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The Switch Between Acute and Persistent Paramyxovirus Infection University of Dundee The switch between acute and persistent paramyxovirus infection caused by single amino acid substitutions in the RNA polymerase P subunit Young, Dan F.; Wignall-Fleming, Elizabeth B.; Busse, David C.; Pickin, Matthew J.; Hankinson, Jack; Randall, Elizabeth M. Published in: PLoS Pathogens DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007561 Publication date: 2019 Licence: CC BY Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Discovery Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Young, D. F., Wignall-Fleming, E. B., Busse, D. C., Pickin, M. J., Hankinson, J., Randall, E. M., Tavendale, A., Davison, A. J., Lamont, D., Tregoning, J. S., Goodbourn, S., & Randall, R. E. (2019). The switch between acute and persistent paramyxovirus infection caused by single amino acid substitutions in the RNA polymerase P subunit. PLoS Pathogens, 15(2), 1-24. [e1007561]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007561 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in Discovery Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from Discovery Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 RESEARCH ARTICLE The switch between acute and persistent paramyxovirus infection caused by single amino acid substitutions in the RNA polymerase P subunit 1 1,2 3 4 Dan F. Young , Elizabeth B. Wignall-Fleming , David C. BusseID , Matthew J. PickinID , 4 1 5 2 Jack HankinsonID , Elizabeth M. Randall , Amy Tavendale , Andrew J. DavisonID , 5 3 4 1 Douglas Lamont , John S. TregoningID , Steve GoodbournID , Richard E. RandallID * a1111111111 a1111111111 1 School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, BMS Building, North Haugh, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom, 2 MRC±University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, a1111111111 Glasgow, United Kingdom, 3 Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College a1111111111 London, London, United Kingdom, 4 Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, a1111111111 London, United Kingdom, 5 School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Young DF, Wignall-Fleming EB, Busse DC, Pickin MJ, Hankinson J, Randall EM, et al. Paramyxoviruses can establish persistent infections both in vitro and in vivo, some of which (2019) The switch between acute and persistent lead to chronic disease. However, little is known about the molecular events that contribute paramyxovirus infection caused by single amino to the establishment of persistent infections by RNA viruses. Using parainfluenza virus type acid substitutions in the RNA polymerase P 5 (PIV5) as a model we show that phosphorylation of the P protein, which is a key compo- subunit. PLoS Pathog 15(2): e1007561. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007561 nent of the viral RNA polymerase complex, determines whether or not viral transcription and replication becomes repressed at late times after infection. If the virus becomes repressed, Editor: Diane E. Griffin, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, UNITED STATES persistence is established, but if not, the infected cells die. We found that single amino acid changes at various positions within the P protein switched the infection phenotype from lytic Received: November 2, 2018 to persistent. Lytic variants replicated to higher titres in mice than persistent variants and Accepted: January 4, 2019 caused greater infiltration of immune cells into infected lungs but were cleared more rapidly. Published: February 11, 2019 We propose that during the acute phases of viral infection in vivo, lytic variants of PIV5 will Copyright: © 2019 Young et al. This is an open be selected but, as the adaptive immune response develops, variants in which viral replica- access article distributed under the terms of the tion can be repressed will be selected, leading to the establishment of prolonged, persistent Creative Commons Attribution License, which infections. We suggest that similar selection processes may operate for other RNA viruses. permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Author summary Information files. As well as causing acute infections that result in mild to serious disease, many RNA Funding: This work was funded by The Wellcome viruses can establish prolonged or persistent infections in some infected individuals, that Trust (https://wellcome.ac.uk) and Medical Research Council (https://mrc.ukri.org) through occasionally lead to chronic or reactive disease. Little is known about the molecular mech- grants awarded to RER (101788/Z/13/Z), SG anisms involved in the establishment of such infections. Using parainfluenza virus type 5 (101792/Z/13/Z), JST (109056/Z/15/A) and AJD (PIV5) as a model, we show how lytic and persistent variants of the virus can be selected (MC_UU_12014/3). EBW-F and DCB studentships on the basis of single amino acid substitutions and propose that the selection of persistent were sponsored by the Medical Research Council PLOS Pathogens | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007561 February 11, 2019 1 / 24 Paramyxovirus persistence, quasi species and virus repression (G0801822) and Wellcome Trust (109056/Z/15/A) respectively. MJP and JH were supported by variants as the adaptive immune response develops following an acute infection might be studentships provided by St George's, University of a mechanism these viruses have evolved to enhance their transmission rates. As well as London. The University of St Andrews and the being of fundamental interest, understanding the molecular basis by which RNA viruses University of Glasgow are charities registered in Scotland (SC013532 and SC004401, respectively). establish persistent infections may improve our understanding of virus epidemiology The funders had no role in study design, data (and hence improve the control of virus infections) and of virus:host interactions that collection and analysis, decision to publish, or influence the relationship between virus persistence and chronic/relapsing disease. Fur- preparation of the manuscript. thermore, the knowledge of how RNA viruses, such as PIV5, establish persistent infections Competing interests: The authors have declared may lead to improve vaccine design since vectors which can establish persistent infections that no competing interests exist. may induce longer-lasting more robust immunity. Introduction Paramyxoviruses are primarily known for the acute infections and associated diseases they cause, such as mumps, measles and respiratory illnesses. However, under certain conditions they can establish persistent (or prolonged) infections [1], which can be considered as infec- tions that continue for longer than would be expected from a prototypical acute infection (2±3 weeks). For example, both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients have been shown to shed parainfluenza virus (PIV) 2, 3 and 4 for weeks and even years after infection [1], whilst dogs infected with canine distemper virus can shed virus for months after initial infection [2]. Prolonged/persistent infections can lead to chronic diseases, for instance sub- acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is associated with measles [3], postviral olfactory dysfunction is associated with PIV3 [4] and chronic kidney disease is associated with feline paramyxovirus [5, 6]. Little is understood of the molecular mechanisms by which paramyxoviruses establish and maintain persistent infections. Like other viruses, they must avoid elimination by the host immune response, while maintaining their genomes in at least some infected cells. Since it is highly probable that continual high-level viral replication in a cell will either directly kill the cell or lead to viral recognition and killing by innate and adaptive immune responses, it is likely that viral replication must be at least partially repressed in some cells in order for a virus to establish a persistent infection [7]. The interferon (IFN) response, and the ability of viruses to circumvent it, is also likely to play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of persistent infections. Thus, patients who have a defective ability to respond to type I IFN can become persistently infected with measles, mumps and rubella viruses following MMR vaccination with serious sequelae [8, 9]. On the other hand, we have suggested that the IFN response may also dampen down viral replication in some cells, thereby facilitating persistence [10, 11]. Using parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV5) as a model, we show here that viral replication at late times after infection can also be repressed in an IFN-independent mechanism, thereby leading to the establishment of persistent infections.
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