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Planktonic Communities As Indicators of Water Quality in Mangrove Lagoons; a Jamaican Case Study Primrose E

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Planktonic Communities As Indicators of Water Quality in Mangrove Lagoons; a Jamaican Case Study Primrose E View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ESE - Salento University Publishing Transitional Waters Bulletin TWB, Transit. Waters Bull. 3(2008), 39-63 ISSN 1825-229X, DOI 10.1285/i1825229Xv2n3p39 http://siba2.unile.it/ese/twb Planktonic communities as indicators of water quality in mangrove lagoons; a Jamaican case study Primrose E. Campbell BSc., M.Phil., Janette A. Manning BSc. M.Phil., Mona K. Webber BSc., M.Phil. Ph.D.,Dale F. Webber BSc. Ph.D. Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston RESEARCH ARTICLE 7 Jamaica. WI, Mona K. Webber – Corresponding author. Department of Life Science, 4 Anguila Close. UWI Mona Campus, Kingston 7 Jamaica WI [email protected]; Tel: 876 927-1202; Fax: 876 977-1075 Abstract 1 - In mangrove lagoons, where natural conditions of high turbidity, detritus and microbiological activity combined with low light render traditional water quality indices unreliable, the planktonic community is proposed as a more appropriate and accurate index of eutrophication status. 2 - Over a 12 month period, monthly sampling was conducted at 9 stations representing different degrees of eutrophication. 3 - Phytoplankton size fractionated biomass, species composition and abundance as well as zooplankton total abundance, species composition and abundances of selected groups were examined along with depth, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, particulate organic matter, and reduction / oxidation potential (redox). 4 - Phytoplankton were collected using a horizontal niskin whole water sampler, zooplankton hauls (vertical/oblique) were taken using a modified Wildco net (158 µm mesh aperture 0.2 m hoop diameter) and a Hydrolab Surveyor IV Water Quality Data System was used to collect physic- chemical data in situ. 5 - While dissolved oxygen, salinity and pH demonstrated potential for use as water quality indicators, particulate organic matter, redox and temperature demonstrated inconclusive variations or insignificant differences between lagoons of known water quality. 6 - Phytoplankton biomass (Chlorophyll a) was among the most reliable planktonic indices distinguishing four groups of stations with different water qualities: oligotrophic (0.21-0.55 mg m-3) mesotrophic (0.57 – 2.55 mg m-3) eutrophic (3.00 to 6.55 mg m-3) and extremely eutrophic (>31.17 mg m-3). 7 - This was attributed to diatom and dinoflagellate cells of differing sizes being able to characterise eutrophication even after the source of eutrophication had dissipated and while physico-chemical parameters remained unchanged. 8 - Mean zooplankton abundances were also reliable, distinguishing pristine stations (789 - 3,111 animals m-3) and highly eutrophic stations (114,970 – 563,339 animals m-3). 9 - The group ‘Larvae’ and the copepod Dioithona occulata were major contributors to mean abundances, since as small herbivores they are able to take advantage of high phytoplankton concentrations. 10 - Other taxa like Acartia tonsa and harpacticoid copepods were ubiquitous and although never numerically dominant showed high numbers at the more eutrophic sites. 11 - This makes relative abundances of cosmopolitan species as reliable an index as presence absence of key species in mangrove lagoons. Keywords: Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, communities, eutrophication, Jamaica, mangrove, lagoons. © 2008 University of Salento - SIBA http://siba2.unile.it/ese TWB 3 (2008) Campbell et al Introduction Mangrove lagoons are highly valuable and 1993; Hoilett and Webber, 2001), the productive ecosystems which are vital to water column conditions and planktonic coastal stability (Wolanski and Boto, 1990). communities are poorly understood. There is They occur in 112 countries and territories a paucity of studies, for example, comparing (Kathiresan and Bingham, 2001) with global conditions in mangrove lagoon waters coverage estimated between 10 and 24 with other pelagic areas of these systems. million hectares. Mangroves form a range Furthermore, while extensive work has been of estuarine, coastal fringe, basin and scrub done on water quality monitoring in Jamaican communities; frequently associated with salt bays, the monitoring tends to concentrate marshes and salinas. They develop best in on the open, deeper waters of the bay or in low lying areas of the coast where there is areas not immediately affected by mangroves river discharge and shelter provided by sand (Grahame, 1976; Youngbluth, 1980; Dunbar banks or offshore reefs. Mangroves are and Webber, 2003; Webber et al., 2005). found on protected shallow shores where The findings are usually extrapolated to there is often an association with estuarine include the mangrove lagoons or mangrove conditions (Chapman, 1976). They provide a dominated areas of the bay. However, there buffer between the adjacent land and marine is the danger of not confirming eutrophic areas by reducing the quantities of sediment, conditions in mangrove waters because they nutrients and fresh water in land runoff. It may be masked or modified by the natural is hypothesised that mangrove lagoons all conditions. have similar background physicochemical Both phytoplankton and zooplankton conditions and therefore eutrophication communities have been successfully used status will not be evident using traditional in coastal water quality monitoring and as water quality monitoring techniques. These bioindicators of pollution (Clutter, 1972; traditional water quality indices include: Youngbluth, 1980; Elnabarawy and Welter, nutrients, water clarity (light penetration), 1984; Turner, 1994; Wang et al., 1999; biochemical oxygen demand, chemical Brooks et al., 1999; Dunbar and Webber, contaminants, and bacterial content (Webber 2003; Webber et al., 2005) but most studies and Webber, 1998). The failure of these indices have been focused in bays and not enough to accurately represent the mangal ecosystem is known about the potential of planktonic water quality may be due to opaque tannin communities as descriptors in mangrove coloured waters, low light conditions from lagoons. Although high phytoplankton tree self-shading, high detrital, microbial biomass can be a reliable indicator of and algal productivity and high suspended eutrophic mangals, low phytoplankton material, among other natural properties. biomass due to inhibitory effects of phenolic Eutrophication of coastal systems seems to materials (tannins) in the water may mask be increasing due to various anthropogenic the condition (Herrera-Silvera and Ramirez- influences (Holdgate, 1980; Lindo, 1991; Ramirez, 1996). Moreover, zooplankton Hessen, 1999). While mangrove forest grazing not only reduces phytoplankton communities in Jamaica have been extensively biomass, but removes other suspended studied (Chow, 1997; Alleng, 1997; Bacon particles from the water by concentration into and Alleng, 1992; Morgan, 1995; McDonald much denser faecal pellets which then fall et al., 2003) and mangrove root communities to the benthos. Consequently, the estuarine are well known (Bingham, 1990; Goodbody, waters appear clearer and bottom sediments © 2008 University of Salento - SIBA http://siba2.unile.it/ese 40 TWB 3 (2008) Planktonic communities as indicators of water quality. richer in nutrients (Ward and Montague, were expected to demonstrate a range of 1996). Because of the importance of mangals water qualities and so were organized in and the potential impact on other ecosystems, the following order from most eutrophic to there is need to develop reliable indices and least eutrophic status: The Great Salt Pond appropriate standards of monitoring water (GSP), Hunts Bay (HB), Buccaneer Swamp quality in these areas. This study will examine (Yacht Club) (YC), Fort Rocky Lagoon the use of the phytoplankton and zooplankton (FRL), Bowden Bridge (BB), Bowden West communities as reliable indices of water (BW), Galleon Harbour East (GHE), Galleon quality in mangrove lagoons experiencing Harbour West (GHW), and Wreck Bay varying levels of eutrophication. (WB). The stations were selected because they are exposed to different environmental Materials And Methods conditions such that they ranged from Study area eutrophic, sewage outfall point at the Great Nine stations were selected for the Salt Pond and disturbed lagoons in Kingston examination of water quality indices in Harbour/Hunts Bay to pristine mangrove mangrove dominated coastal lagoons on the areas with clear subterranean springs in South Coast of Jamaica (Figure 1). These Wreck Bay (McDonald et al., 2003; Webber Figure 1. Map of Jamaica with details of eastern half showing the south coast bays where mangrove lagoons stations were located. GSP – Great Salt Pond, HB- Hunts Bay, YC- Yacht Club, FRL- Fort Rocky Lagoon, BB- Bowden Bridge, BW- Bowden West, GHE- Galleon Harbour East, GHW Galleon Harbour West and WB- Wreck Bay. © 2008 University of Salento - SIBA http://siba2.unile.it/ese 41 TWB 3 (2008) Campbell et al and Wilson-Kelly, 2003). All these lagoons, 90 % acetone (Lorenzen and Jeffrey, 1978) however, share the characteristics of low and was determined using a Turner Designs light penetration because of tannin coloured TD700 version 1.8 laboratory fluorometer (of waters, high productivity, high turbidity and sensitivity < 20 picograms ml-1 at standard high detritus and microbial activity. wavelength 300 - 650 nm and optional red sensitive wavelength 185 - 870nm). Sampling Identification and enumeration of Sampling was conducted routinely at phytoplankton samples were conducted
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