986), Ardennes according to the current stratigraph- whereas the auloporids have not been revised ic division of the Devonian (Lo – Lochkovian, since the descriptions by LECOMPTE (1939). 226 BENOIT L M. HUBERT & al. d. Differing intensity of research from group to bonate facies were well developed (Text-fig. 1a, e). group is another problem. A group occurring in They reached their peak diversity in the Givetian a specific stage may have received more atten- (81 species), whereas in the Frasnian their diversity tion than the same group in other strata; this decreased slightly (64 species). They disappeared at may give the impression of changes in biodiver- the Frasnian/Fammenian boundary but reappeared sity, when in fact it reflects the differences in at the end of the Fammenian (“Strunian”) with sig- intensity of study – the “monograph effect”. nificant diversity (20 species), correlated with the e. The numbers of specimens from different time presence of biostromes. Among the organisms dis- intervals and sites were not available due to the cussed here, stromatoporoids best reflect correla- lack of data in the older literature. LECOMPTE tion with facies (Text-fig. 2). (1951, 1952) gave, for example, only the number of thin sections of the stromatoporoids he stud- ied, without any indication of the number of specimens involved for each species. Similar problems arise with studies by other authors. In several groups it may be possible to estimate such a number, e. g. for Frasnian pentamerid brachiopods, where 671 specimens have been counted, belonging to five species (out of eight known Frasnian pentamerids) described by GODEFROID (1972, 1974). VARIATIONS IN PALAEOBIODIVERSITY The number of species (α-diversity) of each group plotted against age is (Table 2): Stages Lo. Pr. Em.
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