DOCSLIB.ORG

SOCS Doctoral Symposium, June 27, 2013

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SOCS Doctoral Symposium, June 27, 2013 Learning to Extract International Relations from News Text Brendan O’Connor Machine Learning Department Carnegie Mellon University Presentation: NSF SOCS Doctoral Symposium, June 27, 2013 Forthcoming, ACL 2013. Joint work with Brandon Stewart (political science, Harvard) Noah Smith (CMU) Paper and other information at: http://brenocon.com/irevents/ 1 Thursday, June 27, 13 Computational Social Science Thursday, June 27, 13 Computational Social Science 1890 Census tabulator - solved 1880’s data deluge Computation as a tool for social science applications Thursday, June 27, 13 Automated Text Analysis • Textual media: news, books, articles, internet, messages... • Automated content analysis: tools for discovery and measurement of concepts, attitudes, events • Natural language processing, information retrieval, data mining, and machine learning as quantitative social science methodology 4 Thursday, June 27, 13 International Relations Event Data Extracted from news text http://gdelt.utdallas.edu 5 Thursday, June 27, 13 Previous work: knowledge engineering approach Open-source TABARI software and ontology/patterns ~15000 verb patterns, ~200 event classes (Schrodt 1994..2012; ontology goes back to 1960’s) 03 - EXPRESS INTENT TO COOPERATE Event types 07 - PROVIDE AID 15 - EXHIBIT MILITARY POSTURE 191 - Impose blockade, restrict movement Verb patterns not_ allow to_ enter ;mj 02 aug 2006 per event type barred travel block traffic from ;ab 17 nov 2005 block road ;hux 1/7/98 Extract events from news text 6 Thursday, June 27, 13 Previous work: knowledge engineering approach Open-source TABARI software and ontology/patterns ~15000 verb patterns, ~200 event classes (Schrodt 1994..2012; ontology goes back to 1960’s) 03 - EXPRESS INTENT TO COOPERATE Event types 07 - PROVIDE AID 15 - EXHIBIT MILITARY POSTURE 191 - Impose blockade, restrict movement Verb patterns not_ allow to_ enter ;mj 02 aug 2006 per event type barred travel block traffic from ;ab 17 nov 2005 block road ;hux 1/7/98 Extract events from news text Issues: 1. Hard to maintain and adapt to new domains 2. Precision is low (Boschee et al 2013) 6 Thursday, June 27, 13 Our approach • Joint learning for high-level summary of event timelines • 1. Automatically learn the verb ontology • 2. Extract events / political dynamics • Social context to drive unsupervised learning about language 7 Thursday, June 27, 13 Newswire entity/predicate data • 6.5 million news articles, 1987-2008 • Focus on events between two actors: (SourceEntity, ReceiverEntity, Time, wpredpath) • “Pakistan promptly accused India” [1/1/2000] => (PAK, IND, 268, SRC -nsubj> accuse <dobj- REC) • Named entities: dictionary of country names • Predicate paths: where verb dominates Source in subject position. Receiver most commonly directobj, prepobj constructions (some others too) Thursday, June 27, 13 Newswire entity/predicate data Very rare to see parsers in text-as-data studies. Parsers are slow, hard to use, and make errors. • Entities: as noun phrases ROOT Events: as verbs and arguments • S • Co-occurrence has low precision NP VP . • Preprocess with Stanford CoreNLP for NP PP VBD NP PP . part-of-speech tags and syntactic DT NN IN NP saw PRP IN NP dependencies The cat in DT NN him with DT NN • Filters for topics, factivity, verb-y paths, the hat a telescope and parse quality • Makes unsupervised learning easier: verb-argument information decides which words represent the event 9 Thursday, June 27, 13 Vanilla Model Model Independent contexts Frame learning from One (s,r,t) slice of graphical model verb co-occurrence within contexts 2 Thus the vector ⇤ ,s,r,t encodes the relative log- τ ⇥ odds of the different frames for events appearing Frame prior βk,s,r,t 1 βk,s,r,t in the context (s, r, t). This simple logistic nor- − k k mal prior is, inlog-odds terms of in topic models,Overall analogousprevalence of ype | ype Context) 2 T to the asymmetricthis context Dirichlet priorframe version (event of LDA class) σk inFrameWallach prioret in al. (2009), since the αk parameter αk ηk,s,r,t can learn that some frames tend⌘ to be moreN( likely↵ , σ2) Context Model P(Event this context k,s,r,t k k k ⇠2 than others. The variance parameter ⇧k controls admixture sparsity, analogousexp to⌘k,s,r,t a Dirichlet’s con- θs,r,t ✓k,s,r,t = centration parameter. K ype) exp ⌘ s "Source" k0=1 k0,s,r,t entity s T r "Receiver" z 3.1 Smoothing FramesP Across Time r z ✓s,r,t entity The vanilla model⇠ is capable of inducing frames t Timestep w φz i Event tuple wpredpath | Event ext through dependency⇠ path co-occurences, when k Frame i Language Model P(T multiple events occur in a given context. How- ever, many dyad-time slices are very sparse; for β φ example,Training: of the blocked 739 weeks Gibbs insampling the dataset, the most prevalent(Markov dyadChain (ISR-PSE) Monte Carlo) has a nonzero Figure 1: Directed probabilistic diagram of the event count in 525 of them. Only 104 directed- 10 modelThursday, for June one 27, 13(s, r, t) dyad-time context, for the dyads have more than 25 nonzero weeks. One smoothed model. solution is to increase the bucket size (e.g., to months); however, previous work in political sci- ence has demonstrated that answer questions of in- The context model generates a frame prior ⌅s,r,t • for every context (s, r, t). terest about reciprocity dynamics require recover- ing the events at weekly or even daily granularity Language model: • (Shellman, 2004), and in any case wide buckets Draw lexical sparsity parameter ⇥ from a dif- help only so much for dyads with fewer events • fuse prior (see 4). or less media attention. Therefore we propose a § (SF) model, in which the frame For each frame k, draw a multinomial distri- smoothed frames • distribution for a given dyad comes from a la- bution of dependency paths, ⌥k Dir(⇥). ⇥ tent parameter ⇥ ,s,r,t that smoothly varies over For each (s, r, t), for every event tuple i in ⇥ • time. For each (s, r), draw the first timestep’s val- that context, ues as ⇥k,s,r,1 N(0, 100), and for each context Sample its frame z(i) Mult(⌅ ). ⇥ • ⇥ s,r,t (s, r, t > 1), Sample its predicate realization • (i) 2 w Mult(⌥z). Draw ⇥k,s,r,t N(⇥k,s,r,t 1, ⌃ ) predpath ⇥ • ⇥ − 2 Draw ⇤k,s,r,t N(αk + ⇥k,s,r,t, ⇧k) Thus the language model is very similar to a topic • ⇥ 2 models’ generation of token topics and wordtypes. Other parameters (αk, ⇧k) are same as the vanilla We use structured logistic normal distributions model. This model assumes a random walk pro- to represent contextual effects. The simplest is the cess on ⇥, a variable which exists even for contexts vanilla (V) context model, that contain no events. Thus inferences about ⇤ will be smoothed according to event data at nearby For each frame k, draw global parameters from timesteps. This is an instance of a linear Gaus- • 2 diffuse priors: prevalence αk and variability ⇧k. sian state-space model (also known as a linear dy- For each (s, r, t), namical system or dynamic linear model), and is a • convenient formulation because it has well-known 2 Draw ⇤k,s,r,t N(αk, ⇧ ) for each frame k. exact inference algorithms. This parameterization • ⇥ k Apply a softmax transform, of ⇤ is related to one of the topic models pro- • posed in Blei and Lafferty (2006), though at a dif- exp ⇤k,s,r,t ⌅k,s,r,t = ferent structural level and using a different infer- K exp ⇤ k =1 k0,s,r,t ence technique ( 4). This also draws on models 0 § Smoothed Model Vanilla Model Linear dynamical system Independent contexts Model (Random walk) Frame learning from verb co-occurrence One (s,r,t) slice of graphical model βk,s,r,1 N(0, 100) ⇠ 2 within contexts βk,s,r,t N(βk,s,r,t 1,⌧) 2 ⇠ − Thus the vector ⇤ ,s,r,t encodes2 the relative log- τ ⌘k,s,r,t N(↵k + βk,s,r,t⇥ , σk) odds⇠ of the different frames for events appearing Frame prior βk,s,r,t 1 βk,s,r,t in the context (s, r, t). This simple logistic nor- − k k mal prior is, inlog-odds terms of in topic models,Overall analogousprevalence of ype | ype Context) 2 T to the asymmetricthis context Dirichlet priorframe version (event of LDA class) σk inFrameWallach prioret in al. (2009), since the αk parameter αk ηk,s,r,t can learn that some frames tend⌘ to be moreN( likely↵ , σ2) Context Model P(Event this context k,s,r,t k k k ⇠2 than others. The variance parameter ⇧k controls admixture sparsity, analogousexp to⌘k,s,r,t a Dirichlet’s con- θs,r,t ✓k,s,r,t = centration parameter. K ype) exp ⌘ s "Source" k0=1 k0,s,r,t entity s T r "Receiver" z 3.1 Smoothing FramesP Across Time r z ✓s,r,t entity The vanilla model⇠ is capable of inducing frames t Timestep w φz i Event tuple wpredpath | Event ext through dependency⇠ path co-occurences, when k Frame i Language Model P(T multiple events occur in a given context. How- ever, many dyad-time slices are very sparse; for β φ example,Training: of the blocked 739 weeks Gibbs insampling the dataset, the most prevalent(Markov dyadChain (ISR-PSE) Monte Carlo) has a nonzero Figure 1: Directed probabilistic diagram of the event count in 525 of them. Only 104 directed- 11 modelThursday, for June one 27, 13(s, r, t) dyad-time context, for the dyads have more than 25 nonzero weeks.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Israel in 1982: the War in Lebanon
    Israel in 1982: The War in Lebanon by RALPH MANDEL LS ISRAEL MOVED INTO its 36th year in 1982—the nation cele- brated 35 years of independence during the brief hiatus between the with- drawal from Sinai and the incursion into Lebanon—the country was deeply divided. Rocked by dissension over issues that in the past were the hallmark of unity, wracked by intensifying ethnic and religious-secular rifts, and through it all bedazzled by a bullish stock market that was at one and the same time fuel for and seeming haven from triple-digit inflation, Israelis found themselves living increasingly in a land of extremes, where the middle ground was often inhospitable when it was not totally inaccessible. Toward the end of the year, Amos Oz, one of Israel's leading novelists, set out on a journey in search of the true Israel and the genuine Israeli point of view. What he heard in his travels, as published in a series of articles in the daily Davar, seemed to confirm what many had sensed: Israel was deeply, perhaps irreconcilably, riven by two political philosophies, two attitudes toward Jewish historical destiny, two visions. "What will become of us all, I do not know," Oz wrote in concluding his article on the develop- ment town of Beit Shemesh in the Judean Hills, where the sons of the "Oriental" immigrants, now grown and prosperous, spewed out their loath- ing for the old Ashkenazi establishment. "If anyone has a solution, let him please step forward and spell it out—and the sooner the better.
    [Show full text]
  • Palestinian Forces
    Center for Strategic and International Studies Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy 1800 K Street, N.W. • Suite 400 • Washington, DC 20006 Phone: 1 (202) 775 -3270 • Fax : 1 (202) 457 -8746 Email: [email protected] Palestinian Forces Palestinian Authority and Militant Forces Anthony H. Cordesman Center for Strategic and International Studies [email protected] Rough Working Draft: Revised February 9, 2006 Copyright, Anthony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. May not be reproduced, referenced, quote d, or excerpted without the written permission of the author. Cordesman: Palestinian Forces 2/9/06 Page 2 ROUGH WORKING DRAFT: REVISED FEBRUARY 9, 2006 ................................ ................................ ............ 1 THE MILITARY FORCES OF PALESTINE ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 2 THE OSLO ACCORDS AND THE NEW ISRAELI -PALESTINIAN WAR ................................ ................................ .............. 3 THE DEATH OF ARAFAT AND THE VICTORY OF HAMAS : REDEFINING PALESTINIAN POLITICS AND THE ARAB - ISRAELI MILITARY BALANCE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 4 THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY FORC ES ................................ ................................ .......... 5 Palestinian Authority Forces During the Peace Process ................................ ................................ ..................... 6 The
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Geopolitical Dynamics of the Middle East and Their Impact on Israeli-Palestinian Peace Efforts
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Honors Theses Lee Honors College 4-25-2018 The Changing Geopolitical Dynamics of the Middle East and their Impact on Israeli-Palestinian Peace Efforts Daniel Bucksbaum Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, International Relations Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Bucksbaum, Daniel, "The Changing Geopolitical Dynamics of the Middle East and their Impact on Israeli- Palestinian Peace Efforts" (2018). Honors Theses. 3009. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses/3009 This Honors Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Lee Honors College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Changing Geopolitical Dynamics of the Middle East and their Impact on Israeli- Palestinian Peace Efforts By Daniel Bucksbaum A thesis submitted to the Lee Honors College Western Michigan University April 2018 Thesis Committee: Jim Butterfield, Ph.D., Chair Yuan-Kang Wang, Ph.D. Mustafa Mughazy, Ph.D. Bucksbaum 1 Table of Contents I. Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 II. Source Material……………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 III. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 IV. Historical Context for the Two-State Solution………………………………………………………...6 a. Deeply Rooted and Ideological Claims to the Land……………………………………………….…..7 b. Legacy of the Oslo Accords……………………………………………………………………………………….9 c. Israeli Narrative: Why the Two-State Solution is Unfeasible……………………………………19 d. Palestinian Narrative: Why the Two-State Solution has become unattainable………..22 e. Drop in Support for the Two-State Solution; Negotiations entirely…………………………27 f.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning to Extract International Relations from Political Context
    Learning to Extract International Relations from Political Context Brendan O’Connor Brandon M. Stewart Noah A. Smith School of Computer Science Department of Government School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Harvard University Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract model of the relationship between a pair of polit- ical actors imposes a prior distribution over types We describe a new probabilistic model of linguistic events. Our probabilistic model in- for extracting events between major polit- fers latent frames, each a distribution over textual ical actors from news corpora. Our un- expressions of a kind of event, as well as a repre- supervised model brings together famil- sentation of the relationship between each political iar components in natural language pro- actor pair at each point in time. We use syntactic cessing (like parsers and topic models) preprocessing and a logistic normal topic model, with contextual political information— including latent temporal smoothing on the politi- temporal and dyad dependence—to in- cal context prior. fer latent event classes. We quantita- tively evaluate the model’s performance We apply the model in a series of compar- on political science benchmarks: recover- isons to benchmark datasets in political science. ing expert-assigned event class valences, First, we compare the automatically learned verb and detecting real-world conflict. We also classes to a pre-existing ontology and hand-crafted 1 conduct a small case study based on our verb patterns from TABARI, an open-source and model’s inferences.
    [Show full text]
  • Hamas Type of Organization
    Hamas Name: Hamas Type of Organization: Political religious social service provider terrorist violent Ideologies and Affiliations: Islamist jihadist Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated group pan-Islamist Qutbist Sunni Place of Origin: Gaza Strip Year of Origin: 1987 Founder(s): Ahmed Yassin, Mahmoud Zahar, Hassan Yousef, Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, Mohammed Hassan Shama’a, Abdul Fattah Hassan Dukhan, Ibrahim Fares Al-Yazouri, Salah Shahada (Founder of the Qassam Brigades), Issa Al-Nashar Places of Operation: Gaza Strip, West Bank, Israel, Qatar, Egypt, Lebanon, Iran Overview Also Known As: Harakat al-Muqawana al-Islamiya (Islamic Resistance Movement); Al-Tiar Al-Islami (The Islamic Stream); Al-Athja Al-Islami (The Islamic Trend)1 Executive Summary Hamas is an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood [1] that emerged in the Gaza Strip in the late 1980s, during the first Palestinian intifada (uprising) against Israel. The group’s ideology blends Islamism and Palestinian nationalism and seeks the destruction of Israel and the creation of an Islamic state between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.Since 2017, Hamas claims to have severed its ties to the Brotherhood. The group also receives financial and military support from Iran. Qatar has also provided significant funding for the group. Hamas uses its provision of social services to build support amongst grassroots Palestinians, helping it to win the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections. However, the group’s engagement in politics and welfare has not tempered its commitment to terrorism. Hamas’s preferred methods include suicide bombings, rocket and mortar attacks, shootings, and kidnappings. Hamas as a whole or its armed faction have been labeled terrorist organizations by the United States, Israel, the United Kingdom, the European Union, New Zealand, Australia, and Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Suicide Terrorists in the Current Conflict
    Israeli Security Agency [logo] Suicide Terrorists in the Current Conflict September 2000 - September 2007 L_C089061 Table of Contents: Foreword...........................................................................................................................1 Suicide Terrorists - Personal Characteristics................................................................2 Suicide Terrorists Over 7 Years of Conflict - Geographical Data...............................3 Suicide Attacks since the Beginning of the Conflict.....................................................5 L_C089062 Israeli Security Agency [logo] Suicide Terrorists in the Current Conflict Foreword Since September 2000, the State of Israel has been in a violent and ongoing conflict with the Palestinians, in which the Palestinian side, including its various organizations, has carried out attacks against Israeli citizens and residents. During this period, over 27,000 attacks against Israeli citizens and residents have been recorded, and over 1000 Israeli citizens and residents have lost their lives in these attacks. Out of these, 155 (May 2007) attacks were suicide bombings, carried out against Israeli targets by 178 (August 2007) suicide terrorists (male and female). (It should be noted that from 1993 up to the beginning of the conflict in September 2000, 38 suicide bombings were carried out by 43 suicide terrorists). Despite the fact that suicide bombings constitute 0.6% of all attacks carried out against Israel since the beginning of the conflict, the number of fatalities in these attacks is around half of the total number of fatalities, making suicide bombings the most deadly attacks. From the beginning of the conflict up to August 2007, there have been 549 fatalities and 3717 casualties as a result of 155 suicide bombings. Over the years, suicide bombing terrorism has become the Palestinians’ leading weapon, while initially bearing an ideological nature in claiming legitimate opposition to the occupation.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Report
    A LICENSE TO KILL Israeli Operations against "Wanted" and Masked Palestinians A Middle East Watch Report Human Rights Watch New York !!! Washington !!! Los Angeles !!! London Copyright 8 July 1993 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Card Catalog Number: 93-79007 ISBN: 1-56432-109-6 Middle East Watch Middle East Watch was founded in 1989 to establish and promote observance of internationally recognized human rights in the Middle East. The chair of Middle East Watch is Gary Sick and the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb. Andrew Whitley is the executive director; Eric Goldstein is the research director; Virginia N. Sherry and Aziz Abu Hamad are associate directors; Suzanne Howard is the associate. HUMAHUMAHUMANHUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some sixty countries around the world. It addresses the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. In internal wars it documents violations by both governments and rebel groups. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process of law and equal protection of the law; it documents and denounces murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, exile, censorship and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of Helsinki Watch by a group of publishers, lawyers and other activists and now maintains offices in New York, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, London, Moscow, Belgrade, Zagreb and Hong Kong.
    [Show full text]
  • A Threshold Crossed Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution WATCH
    HUMAN RIGHTS A Threshold Crossed Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution WATCH A Threshold Crossed Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution Copyright © 2021 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-900-1 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org APRIL 2021 ISBN: 978-1-62313-900-1 A Threshold Crossed Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution Map .................................................................................................................................. i Summary ......................................................................................................................... 2 Definitions of Apartheid and Persecution .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Text Analysis for Social Science
    Statistical Text Analysis for Social Science Brendan T. O’Connor August 2014 CMU-ML-14-101 Statistical Text Analysis for Social Science Brendan T. O’Connor August 2014 CMU-ML-14-101 Machine Learning Department School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA Thesis Committee: Noah A. Smith, chair Tom Mitchell Cosma Shalizi Gary King, Harvard University Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy This work was supported by NSF CAREER IIS0644225, NSF CAREER IIS1054319, NSF grant IIS1211277, NSF grant IIS1251131, DARPA grant N10AP20042, IARPA contract D12PC00347, an Alfred P. Sloan grant, Mi- crosoft’s support for Machine Learning graduate students, Google’s support of the Worldly Knowledge project at Carnegie Mellon University, the Berkman Faculty Development Fund at Carnegie Mellon University, the Center for Applied Research in Technology at the Tepper School of Business, computing resources from the Open Source Data Cloud (Grossman et al. (2012), sponsored by the Open Cloud Consortium, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the NSF, and the University of Chicago) and computing resources from the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. Keywords: computational social science, natural language processing, text mining, quantitative text analysis, machine learning, probabilistic graphical models, Bayesian statistics, exploratory data analysis, social media, opinion polling, sociolinguistics, event data, international relations. 2 Abstract What can text corpora tell us about society? How can automatic text analysis algorithms efficiently and reliably analyze the social processes revealed in language production? This work develops statistical text analyses of dynamic social and news media datasets to ex- tract indicators of underlying social phenomena, and to reveal how social factors guide linguistic production.
    [Show full text]
  • The London School of Economics and Political Science
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Conceptualising Suicide Bombings and Rethinking International Relations Theory: The Case of Hamas, 1987-2006 Rashmi Singh A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, July 2008 UMI Number: U615475 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615475 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ■ rc s g e s F g ^ l \ 12 ^ 0 % im 'zoT - Battles “They'll wake up in the morning And they will fight. That which you saw last night was my dream The other will answer: no, it was my dream They will gently retrieve two pistols From the sides of the same pillow And at the same moment They will fire” - Salvos of Mercy From a selection of poems by Ibrahim Nasrallah Translated by Ibrahim Muhawi Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it).
    [Show full text]
  • Revised Final EIR Appendix a Part 2.Pdf
    536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 569 570 571 572 573 574 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 607 608 609 610 611 612 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 618 618 618 619 619 619 620 621 621 622 623 624 625 626 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 634 634 634 635 635 636 637 638 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 651 652 653 653 653 653 654 655 656 656 656 656 656 656 657 657 657 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 724 723 726 725 727 729 728 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 739 738 740 741 742 743 744 745 Comment Letter No. Geller 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Comment Letter: Gomperts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Comment Letter: Goodman E 1 Comment Letter: Goodman J 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 Comment Letter: Goodman L 1 2 3 4 Comment Letter: Goodman M 1 2 3 4 5 Comment Letter: Goodman N 1 Comment Letter: Halimi 1 2 3 4 5 Comment Letter: Halimi2 From: Diana Kitching To: Lynn Kaufman; Subject: Fwd: RE: Draft EIR for MOT Date: Wednesday, January 07, 2009 12:26:43 PM Diana Kitching Environmental Review Coordinator, EIR Unit City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning 200 North Spring Street, City Hall, Room 750 Los Angeles, CA 90012 [email protected] Tel: (213) 978-1351 Fax: (213) 978-1343 Mail Stop 395 >>> "Hamid Jamie Halimi" <[email protected]> 1/7/2009 12:24 PM >>> Hi Diana, I have already mailed you a letter objecting to the MOT expansion but 1 also agree with everything that Richard has stated bellow.
    [Show full text]
  • The Trump Peace Plan: Aiming Not to Make a Deal, but to Make a Deal Possible
    1 COVER PAGE 2 THE BEGIN-SADAT CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 175 The Trump Peace Plan: Aiming Not to Make a Deal, but to Make a Deal Possible Douglas J. Feith and Lewis Libby 3 The Trump Peace Plan—Aiming Not to Make a Deal, but to Make a Deal Possible Douglas J. Feith and Lewis Libby © The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan 5290002 Israel Tel: 972-3-5318959 [email protected] www.besacenter.org ISSN 0793-1042 July 2020 Cover image: President Donald Trump unveils his peace plan for Israel and the Palestinians, Official White House Photo by Shealah Craighead 4 The Begin-Sadat (BESA) Center for Strategic Studies The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies is an independent, non-partisan think tank conducting policy-relevant research on Middle Eastern and global strategic affairs, particularly as they relate to the national security and foreign policy of Israel and regional peace and stability. It is named in memory of Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat, whose efforts in pursuing peace laid the cornerstone for conflict resolution in the Middle East. BESA Perspectives are short pieces on timely and fundamental Israeli, Middle Eastern, and global issues. Mideast Security and Policy Studies serve as a forum for publication or re- publication of research conducted by BESA associates. Colloquia on Strategy and Diplomacy summarize the papers delivered at conferences and seminars held by the Center for the academic, military, official, and general publics. In sponsoring these discussions, the BESA Center aims to stimulate public debate on, and consideration of, contending approaches to problems of peace and war in the Middle East.
    [Show full text]