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From Archipelago to Loko Iʻa: Understanding Cryptofauna Communities, Crabbing, and Place-Based Management

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From Archipelago to Loko Iʻa: Understanding Cryptofauna Communities, Crabbing, and Place-Based Management FROM ARCHIPELAGO TO LOKO IʻA: UNDERSTANDING CRYPTOFAUNA COMMUNITIES, CRABBING, AND PLACE-BASED MANAGEMENT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY (MARINE BIOLOGY) December 2020 By Kaleonani Kanoe Cafferty Hurley Dissertation Commitee: Robert J. Toonen, Chairperson Rosanna A. Alegado Brian W. Bowen Megan Donahue Margaret McManus Keywords: Hawaiʻi, marine biodiversity, mesophotic coral ecosystems; mud crab; crabbing; loko iʻa DEDICATION For my keiki, Haliʻa and Laʻakea Hurley Hee, who joined us recently but bring constant inspiration, and for my husband, Zacheri Hee, who supported me throughout this whole journey. For the Hurley family, Pat Kamalani, Kaliko, Kawehi, and Tim, for cheering me on and believing in me. For my kūpuna, who are always with me. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have many people to mahalo and acknowledge for my dissertation, and I want to begin with my first inspirations for pursuing a graduate degree. Mahalo to Sherril Leon Soon and Kim Peyton for being my first mentors out of undergrad, for helping me to think of the physical oceanography context for marine life, for sharing your kernels of wisdom, and for showing me the true value of perseverance. Mahalo to my next set of academic mentors, Nyssa Silbiger and Megsie Siple, for helping me to grow as a scientist, for preparing me for independent research, and for shaping the way I see ecology. I also want to thank Kuʻulei Rogers and Claire Lager for introducing me to the Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology and for your support and encouragement throughout my pursuit of a graduate degree. Mahalo nui loa e Paepae o Heʻeia for all the time and mana you put into the loko iʻa— you inspire and empower people of all ages to come back to Indigenous ways of knowing and caring for honua. Mahalo for inviting me into the loko and for trusting me with your knowledge. To my graduate committee, who were there for my highs and lows, mahalo for guiding me back to shore when I felt adrift at sea. Mahalo e Rosie Alegado for being an inspiration as one who wears many hats and kūleana that are even too long to list yet always being there for those under your care; for all you do to support our Lāhui and help other kānaka in academia to reach our goals; for sending me words of encouragement and somehow knowing that was just what I needed, like during the early trials of new parenthood; and for showing me how to be rigorous in pursuit of knowledge while respecting and lifting up Indigenous worldviews and nurturing our connections to place and each other. He mana wahine maoli nō ʻoe. To Brian Bowen, the fish (and turtle) half of the ToBo Lab, your generosity in sharing kindness and knowledge knows no bounds. Thank you for always making time for me, for encouraging me to work smarter, for spreading your wit and laughter, and for never failing to point out the good (or bring out the funny) in other people. Thank you for all you to do care for your students in the present and the past or gone. As we know from Uncle John, “the first days are the hardest days/[…]/but ain’t no time to hate, barely time to wait/” and honestly, I often wonder if I’ll ever know “where does the time go”. I’m just really glad to have known a merry time with you. iii To Megan Donahue, I was truly lucky to have been an intern in your lab group. You cultivate conscientious and passionate graduate students and I became a better scientist from being in your lab so early before embarking on my own graduate journey. I’m grateful for having time as an official member of your lab, and even more for having you on my committee. Thank you for continuing to share advice, knowledge, and energy with me during my own graduate journey. From the early days of talking about porcelain crabs in the Pacific Northwest to more recent advice on working through a pandemic, you’ve always been there for me academically, professionally, and personally to share a few tears and even more laughs. To Margaret McManus, first female appointed chair of the Department of Oceanography, I’ve always admired how you see your academic position as a way to bring others up. You are an unwavering advocate in righting so many injustices, and I’ll always be grateful for knowing you. Thank you for being a part of my dissertation team, for pushing me to be a critical thinker, for always being open to share resources and research, for supporting me as a graduate parent, and for showing me that to strive means more than to work to attain a position – it also means evaluating what else we can do for others when we get to that position. To Rob Toonen, thank you for believing in me. You always find a way to give me the attention, support, realism check, or words that I need to continue on and move forward, and I will always be grateful for our first email exchange about having a shared interest in crabs. Thank you for all that you do to lift up the folks in our lab—whether masters- or PhD-seeking, short-term volunteers or long-term interns, you show us that we all matter. Mahalo for embracing your one hānai and for growing your ʻohana actively in your moku. Mahalo for lending your voice and your power to influence change so that our local resources are better cared for or even protected across the paeʻāina and in the ahupuaʻa of Heʻeia. Mahalo for making space for kānaka maoli students not only to be present at the university but also to thrive. Mahalo for being more than an advisor who oversees my work in projects – mahalo for helping me to connect to other communities; for always showing me the importance of work/life or life/work balance; for being the first person to show me that I matter even without following the typical transient lifestyle of a scientist; and for just generally being a good person. He kumu aʻo mea ola nō, you are indeed a teacher and source of life. iv Mahalo to the members of the ToBo Lab past and current: once a ToBo, always a ToBo! It was a privilege to know all of you, be it personally or through your research. Mahalo to the University of Hawaiʻi Sea Grant College Program for your support throughout my graduate journey. In particular, thank you my mentor, Katy Hintzen, for sharing virtual space with me during the Peter J. Rappa Sustainable Coastal Development Fellowship. You have a way with words and can so easily and eloquently interpret ideas, and I admire this about you and your openness. Mahalo to the co-mentors of the fellowship, Kevin Chang and Miwa Tamanaha at Kuaʻāina Ulu ʻAuaomo and Rosie Alegado for bringing me under your wings for this important work in data sharing and kuleana and reciprocal relationships, and for trusting me with a small part of this work that was a result of your years of energy. Mahalo also Maya Walton and Darren Lerner for working to build on responsible research with Hawaiʻi communities, for supporting student research at the university and for believing in us. Mahalo to my friends for supporting me throughout this crazy journey with laughs, hugs, and thoughtful, tearful, or passionate conversations: Keisha Bahr, Richard Coleman, ʻAleʻalani Dudoit, Kiana Frank, Caitlyn Genovese, Matt Iacchei, Claire Lager, Gwen Lentes, Beth Lenz, Sherril Leon Soon, Claire Lewis, Claire Mitchell, Kanoeʻulalani Morishige, Eileen Nalley, Krissy Remple, Angela Richards Donà, Megan Ross, Caitlin Shishido, Annie Surratt, Eric ʻIwakeliʻi Tong, Chris Wall, Kelly Williams. My deepest apologies if I left your name out, I was eager to finish writing this work and putting together the acknowledgements made me especially emotionally vulnerable so I had to step away often. An extra mahalo to Richard Coleman for your generosity in helping me write proposals and spending time and energy on me to help me improve as a researcher and a writer. Extra mahalo also to Eileen Nalley and Molly Timmers for helping me shape and complete my dissertation defense presentation. To my fellow kānaka maoli in marine science, ʻAleʻalani Dudoit, Nakoa Goo, Cassie Kaʻapu-Lyons, and Kanoeʻulalani Morishige, mahalo for your continued inspiration in raising up the Lāhui in science. I want to also say a special thank you to Carol Ann Hayashida for your family's very generous contributions to university students through your HIMB scholarship. HIMB means so much to me - I actually started out as an intern for Kupu before deciding grad school was the way to go. In my time at HIMB, I was able to work under three different faculty in three different labs on many different research projects. I am so grateful to have been a recipient of the v Hayashida scholarship during my time as a Master's and then a PhD student. As local students, we are so lucky to be supported by people like you, who believe in student potential and who believe in our research to study and support Hawaiʻi's natural and cultural resources. To my ʻohana, Hurley, Fujihara, Cafferty, Paʻakaula, and Hee, thank you for your neverending support and love. Mahalo nui loa to my parents, Pat and Tim, for providing the Hurley Hee clan space in your home for different periods of this graduate journey; for watching over and babysitting the littlest Hurley Hees; for sheltering us during the COVID-19 pandemic; for feeding me when I didn’t have time to secure my own lunch.
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